Chemical Speciation of Ultrafine Particulate Matter
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1 Chemical Speciation of Ultrafine Particulate Matter James J. Schauer, Ph.D., PE Associate Professor
2 Overview Big Picture Comments Sampling and Analysis Considerations Examples California Ambient Data DOE Cold-Cold Start Study HEI Metals Study Other Primary Sources Metal Speciation Conclusions
3 Why Pursue Chemical Speciation of Ultrafine PM Mass Balance Closure Focus on major components Inherently provides some source information Source Apportionment Key source tracers and their limitations are reasonable well understood Tools are available for ultrafine PM Identify and Quantify Sources of Toxicity Needs to be integrated with toxicology or epidemiological studies Chicken and the Egg problem
4 Toxicity Focus Important to recognize that individual chemical analysis methods focus on groups of analytes What we find is related to what we look for Need to think beyond traditional analytes and methods Literally thousands of compounds in PM Many are highly correlated and serve as surrogates for others compounds The toxicity of chemical species are: Linked to the chemical form Impacted by chemical and physical interaction with surroundings Need to direct chemical analysis by Physical and chemical process associate with dose Toxicity or health endpoints (i.e. bioassay directed chemical analysis)
5 Analytical Considerations Large set of tools available for quantification and speciation of ultrafine PM Look to allied field of environmental chemistry as well as medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry Exploit new instruments and methods to improve detection limits, quantify a wider range of analytes and pursue speciation ICPMS, LCMSMS, GC-NCI-MS, HR-MS Need to be directed by health relevant endpoints Clearly important directions to pursue Polar organics Metal speciation
6 Sampling Considerations Lab-based versus field-based measurements Very closely related Resource optimization Need to think beyond the traditional filter analysis Chemical analysis is toxicity assay extracts Aqueous collectors to mimic lung deposition and matrix interaction Direct analysis of dose Lung Condensate Analysis of lung tissue Field blanks are now dominating almost all method detection limits Critical issue
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9 DOE Cold-Cold Start Study Project Manager: Doug Lawson - NREL On-Road Gasoline (SI) Vehicle Tests Cold-Cold Dynamometer Test Cell Two-Stage Dilution Primary Dilution Ratio of 10:1 Secondary Dilution Ratio of 30:1 Samples collected from residence time chamber at ambient temperature Real Time Measurements University of Minnesota CO and CO2 Particle Number Particle Size Distributions Diffusion Charger
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11 Emissions Rate (mg/km) Emission of PM2.5 Chemical Species Gasoline Spark Emission Tests Hot UDC 1.2*(Organic Carbon) Elemental Carbon Nitrate Ion Sulfate Ion Ammonium Ion Other Steady State 0 Vehicle 1 Cold UDC Vehicle 2 Cold UDC Vehicle 3 Cold UDC Vehicle 4 Cold UDC Vehicle 1 Vehicle 2 Vehicle 3 Vehicle 4 Vehicle 1 Vehicle 2 Vehicle 3 Vehicle 4
12 Particle Concentration (mg km -1 ) dm/d(logd p ) Particle Size Distribution for Cold-Cold Start UDC Driving Cycle Test 13 - Vehicle 2 -Windstar Elemental Carbon Other Species Particle Diameter (µm)
13 1.4 Particle Size Distribution for Steady State Driving Cycle Test 16 - Vehicle 3 -Escort Particle Concentration (mg km -1 ) dm/d(logd p ) Sulfate Ions Nitrate Ion Ammonium Ion Other Species Particle Diameter (µm)
14 Metal Emissions from Mobile Sources Milwaukee Airport Howell Ave 3 lanes in southbound direction Similar to Van Nuys Tunnel (CA) Completely separate opposing bores 770 feet long - No curvature Constant speeds - very limited braking ~8% truck traffic on weekdays Not cleaned - noticeable road dust
15 10 6 Weekdays, Courthouse (Test #1 - #6, 2% Trucks) Weekdays, Airport (Test #8, #11 & #12, 6-10% Trucks) Weekends, Airport (Test #9, #10, 2% Trucks) Elemental C Organic C Total carbon Lithium Sodium Potassium Rubidium Cesium Magnesium Calcium Strontium Barium Aluminum Scandium Lanthanum Cerium Titanium Zirconium Hafnium Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Cadmium Lead Silver Thallium Chromium Manganese Iron Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Iridium Platinum Vanadium Arsenic Molybdenum Tungsten Uranium Silicon Germanium Selenium Tin Antimony Tellurium Phosphoros Sulfur Chlorine Bromine Iodine Summer tunnel test data: average emission rates from on-road vehicles at Milwaukee, Wisconsin for PM10. Error bars indicate standard errors. OC EC Emission Rate (ug/km)
16 Size-resolved metals emissions from motor vehicle roadway tests dm/dlogdp (µg km -1 ) Magnesium dm/dlogdp (µg km -1 ) Calcium dm/dlogdp (µg km -1 ) Particle Diameter (µm) Antimony dm/dlogdp (µg km -1 ) Particle Diameter (µm) Strontium Particle Diameter (µm) Particle Diameter (µm)
17 Size-resolved metals emissions from motor vehicle roadway tests dm/dlogdp (µg km -1 ) Copper dm/dlogdp (µg km -1 ) Barium Particle Diameter (µm) Particle Diameter (µm) dm/dlogdp (µg km -1 ) Iron dm/dlogdp (µg km -1 ) Lead Particle Diameter (µm) Particle Diameter (µm)
18 Other Ultrafine Sources Secondary Ultrafine - Nucleation Composition similar to secondary accumulations particles? Are the secondary components are soluble in lung fluid? Non-Mobile Source Ultrafine Sources can be important contributors to ultrafine particles without being important contributors to fine particulate matter Bulk composition can be the same but the morphology and micro-contaminants can be very different
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21 Metal Speciation Chemical form of metals in ultrafine, fine and coarse PM are critical to their fate and impacts Techniques exist to speciate metals in particulate matter samples Leachability Oxidation state Chemical form Bioavailability Need to utilize these methods for assessment of ultrafine PM
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23 Conclusions Tools exist for the chemical speciation of ultrafine particulate matter Chemical analysis tools for ultrafine should be used that align with desired endpoint Organic and Elemental Carbon are important components of ultrafine PM Metals levels in ultrafine PM are important in the context of source apportionment and human health Caution is needed in applying conventional wisdom from PM2.5 directly to ultrafine PM
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