Alternate Methods for Measuring Freeze-Thaw and Wet-Dry Resistance of Soil-Cement Mixtures

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1 Alternate Methds fr Measuring Freeze-Thaw and Wet-Dry Resistance f Sil-Cement Mixtures R. G. PACKARD, Chief, Sil-Cement Labratry, Paving Bureau, Prtland Cement Assciatin Three alternate methds fr measuring freezethaw and wet-dry resistance in the standard sil-cement tests are studied: length change, cmpressive strength, and pulse velcity. Length change and cmpressive strength methds shw prmise f develpment int desirable alternate prcedures. Data btained by the alternate measures prvide new infrmatin that will be helpful in further studies t imprve sil-cement testing prcedures. SINCE THE START f sil-cement paving in 1935 the purpse has been t prduce a dependable, lng-life paving material. Cnsideratin f lng-range perfrmance is an inherent part f the design f sil-cement pavements. The standard sil-cement testing prcedures* riginally develped in the late 193's have as their bjective the selectin f the cement cntent, misture cntent, and density that will insure excellent, lng-range perfrmance. The service recrd f 4,, sq yd f sil-cement in this cuntry shws that the stabihty is maintained, and even increased, ver years f weathering and increasing traffic. The level f cement cntents selected by the standard testing prcedures is largely respnsible fr the field perfrmance f sil-cement and the resulting, present acceptance and widespread use f this material. In recent years, ther sil-cement testing prcedures have been develped fr selecting cement cntents. It is fair t assume, if the cement cntent is lwer, that sme f these newer prcedures may nt prduce the lng-range perfrmance expected and lng assciated with sil-cement. If a level f cement cntent different frm that established by standard prcedures is used it may prduce an entirely different prduct. The lng-range perfrmance must be established fr specific cmbinatins f climate, sil type, and the cement cntents determined by these ther prcedures. The standard sil-cement testing prcedures prduce the lng-range perfrmance required fr all sil types and fr any climate. This paper is cncerned with the develpment f faster and easier methds f determining the cement cntent that will prduce the same field perfrmance btained when the cement cntent is determined by the standard freeze-thaw and wet-dry tests. Studies t imprve sil-cement testing prcedures have been in prgress in the Sil-Cement Labratry f the Prtland Cement Assciatin. These studies can be classified int three phases: 1. Develping a better understanding f the effects f freezing-thawing and wettingdrying n sil-cement mixtures t determine the specific physical and physic-chemical prperties evaluated by the standard freeze-thaw and wet-dry tests. "Methds f Test fr Misture-Density Relatins f Sil-Cement Mixture, " ASTM Designatin D ; AASH Designatin T ; "Methds f Wetting-and-Drying Test f Cmpacted Sil-Cement Mixtures," ASTM Designatin D ; AASH Designatin T ; and "Methds f Freezing-and-Thawing Test f Cmpacted Sil- Cement Mixtures," ASTM Designatin D 56-57; AASH Designatin T

2 9 2. Examining new yardsticks (length change, pulse velcity, and cmpressive strength) fr measuring the physical changes taking place in sil-cement mixtures during the freeze-thaw and wet-dry tests t determine if they have advantages ver the standard yardsticks such as greater accuracy, sensitivity, ease f peratin, r requirement f less prcedural cntrl. 3. Examining all details f the freeze-thaw and wet-dry testing prcedures t determine if cycling time perids, the number f cycles, r temperatures can be mdified s that the same cement cntent can be established in a much shrter time. This paper is a prgress reprt n the first tw phases. The infrmatin btained is expected t be valuable and necessary t develpment f the third phase, acceleratin f prcedures. TEST METHDS Sil-cement specimens made frm fur sils were cnducted thrugh three series f envirnmental cnditins: alternate freezing and thawing, alternate wetting and drying, and cntinuus mist-curing. Weights, lengths, and pulse velcities were determined during these tests at each envirnmental change. At the cmpletin f each series, cmpressive strengths were determined and the specimens were inspected visually fr deteriratin. Freeze-thaw and wet-dry tests were cnducted n specimens that were brushed by the standard prcedure and n cmpanin specimens that were nt brushed. The cntinuusly mist-cured specimens were used t establish cntrl values f length, weight, cmpressive strength, and pulse velcity t cmpare with crrespnding values determined n the freeze-thaw and wet-dry specimens. Details f the testing prgram are given in Table 1. Length measurements were made n unbrushed specimens in a length cmparatr equipped with a dial gage graduated t. 1 in. The equipment is shwn in Figure 1. After sme difficulty, a technique was develped fr attaching reference pints that wuld hld thrugh the varius envirnmental cnditins. An epxy resin was used t cement stainless steel bearings t the tp and bttm f the specimens. Length measurements with this precisin prvide data fr an imprved analysis f the shrinkage and expansin f specimens during freezing-thawing and wetting-drying. Pulse velcities were determined n all specimens during the tests with a sniscpe, (1.) a device that measures the velcity with which a shck pulse travels thrugh a material. Nrmally, the pulse velcity increases as the strength f the material increases. The equipment is shwn in Figure 2. Cmpressive strengths were determined n all specimens after each series f tests. The specimens were capped and brken in cmpressin after a saking perid. Rate f lad applicatin was 2 psi per sec. Weights f all specimens were recrded during and after the tests, permitting calculatin f weight lsses and misture changes. The freeze-thaw and wet-dry specimens were examined fr hardness after test. This was dne by picking with an ice pick and sunding with a hard bject. Significant penetratin f the pick and a punky sund indicate inadequate hardness. Standard size specimens, 4. -in. diameter by 4. 6-in. height, were mlded at ptimum misture and maximum density fr each sil. A range f cement cntents abve and belw the cement requirement as determined by weight lss criteria (2) was studied. IXiplicate specimens were mlded fr each cement cntent and fr each cnditin within each series f the testing prgram. MATERIALS Fur sils representing a range f textural types were used m this study: a gravelly lamy carse sand, a lam, a clay lam, and a silt lam. In this reprt the fur sils will be referred t as gravelly sand, lam, clay, and silt. The. 5-mm clay cntents f these sils are 6, 24, 45, and 7 percent, respectively. Gradatins, Atterberg limits, classificatins, and misture-density relatins are given in Table 2. The Type I prtland cement used was a blend f fur cmmercial brands purchased n the pen market in the Chicag area. Cement cntents are reprted as percent by weight f ven-dry sil.

3 TABLE 1 TESTING PRGRAM Test Series Specimens Labelled Days f Mist- Cure Cure Weight & Pulse Velcity Determined Length Determined Brushed 12 Cycles f Test Weight & Velcity Length Determined Determined Water Sak, Hurs Weight & Velcity Determined Length Determined Capped & Brken in Cmpressir Freeze- Thaw A 7 Yes N After each thaw After each thaw N 24 Yes N Yes B 7 Yes Yes N After each thaw After each freeze and thaw 24 Yes Yes Yes Wet-Dry A 7 Yes N After each dry After each wet &t dry N 24 Yes N Yes B 7 Yes Yes N After each wet & dry After each wet & dry 24 Yes Yes Yes Cntrls fr E 7 Yes Yes N 4 Yes Yes Yes Strength & Pulse Velcity F 39 Yes Yes N 4 Yes Yes Yes

4 11 M in EC -a > ^ "31 Q M C M ; B > c3 a 3 C a u P3 H FQ rt Eh PS. S l n i-h m C in in TP Figure 1. Cmparatr used fr length measurements. a N t > ) i CD lis C i i t~ l ) l-l RESULTS F FREEZE-THAW TESTS Weight Lsses, Misture Qhanges, Cnditin f Specimens Weights f brushed and unbrushed specimens were determined after the thawing prtin f each cycle and at the end f test. These are given in Tables 3 thrugh 6 alng with cmputed weight lsses, misture changes, and cnditins f specimens. During the freeze-thaw test, the maximum misture cntents fr specimens f the gravelly sand, lam, and clay were, respectively, 1.2, 3. 5 and 2. 9 percentage pints higher than the mlded misture cntent. These misture gains ccurred at the lwer cement cntents. Specimens at higher cement cntents shwed smaller misture gains. Nne f the specimens fr these three sils reached cmplete saturatin during the test.

5 12 WEIGHTS, MISTURE CNTENTS, AN Weight 2% Cement 3% Cement LB. Al A2 Bl B2 AI A2 Bl As Mlded, Wet After Cure ? m H V r-t 1»+^ u U After Sak Weight Ls s, % Maximum Misture Gain, % by dry wt Cnditin f Specimens(l) F Weight LB. As Mlded, After Cure After Sak Wet Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Al , % Cetnent A2 Bl B , , Weight Lss, % Cnditin f Specimens (1) F F Al 4, % Cement 4.6' 4.9: 4. 5f 4.9: ( 5; 8c 53 8S A2 Bl ' : Weight LB. As Mlded, Wet After 7 Day Cure And Sak Dl % Cement D2 El E Dl CM] 3% Cement D2 El f ( After 39 Day Cure And Sak Si 4.92 (1) Cnditin f Specimens After Test by Visual Inspectin P - Pr F - Fair - K G - Gd E - Excellent Intermediate cnditins indicated as F ^

6 \> K. 13 i: 3 ITIN F SPECIMENS FR GRAVELLY SAND ie- THAW SPECIMENS 5% Cement 7% Cement Al A2 Bl B2 Al A2 Bl B E E E E E E E E T-DRY SPECIMENS 5% Cement - Al A2 Bl B , G G /E STRENGTH SPECIMENS Dl % Cement D2 El E Dl % Cement D2 El E

7 14 Weight, Lb. As Mlded, Wet After Cure After Sak u WEIGHTS, MISTURE CNTENTS, AI Freezj 3% Cement 5% Cemej Al A2 Bl B Al Weight Lss % Maximum misture gain, % by dry wt Cnditin f Specimens (1) F F F F A Wet- Weight, 3% Cement 5% Ceme Lb. Al A2 Bl B2 Al A2 As Mlded, Wet After Cure Wet Dry Wet g 4 Dry , » 6 Wet >. 8Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry S 12 Wet Dry A After Sak A Weight Lss % Cnditin f Specimens (1) F F F F Weight, Lb. As Mlded, Wet After 7 Day Cure and Sak Dl % Cement D2 El Cmpress i\ 5% Cemei Dl D After 39 Day Cure and Sak (1) See ftnte 1 f Table 3

8 15 NDITIN F SPECIMENS FR LAM ipecimens 7% Cement 1% Cement 13% Cement B2_ Al A2 Bl B2 Al A2 Bl B2 Al A2 Bl B ,8 1.2 t) G G G E E G E E E E 7% Cement 1% Cement B2 Al A2 Bl B2 Al A2 Bl B2 39 4, , ) G G G G G G th Specimens E % Cement 1% Cement 13% Cement Dl D2 El E2 Dl D2 El 2 Dl D2 El E

9 WEIGHTS, MISTURE CNTENTS, AND CNDITIN F SPECIMENS FR CLAY Freeze-Thaw Specimens Weight, 3% Cement 5% Cement 7% Cement 1% Cement 13% Cement Lb. Bl B2 Al A2 31 B2 Al A2 Bl B2 Al A2 Bl B2 Al A2 Bl B2 As Mlded, Wet After Cure 2 ^ 1 12 After Sak Weight Lss, % Cnditin f Specimens (1) P P F F F F F F G G G E G E Maximum Misture Gain, % by Dry Wt , Weight, Lb. As Mlded, Wet After Cure 2 Wet 2 Dry 4 Wet 4 Dry 6 Wet I 6 Dry 3 8 Wet " 8 Dry 1 Wet 1 Dry 12 Wet 12 Dry After Sak Weight Lss, % _ Cnditin f Specimens (1) Al % Cement A2 Bl B PF Al Wet-Dry Specimens 5% Cement A2 Bl B2 Al % Cement A2 Bl Al % Cement A2 Bl , F F F F F F G Weight, Lb As Mlded, Wet 7 Day Cure And Sak 39 Day Cure And Sak Dl % Cement D2 El E Cmpressive Strength Specimens 5% Cement 7% Cement D2 El E2 Dl D2 El E Dl I Cement D2 El Dl % Cement D2 El E

10 TABLE 6 WEIGHTS, MISTURE CNTENTS, AND CNDITIN F SPECIMENS FR SILT i!^i"t'cze-tr%aw Specimens 8% Cement 1% Cement 1 2% Cement 14% Cement Weight Lb Al A2 Bl B2 Al A2 Bl B2 Al A2 Bl B2 Al A2 Bl B2 As Mlded, Wet , After Cure 4 2fa S , n) ti 6 H U 8 ^ U 1 ti < After Sak Weight Lss % I Maximum Misture Gain, % by Dry Wt Cnditin f Specimens (1) F F r F F F F G 1 G G E Weight Lb Wet-Dry Specimens 4% Cement 6% Cement 3 Cement 1% Cement A2 Bl A2 Bl Bl A2 Bl B2 As Mlded. Wet After Cure Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Wet I D'-y Wet Dry Wet Dry , After Sak Weight Lss % Cnditin f Specimens (1) r F F G G G G G G G Weight Lb Mlded Wet 7 Day and Sak 39 Day and Sak Cmpressive Strength Specimens 4% Cement ) Cement % Cement 1% Cement 12% Cement 14% Cement Dl D2 El E2_ Dl D2 Dl D2 El E2 Dl D2 El E2 Dl D2 El E2 Dl D2 El E (1) See ftnte 1 f Table 3

11 18 Figure 2. Sniscpe fr- determining pulse velcity. Sil-cement specimens f the silt had maximum misture gains ranging frm 5. 2 t 7. 9 percentage pints abve the mlded misture cntent, mre than enugh misture fr saturatin. The greater prtin f these misture gains ccurred during the 7-day mist-curing perid, where the specimens were expsed t 1 percent relative humidity but were prtected frm cntact with free water. It is assumed that expansin accmpanied, r perhaps caused, these large misture gains during the mist-curing perid. The extent f expansin is nt knwn because lengths were nt measured befre the seventh day. rdinarily, misture gains abve saturatin indicate that the specimens are deterirating. In this case the large misture gains during cure did nt cause deteriratin later in the freeze-thaw test. They ccurred n all the silt specimens including thse passing the test with lw weight lsses, excellent strengths, and adequate hardness. The silt sil is a "scaler" in the freeze-thaw test. Specimens at the lwer cement cntents develped a surface shell which scaled ff r was easily remved by picking. At higher cement cntents, n shell culd be bserved r remved by vigrus picking. Hwever, a shell was bserved when these specimens were brken in cmpressin after freeze-thaw test. It wuld be interesting t determine, fr a number f sils, if the develpment f a surface shell during the freeze-thaw test is related t large misture gains. Hwever, it is mre significant t nte that the existence f a shell, which cannt be remved, des nt indicate deteriratin, because the strength and hardness f specimens in this specific cnditin were excellent. Based n recmmended weight lss criteria adequate freeze-thaw resistance was btained fr specimens cntaining the cement cntents given in Table 7. TABLE 7 CEMENT CNTENTS F SIL SAMPLES FR FREEZE-THAW TESTS Sample Lwest Cement Cntent Meeting Weight Lss Criteria (% by wt. ) Gravelly sand 3 Lam 5 Clay 1 Silt 12

12 Specimens at these and higher cement cntents passed the test; specimens at lwer cement cntents failed. In this reprt, these are referred t as acceptable specimens and failed specimens. This is the basis f judgment fr evaluating the suitability f length change, cmpressive strength, and pulse velcity methds fr measuring freezethaw resistance. Length Changes Lengths f unbrushed specimens were determined after cure, after each freeze and each thaw prtin f the cycles and after saking at the end f test. Length changes frm the 7-day mist-cured length are given in Tables 8 thrugh 11. Psitive values indicate an expansin abve the cured length and negative values indicate shrinkage. Figure 3 shws the length changes during the freeze-thaw test fr the clay. This IS the typical pattern fr all fur sils. Acceptable specimens shrank n freezing and expanded back t near the cured length n thawing, frzen lengths and thawed lengths remaining practically cnstant thrughut the test. Failed specimens expanded abve the cured length n thawing at sme time during the test. Badly deterirated specimens expanded n freezing. Length changes at the end f test are shwn in Figure 4 fr all fur sils. It can be seen that all failed specimens expanded mre than.75 in. n thawing. Badly deterirated specimens expanded n freezing abve the thawed lengths. Expansins up t.3 in. were btained depending n the degree f deteriratin. Fr acceptable specimens, n serius expansin ccurred. In additin, the frzen lengths were always less than the thawed lengths. The gravelly sand at 3 percent cement, an adequate cement cntent, expanded.4 m. n thawing, which may indicate that deteriratin was imminent. In any case, all acceptable specimens had length changes during the test f.4 in. r less, and frzen lengths were less than thawed lengths. Sil type was the primary factr influencing the freezing shrinkage f acceptable specimens. These shrinkages varied frm -.25 t -.1 in. depending n clay cntent. Thawed lengths als varied directly with the clay cntent f the sils. 19 3% Cement 5% Cement (Failed, Badly Deterirated) ( Failed, Badly / Deterirated)/\ / / \/ / / "». - ^ ^ ^ 9 7% Cement,.x,.' (Filed, Shgtitly Deterirated) '!^ /\ I ^ * i A ' ' A ')< 6 i'» «4 1% Cement ;;\;\/ ^^'\VV/\' ;;A A A A /(Pssed.N ratin, 13% Cement in Sme Range I II 12 Times Frzen Times Thwed Freezing and Thwing Perids Figure 3. Length changes during freeze-thaw test, clay.

13 2 c :i 1 - GRAVELLY ML SAND I 27. 3% 5% 7«/. Cement Cement Cement Cement n Length change after final freeze Length change after final thaw LAM tl CLAY 3% 5% 7% Cement Cement Cement x> 1% 13% Cement Cement % 5% 7% 1% 13% Cement Cement Cement Cement Cement 1 I SILT 8% 1% 12% 14% Cement Cement Cement Cement B'lgure li. Length changes at the end f freeze-thaw test. Excellent sensitivity t deteriratin is indicated fr length change measurements. Fr example, referring again t Figure 3, expansin trends shw that deteriratin is imminent at the first cycle fr 3 percent cement and at the fifth cycle fr 5 percent cement. Cmpressive Strengths Cmpressive strengths f saked specimens after the freeze-thaw test are given in Table 12. The strengths-after-test are als pltted in Figure 5 where they are cmpared with strengths at 7 and 39 days. The strengths after 7 and 39 days f cntinuus mist cure represent cntrl values fr the beginning and end f the freezethaw test. The strength values fr adequate freeze-thaw resistance varied cnsiderably fr the different sil types. Fr specimens with the minimum cement cntent passing the test, the strengths vary, fr the fur sils, frm 2 t 7 psi at 7 days, frm 4 t 1, 2 psi at 39 days, and frm 3 t 1, psi after the freeze-thaw test. Strengths after the freeze-thaw test fr all adequately hardened specimens were greater than the 7-day strengths and less than the 39-day strengths. These strength gains during the test are evidently due t additinal mist-curing in the 24-hr thaw perids. The cmpressive strengths-after-test fr acceptable specimens are, as a minimum, halfway between the 7- and 39-day strength values. The strengths after-test f failed specimens are less than the value halfway between the 7- and 39-day strengths, in fact.

14 LENGTH CHANGES, GRAVELLY SAND Length Changes f Freeze-Thaw Specimens, 1 In 2% Cement 3% Cement 5% Cement 7% Cement Bl B2 Bl B2 Bl B2 Bl B2 F T F T F T F T F T F T F T F T After Cure e V «^ h H k Length Changes f Wet-Dry Specimens, 1 In 2% Cement 3% Cement 5% Cement Bl B2 Bl B2 Bl B2 w D w D W D w D w D w D After Cure 1-1 X x-15 x X X-13 x x-7 x X - 16 X x-2 x ^ a X - 14 x x-21 x X - 17 x x-22 x V 7 X - 16 x X - 19 x >. ^% 8 x-23 x x-3 x U 9 x-15 x X-2 x x-15 x x-2 x X - 16 x x-23 x X - 1 x x-2 x After Sak x-8-1 x X - new reference pints attached t specimen Length Changes f Cmpressive Strength Specimens, 1 In 2% Cement 3% Cement 5% Cement 7% Cement El E2 El E2 El E2 El E2 39 Day Cure Day Cure and Sak

15 TABLE 9 LENGTH CHANGES, LAM N3 Length Changes f Freeze-Thaw Specimena,. 1 in. 3% Cement 5% Cement 7% Cement 1% Cement 13% Cement Bl B2 Bl B2 Bl B2 Bl B2 Bl B2 F T F T F T F T F T F T F T F T F T F T ure U « S» S (H H Q u u V } ll ak Length Changea, Wet-Dry Specimens,.1 in. 3% Cement 5% Cement 7% Cement 1% Cement B2 Bl B2 Bl B2 W W D W D W D W D W D W D W D After Cure X X+12 X X+9 x ^ h X-1 X d 6*Q X-6 X X Z 7 q> 4) X-1 X X+2 X u 8^ X+7 X X-6 X =* X-5 X X-7 X X-2 X After Sak X X New reference pints attached t specimen. 39 Day Cure 39 Day Cure and Sak 3% Cement El E Length Changes, Cmpressive Strength Specimens, 5% Cement 7% Cement 1% Cement El E2 El E2 El E in. 13% Cement El E2 5 5

16 TABLE 1 LENGTH CHANGES, CLAY Length Changes, Freeze-Thaw Specimens,.1 in 3% Cement 5% Cement 7% Cement 1% Cement 13% Cement Bl B2 Bl B2 Bl B2 Bl B2 Bl B2 F T F T F T F T F T F T F T F T F T F T After Cure Z ) s» s s \n H h h i 7 4) 4) V < < u >. 1 tx H After Sak Length Changes, Wet-Dry Sp ecimens.. 1 in 3% Cement 5% 3ement 1 7% Cement 1% Cement Bl B2 Bl B2 Bl B2 Bl B2 W D W D W D W D W D W D W D W D After Cure Z * Q d U h Z 7 ) 4) V 8.1*.l* u >» After Sak Day Cure 8t Sak 39 Day Cure 39 Day Cure & Sak 3% Cement Dl D2 El E Length Changes, Cmpressive Strength Specimens,. 1 in. 5% Cement 7% Cement D2 El E2 D2 El Dl 1% Cement D2 El % Cement D2 El t C

17 TABLE 11 LENGTH CHANGES, SILT Length Changes, Freeze-Thaw Specimens,.1 in. 8% Cement 1' f Cement 12% Cement 14% Cement Bl B2 Bl B2 Bl B2 Bl B2 F T F T F T F T F T F T F T F T ure V 3 if V <u It) u ; 6 M V t VI < H 318 LB After Sak Dak Length Changes, Wet-Dry Specimens,.1 in. 4% Cement 6% Cement 8% Cement 1% Cement Bl B2 Bl B2 Bl B2 Bl B2 W D W D W D W D W D W D W D W D After Cure u a u V <u > X V 9 Q X+7 X X+U X X After Sak Aft - Aft 39 Day Cure 39 Day Cure & Sak 4% Cem. El E % Cem. El E2 12 Length Change, Cmpressive Strength Specimens,.1 in. 8% Cem. 1% Cem. 12% Cem. 14% Cem. El 31 E2 6 El E2 1 EI E2 2 El E2 X New reference pints attached t specimen.

18 25 TABLE 12 CMPRESSIVE STRENGTHS GRAVELLY SAND CMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, PSI Z% Cement 3% Cement 5% Cement 7% Cement Spec Spec Spec Spec N PSI N PSI N PSI N PSI 1 Day Cure and Dl 19 Dl 312 Dl 2 Dl 1123 Saking DZ 197 D2 326 D2 2 D Day Cure and El 377 El 65 El 1131 El 1831 Saking E2 332 E2 581 E E \fter Frcezc- Al 158 AI 358 Al 1162 Al 182 Thaw Test A2 174 A A2 916 A and Saking Bl 151 Bl 596 Bl 1218 Bl 1688 B2 11 B2 475 B2 111 B After Wet- Al 565 AI 82 Al 1457 Dry Test A2 337 A2 693 A and Saking Bl 38 Bl 698 Bl 113 B B2 764 B CMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, PSI 3% Cement 5% Cement 7% Cement 1% Cement 13% Cement Spec Spec Spec Spec Spec N PSI N PSI N PSI N PSI N PSI 7 Day Cure and Dl 2 Dl 224 Dl 341 Dl 577 Dl 867 Saking D2 216 D2 243 D2 43 D2 586 D Day Cure and El 293 El 426 El El 1273 Saking E2 296 E2 423 E2 656 E2 142 E After Freeze- Al 2 Al 384 Al 481 Al 74 Al 987 Thaw Test A2 235 A 2 47 A2 525 A2 796 A2 12 and Saking Bl Bl 3 Bl 541 Bl 84 Bl 112 B2 244 B2 43 B2 543 B2 747 B2 844 \fter Wet-Dry Al * Al Al 753 AI 198 Test and A2 354 A A2 676 A Saking Bl 47 Bl 3 Bl 1 Bl 1352 B2 38 B2 636 B2 1 B CMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, PSI 3% Cement 6% Cement 7% Cement 1% Cement 13% Cement Spec Spec Spec Spec Spec N PSI N PSI N PSI N PSI N PSI 7 Day Cure and Dl 92 Dl 215 Dl 325 Dl 477 Dl 573 Saking D2 84 D2 24 D2 363 D2 4 D Day Cure and EI 78 El 273 El 47 El 68 El 652 Saking E2 92 E2 271 E2 461 E2 678 After Freeze- Al 153 AI 261 Al 573 Al Thaw Test A2 16 A2 28 A2 528 A2 648 and Saking Bl Bl 156 Bl 391 Bl 5 33 Bl 644 B2 B2 179 B2 347 B2 533 B2 679 After Wet- Al * AI 342 Al 347* Al 551* Dry Test A2 * A2 181* A2 629 A2 492* and Saking Bl 85* Bl 22* Bl 4* Bl 655 B2 87* B2 259 B2 B2 811 CMPRESSIVE STRENGTH, PSI 4% Cement 6% Cement 8% Cement 1% Cement 12% Cement 14% Cement Spec Spec Spec Spec Spet Spec N PSI N PSI N PSI N PSI N PSI N PSI 7 Day Cure and Dl 188 Dl 31 Dl 53 Dl 69 3 Dl 78 Dl 16 Saking D2 29 D2 327 D2 525 D2 64 D2 772 D Day Cure EI 294 El 358 El 822 El 182 El 128 El 1392 and Saking E2 21 E2 425 E2 771 E2 151 E E After Freeze- Al 335 Al 952 Al 128 \1 13 Thaw Test A A A2 11 A2 128 and Saking Bl Bl 682 Bl 1 Bl 1197 B2 377 B2 82 B B2 134 After Wet- Al 97* Al 45 AI 89 3 Al Dry Test A2 81* A2 479 A2 98 A and Saking Bl 245 Bl 681 Bl 877 Bl II3 B2 19 B2 621 B2 98 B *Specimen crac ked int 2 r mre piec{ s, re jaired, if pssible, fr strength tests

19 26 GRAVELLY SAND ^ Strength ffer 7dy mist-cure nd saking i I; I! 27. 3% 5% Cement Cement Cement Cement 7% CLAY I 1 I 5% 7% 1% 13% Cement Cement Cement Cement ^ Strength after 39day mist-cure and saking n Strength ffer freeze-thaw test and saking in - 12 I, 1 c i 8 w 6 w 5 4 I 2 I LAM 11 f 3% 5% 7% 1% 13% Cement Cement Cement Cement Cement SILT I J I 2 ^ 8% 1% Cement Cement Cement 12% i r 1 14% Cement Figure 5. Cmpressive strengths after freeze-thaw test cmpared t 7 and 39 day strengths. strengths-after-test are less than the 7-day strengths fr tw-thirds f the failed specimens. Pulse Velcities Pulse velcities were determined n brushed and unbrushed specimens after each thaw prtin f the cycles and at the end f test and are given in Tables 13 thrugh 16. Figure 6 shws the pattern f pulse velcities thrugh the test fr the gravelly sand. This is the typical pattern fr the fur sils. Acceptable specimens shwed increases r nly slight decreases in velcity thrugh the test. In general, velcities f inadequately hardened specimens decreased appreciably. The velcity data are subject t cnsiderable variatin n the same specimens at different cycles and between duplicate specimens n the same cycle. Velcities-after-test fr all fur sils are shwn in Figure 7 where they are cmpared t velcities f specimens mist-cured fr 7 and 39 days. The velcity values fr adequate freeze-thaw resistance vary cnsiderably fr the different sil types. Velcities at the lwest cement cntents passing the freeze-thaw test vary, depending n sil type, frm 7, t 8, fps at 7 days, frm 7, t 11, fps at 39 days, and frm 6, t 9, fps after the freeze-thaw test.

20 TABLE 13 PULSE VELCITIES, GRAVELLY SAND Pulse Velcities f Freeze-Thaw Specimens, 1 Ft per Sec 2% Cement 3% Cement 5% Cement 1 7% 1 Cement Specimen N Al A2 Bl B2 Al A2 Bl B2 Al A2 Bl B2 Al A2 Bl B2 After Cure : 6 H I U 12 < After Sak ycle Iter Piilse Velcities f Wet-Dry Specimens, 1 Ft per Sec 2% Cement 3% Cement 5% Cement Specimen N Al A2 Bl B2 Al A2 Bl B2 Al A2 Bl B2 After Cure Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Z 6 Dry ^ 8 Wet >. 8 Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry After Sak Pulse Velcities f Cmpressive Strength Specimens, 1 Ft per Sec 3% Cement 5% Cement 7% Cement Specimen N Dl D2 El E2 Dl D2 El E2 Dl D2 El E2 Dl D2 El E2 7 Day Cure and Sak Day Cure and Sak C -3

21 t TABLE 14 PULSE VELCITIES, LAM Specimen N. After Cure «, 6 H 1 12 After Sak 3% Cement Al A2 Bl B Pulse Velcities f Freeze-Thaw Specimens, 1 Ft per Sec 5% Cement 7% Cement 1% Cement 13% Cement Al A2 Bl A2 Bl B2 A2 Bl B2 A2 Bl B Pulse Velcities f Wet -Dry Sp ecimens. 1 Ft per Sec 3% Cement ^ 5% Cement 7% Cement 1% Cement Specimen N Al A2 Bl B2 Al A2 Bl B2 Al A2 Bl B2 Al A2 Bl B2 After Cure Wet b 2 Dry Wet Dry Wet b Dr, Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry After Sak Pulse Velcities f Cmpressive Strength Specimens, 1 Ft per Sec 3% Cement 5% Cement 7% Cement 1% Cement 13% Cement Specimen N Dl D2 El E2 Dl 2 El E2 Dl D2 El E2 D2 El E2 Dl D2 El E2 7 Day Cure as and Sak Day Cure H5 96 and Sak

22 TABLE 15 PULSE VELCITIES, CLAY Pulse Velc ities f Freeze -Thaw Specimens, 1 Ft per Sec 3% Cement ^% Cement 7% Cement 1% Cement 13% Cement Specimen N Bl B2 Al A2 Bl B2 Al A2 Bl B2 Al A2 Bl B2 Al A2 Bl B2 After Cure « ^ 6 H U 12 After Sak h F'ulse Velcities f Wet -Dry Sp ecimens, 1 Ft per Sec: 3% Cement 5% Cement 7% Cement 1% Cement Specimen N Al A2 Bl B2 Al A2 Bl B2 Al A2 Bl B2 Al A2 Bl B2 After Cure Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry lu 8 Wet u t- 8 Dry U 1 Wet Dry Wet Dry After Sak % Cement Specimen N Dl D2 El Day Cure and Sak 39 Day Cure and Sak Pulse Velcities f Cmpressive Strength Specimens, 1 Ft per Sec 5% Cement 7% Cement 1% Cement E2 El El E Dl D D D El 62 Dl % Cement D2 El E2 74 «3

23 TABLE 16 PULSE VELCITIES, Pulae Velcities f Freeze-Thaw Specimens l Ft. per Sec 8% Cement 1% Cemept 12% Cement 14% Cement Specimen N. Al A2 Bl B2 Al A2 Bl B2 Al A2 Bl B2 Al A2 Bl B2 After Cure ) h U 1 V < After Sak 'haw Pulse Velcities f Wet-Dry Specimens, 1 Ft. per Sec. 4% Cement 6% Cement 8% Cement 1% Cement Specimen N Al A2 Bl B2 Al A2 Bl B2 Al A2 Bl B2 Al A2 Bl B2 After Cure Wet Dry Wet Dry ' 6 Wet Z 6 Dry V 8 Wet {J > 8 Dry U Wet Dry Wet Dry After Sak SILT Pulse Velcities f Cmpressive Strength Sp ecimens, 1 Ft. per Sec. 4% Cement 6% Cement 8% Cement 1% Cement Specimen N. Dl D2 El E2 Dl D2 El E2 Dl D2 El E2 Dl D2 El E2 7 Day Cure and Sak Day Cure and Sak Specimen N. 7 Day Cure and Sak 39 Day Cure and Sak 12% Cement 14% Cement Dl D2 El E2 Dl D2 El E

24 31 ^ 7% Cemtnt (Pasted) X 5% Cement (Pasted) 1 3% Cement (Passed) 2% Cement (Failed) II 12 Cycles f Freeze-Thaw Test Figure 6. Pulse velcities during freeze-thaw test, gravelly sand GRAVELLY SAND Velcity after 7day mist-cure and saking 13 Velcity after 39dy mist-cure and saking i 1^ I 2^ I 2% Cement i 3% 5 7. Cement Cement J P 7% Cement Velcity after freeze-thaw test and saking LAM 3% Cement 5 7. Cement I Cement Cement i Cement u 4 1 4) > 3 w M n k CLAY?5 I 3% Cement Cement Cement Cement Cement SILT I" m Cement Cement i I I I. 12% 14% Cement Cement Figiire 7 Pulse velcities after freeze-thaw test cmpared t 7 and 39 day velcities.

25 32 RESULTS F WET-DRY TESTS Weight Lsses, Misture Changes, Cnditin f Specimens Weights f brushed and unbrushed specimens were determined after each wet and each dry perid and at the end f test. These are given in Tables 3 thrugh 6 alng with cmputed weight lsses, misture changes, and cnditin f specimens during the wet-dry test. Misture cntents fr sil-cement specimens f the gravelly sand and the lam ranged frm the mlded misture cntent n wetting t abut 2 percent misture n drying. The clay specimens had misture cntents n wetting that prgressively, but slightly, reduced during the test t values f 1 t 3 percent belw the mlded misture cntent at the end f test. The misture cntent f the clay sil-cement specimens n each drying was frm 2 t 6 percent. Specimens f the silt, n wetting, gained abut 4 percent misture abve the mlded misture cntent and dried n each cycle t 2 percent misture. There was n appreciable difference in the misture changes between failed and acceptable specimens. During the wet-dry test, n cracking ccurred n specimens f the gravelly sand. Fr the lam, ne specimen f the fur tested at 3 percent cement cracked. Fr the clay, all fur specimens at 5, 7, and 1 percent cement cracked. Fr the silt, tw f fur specimens at 4 percent cement cracked. Here, the term cracking refers t separatin f the specimens int tw r three separate pieces. It has been the authr's e3q)erience that cracking f specimens in the wet-dry test is nt necessarily a sign f a deteriratin that wuld ccur under natural cnditins. The cracking f the acceptable specimens f the clay sil is cnsidered t be a labratry phenmenn that des nt represent cnditins in a sil-cement pavement. Hwever, if high weight lsses and pr cnditins f specimens accmpany the cracking, the deteriratin is cnsidered t be related t natural cnditins. Based n recmmended weight lss criteria, adequate wet-dry resistance was btained fr specimens cntaining the cement cntents given in Table 17. Specimens at these and higher cement cntents passed the test; specimens at lwer cement cntents failed. This is the TABLE 17 basis f judgment fr evaluating length CEMENT CNTEND F SIL ^^S^' cmpressive strength, and pulse SAMPLES FR WET-DRY TESTS velcity methds fr measuring wet-dry resistance. Lwest Cement Cntent Sample Meeting Weight Lss Length Changes Criteria (% by wt. ) Lengths f unbrushed specimens were Gravelly sand determined after cure, after each wet 3 Liam 3 r less and dry perid, and after test. Length Clay changes frm the 7-day mist-cured 5 Silt 6 length are given in Tables 8 thrugh 11. Figure 8 shws the length changes during the wet-dry test fr the fur sils. Shrinkages n drying vary frm -.25 t -. in. depending mstly n the clay cntent f the sils. All specimens exhibited a shrinkage n the first drying that was never fully recvered except n deterirated specimens. The amunt f length change n subsequent wetting and drying ranged frm.12 in. fr lw clay cntent sils t a maximum f.1 in. fr the high clay cntent sil. It is indicated that acceptable specimens will nt expand back, after first drying, t the riginal length whereas failing specimens tend t return t the riginal length. Hwever, data in this respect are limited and may nt warrant this as a definite cnclusin. Due t lss f reference pints in the first trials f length measures, there is nt a full set f length data. Lss f reference pints ccurred frequently in the wet-dry

26 ) u) GRAVELLY SAND '-2% Cement (Failed) a LAM c % Cement (Passed) -3% Cement (Passed) I II 12 WDWDWDWDWDWDWDWDWDWDWDWD Wet and Dry Perids > C u c x: I/) Cl> -2 ) c _l -2 a-7% Cement (Passed) -3% Cement (Passed) CLAY -3-5% Cement (Passed) ) - c - 1-3% Cement (Filed) 4-7% Cement (Passed) 5% Cement (Passed) I II 12 W D W D W D W D W D W D W D W D W D W D W D W D Wet and Dry Perids ) -2 > c -3-3 x: > -4 c ) _l -4-1 } u> SILT 1-4% Cement (Failed) y» 4-8% Cement (Passed)»-6% Cement (Passed) ~ & * * A Hi ^,- -^'>--^ ---i _ -5 I II 12 WDWDWDWDWDWDWDWDWDWDWDWD Wet and Dry Perids -1 I II 12 W D W D W D W D W D W D W D W D W D W D W D W D Wet and Dry Perids Figure 8. Lengtli changes during wet-dry test. C

27 34 test befre the technique fr attaching the pints was fully develped. Additinal develpment greatly reduced the lss f pints. In mst cases where riginal reference pints were lst, relative length measurements were cntinued with new reference pints; hwever, abslute lengths culd n lnger be determined. Fr thse specimens n which a full set f data were btained, the lengths f failing specimens shwed an upward trend at sme time after first drying. Figure 9 shws the length changes at the end f test. It can be seen that the lengths at end f test, in themselves, are nt as significant in measuring deteriratin as the trend f the length changes during the test. Fr the lw clay cntent sils (gravelly sand and silt), after first drying, shrinkage ccurred n wetting and expansin ccurred n subsequent dryings, cntrary t the expected reactin. This led t the hypthesis that, n drying, the small drying shrinkage f these lw vlume change sils was cunteracted by thermal expansin at the 16 F drying temperature. An additinal experiment n a few dry specimens indicated a reversible thermal length change f.25 in. n heating and cling thrugh several cycles between 75 and 16 F. It is hjrpthesized that a reversible thermal expansin may vercme an irreversible (after first drying) shrinkage n drying if the drying shrinkage is nt f sufficient magnitude. This hypthesis is shwn in Figure 1 with the data fr the gravelly sand. K this cncept is validated by additinal tests, it might be apprpriate t replace the hightemperature drjdng in the wet-dry test by drying at a lwer temperature s that the c c! L G R A V E L L Y SAND 2% 3% 5% Cement Cement Cement CLAY 2! «l «- S SI I 5 ^ Length change after final wetting Length change after final drying ^ LAM I 3% 5% 7% 1% Cement Cement Cement Cement SILT r m c ) ! P A S S E D 3% 5% 7% 1% Cement Cement Cement Cement ^.g I P A S S E D 4% 6% 8% 1% Cement Cement Cement Cement ^ Figure 9. Length changes at the end f wet-dry test.

28 35 in V U 4 _ c 2 Dry Dry Dry Wef Wet Wet (a) Therml Effect nly 2 la c Dry Dry Dry (b) Effect f Misture Cliarige nly Partially Irrevisibia after first drying 2 (c) Cmbined Effect c c Expnsin n drying shrinkge n watting -8 Figure 1. Effects f changes in temperature and misture cntent n length f specimens m wet-dry test, gravelly sand. vlume changes due t wetting and drying are nt canceled r reduced by thermal effects. Fr the gravelly sand the vlume changes due t wetting and drying were cmpletely reversed by thermal effects. Fr the silt, the vlume changes were canceled by thermal effects. Cmpressive Strengths Cmpressive strengths determined n brushed and unbrushed specimens after the wet-dry test are given in Table 12. The strengths are shwn in Figure 11 where they are cmpared with 7- and 39-day strengths. In general, failed specimens had strengths-after-test less than the 39-day strength. The strengths f acceptable specimens were clse t r usually cnsiderably abve the 39-day strength. Tw exceptins indicate that sme minimum strength value after test might have t be included in criteria that may be develped. In all cases strengths after the wet-dry test f acceptable specimens are greater than the 7-day strengths and, in mst cases, are greater than the 39-day strengths. This indicates that there is an acceleratin f strength during the 16 F drying cycles. This greater strength gain ccurs at the higher temperature even thugh there is nt as much water available as there is in the cntinuus mist-cure envirnment at rm temperature. It is felt that this high-tenq)erature strength gam may be unduly beneficial t specimens that wuld nt therwise withstand wetting and drying vlume changes at lwer temperatures.

29 36 2 GRAVELLY SAND Strengfti after 7day mist-cure and scking Strength after 39 day mist-cure and saking Strength after wet-dry test and saking 1 1 LAM in a. 1 J J 1 i 2% 3% 5% Cement Cement Cement 1 > c <u ir> a E J J I J 3% 5% 7% 1% Cement Cement Cement Cement CLAY SILT 1 1 Y E l I m 3% 5% 7% 1% Cement Cement Cement Cement in E 4% 6% 8% 1% Cement Cement Cement Cement Figure 11. Cmpressive strengths after wet-dry test cmpared t 7 and 39 day strengths. Pulse Velcities Pulse velcities were determined n brushed and unbrushed specimens after cure, after each wet and each dry perid and at the end f test. These are given in Tables 13 thrugh 16. Figure 12 shws the pulse velcities-after-test cmpared t velcities at 7 and 39 days. Fr the silt nly, the pulse velcities-after-test were greater than the 39-day values, the same trend that was established fr cmpressive strengths. Cntrary t the trend f cmpressive strength, the pulse velcities after test fr the gravelly sand, lam, and clay were cnsiderably less than the 7-day values at all cement cntents. Fr freeze-thaw and fr 7- and 39-day mist-cured specimens, the rati f velcity t strength was rughly similar. Fr wet-dry specimens, a much lwer rati f velcity t strength was btained. Sme type f structural change must be indicated by these reduced velcities n three sils but the relatin t the cnditin f the specimens is nt understd. Therefre, further analysis f pulse velcity measurements in the wet-dry test is nt attempted.

30 37 GRAVELLY SAND ^ Velcity ffer 7day nnist-cure and saking J i 1 2% Cement J P I I m 37, 57. Cement Cement ^ Velcify after 39day mist-cure and saking. l Velcity after wet-dry test and saking M 1 tr LAM i 8 1 II m n m I 37, , 17, Cement Cement Cement Cement CLAY 9 9 SILT i % 77, Cement Cement Cement i 1 7, Cement a> > I m m 47, 67, 87, 17, Cement Cement Cement Cement Figure 12, Pulse velcities after wet-dry test cmpared t 7 and 39 day velcities. ANALYSIS F RESULTS It must be emphasized that suggestins f tentative criteria fr the alternate methds f measuring freeze-thaw and wet-dry resistance are beynd the purpse f this study and are nt warranted by the data. The purpse, in this repeat, is t determine if criteria may be develped after investigatmg a large number f sils. Freeze-Thaw Test A crrelatin f all the measures is shwn in Figure 13. The alternate measures shwn m Figures 13a thrugh 13f are cmpared with cnditin f specimens (Fig. 13g) and weight lsses, (Fig. 13h). All f the measures can be used t detect deteriratin. Frm this figure it is pssible t evaluate quickly the ability f the alternate methds in separating failed specimens frm acceptable specimens. It is als pssible t get an idea f what values f the alternate measures indicate deteriratin n the fur sils studied. Fr example, in Figure 13a, the maximum expansin n thaw f acceptable specimens fr all fur sils was. 3 in., whereas the minimum expansin n thaw f all failed specimens was.8 in.

31 38 (a)cxpntin n thawing,.1 incti 1ii:Hi::Hni:::i:H: AIJl;::iH::il Gr.Snd Lin_ Clay_ Silt i : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : Jiiiiiiiiriilillliliill (b) Expntin n freezing. 1 inch GrSand_J Cly_ ' I 1 1 (c) Gam in strength after test ver 7 day strength, p s i iiiliiliiliraic: (39dpy) (7day) 1 - I («'' Relatin f strength ffer test t 7 and 39 day strengths, percent illilil^^aiiililiiiiii' ^jllillijiili'iill Cly_ 2-2 -< 'Li!!i;!!;;;!;!;;i;!!:;;ii;iiiiiiMii!i::i;;i;;i Gam in velcity after test ver 7 day velcity, lft per sec liiil iiiiiiiiiiilllillliea).ui GrSand_ Lm Cly_ Silt. PA (39^y) (7da,) -1 -<...J.;li;;:it;!..i.iM;;ii;;;;'...i.;MM;M;;;; (') Reltln f velcity after test t 7 and 39 day velcities, percent liiiiliillllll FAIL (g)cnditin f specimens: E-Excellent P-Pr 6r Snd_J Clt_ Silt J hnn iiifailiii nmni (h) Weight lss, percent (i) Estimated rcprdueibility f (a)thru(h) Figure 13. Crrelatin f length, strength and velcity measurements with weight lsses and cnditin f specimens m freeze-thaw test. The suitability f each measure in detecting deteriratin is indicated by the width f the gap between the extreme value f passing and the extreme value f falling, the wider gap indicating mre prmise f develping criteria. A desirable feature is that the gap ccur at the same values fr the fur sils. Hwever, this is nt cmpletely necessary, because if a wide gap exists fr each sil it may be pssible t develp a separate criteria fr each sil type.

32 Anther cnsideratin in evaluating the different measures is that the separatin f values fr acceptable and failed specimens must be, fr each sil, greater than the reprducibility f the methd. All the measures in Figure 13 are pltted t the same scale f estimate reprducibility. An idea f the relative reprducibility f each measure was btained by bserving the range f variatins fr each measure n duplicate specimens at the lwest cement cntents passing the test. This scale f reprducibility IS shwn in Figure 13i. Mst f the variatins are less than that represented by this bar, and n further develpment f techniques, it is pssible that the variatins can be further reduced. An inspectin f Figure 13 enables evaluatin f the alternate methds based n the fur sils studied. The methds are rated frm the standpint f sensitivity, reprducibility, and prspects that criteria can be develped as fllws: (a) length change, (b) cmpressive strength, and (c) pulse velcity. The length change methd appears t be the mst wrthy f further investigatin n a large number f sils. As shwn in Figures 13a and 13b expansin values clearly define failed and acceptable specimens. The methd appears t have immediate sensitivity t deteriratin. It has ther desirable features f ease f peratin, accuracy, lw cst f equipment, and lack f dependence n a great amunt f prcedural cntrl. Cnsideratin f sil type in establishing criteria des nt seem necessary but might further enhance accuracy. Figures 13a and 13b shw that the gap shifts t the left with increasing clay cntents. Cmpressive strength testing als appears wrthy f further study. As shwn in Figures 13c and 13d, strength values separating failed and acceptable specimens are clearly defined fr three sils, whereas there is an verlap f values fr ne sil. The verlap ccurs fr the lam sil at 3 percent cement where the strength-aftertest was a cmparatively lw value (less than 3 psi). Acceptable specimens fr all fur sils had strengths-after-test cnsiderably abve 3 psi. Therefre, it appears that criteria might apprpriately include a minimum strength-after-test value. This wuld eliminate the verlap shwn in Figures 13c and 13d. In the develpment f strength criteria it may be imprtant t relate strength-aftertest t bth f the cntrl strengths. The expected gain ver the 7-day strength shuld be related t the ptential gain indicated by the 39-day strength. A desirable feature f the cmpressive strength methd is that accuracy des nt depend n a great amunt f prcedural cntrl. Hwever, variatins in strengthsafter-test indicate a need fr testing replicate specimens. The methd is destructive and can be used nly at the end f test. Pulse velcity values are als related t the quality f the specimens. As shwn in Figures 13e and 13f,the velcity values separating failed and passed specimens are clearly defined fr nly tw sils. Fr the ther tw sils the values abut r slightly verlap indicating that it may be mre difficult t establish criteria. A need fr testing replicate specimens is als indicated by variatins in pulse velcity measurements. The test is nndestructive and easy t perfrm but the cst f pulse velcity equipment is high. Wet-Dry Test A crrelatin f length change, cmpressive strength, and pulse velcity measurements with weight lsses and cnditin f specimens is shwn in Figure 14. All f the measures in the figure are pltted t the same scale f estimate reprducibility. Thus, it is pssible t cmpare the suitability f the measures with the weight lss methd. The alternate measures are rated frm the standpint f sensitivity, reprducibility, and prspects that criteria can be develped as fllws: (a) length change, (b) cmpressive strength, and (c) pulse velcity. Length change and cmpressive strength measures bth appear wrthy f further study. Figures 14a and 14b shw length change measures seem t be mre suitable than the cmpressive strength measures shwn in Figure 14c. In additin, the length change methd incrprates mst f the previusly discussed desirable features. 39

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