Analysis of Tube Failure in Water Tube boiler

Transcription

1 Analysis of Tube Failure in Water Tube boiler P.Sakthivel 1, S.Kalaimani 2, Dr. R. Sasikumar 3 PG Scholar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Selvam College of Technology-Namakkal. Tamilnadu, India 1, Associative Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Selvam College of Technology-Namakkal. Tamilnadu, India 2 Dean/ Research & Development, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Selvam College of Technology, Namakkal, India. 3 ABSTRACT: Boiler tube failure continues to be the leading cause for forced outages in fossil fired boiler. The tube failure may be a simple problem unless it causes damage to the power plant and affects safety of the human being. The problem due to tube failure is realized only when the cost due to failure estimated. The main objective of our project is to reduce the number of tube failures occurring in boiler accessories at thermal power station by analyzing the reason behind the tube failure and provide suitable remedies for it. Tube failures in boiler accessories occur due to various reasons and major reasons for failure among the various reasons are flue gas erosion, long term overheating and steam erosion. The major failure reasons are taken from the tube failure. Major causes for failure can be controlled by using following remedies such as optimization of flue gas velocity, using tube material with better creep strength and by providing coating along the wall of the tube. The optimization of flue gas velocity is done by computational fluid dynamics software (Ansys fluent), the boiler tube material is chosen based on the cost, creep strength and corrosion resistance, the coating for boiler tube is chosen based on operating conditions and coating feasibility. The above remedies if implemented in the power plants can reduce the tube failure to a major extent. I. INTRODUCTION A. General In this chapter we are going to discuss about Tube failures in boiler accessories occur due to various reasons and major reasons for failure among the various reasons are flue gas erosion, long term overheating and steam erosion. The major failure reasons are taken from the tube failure. Major causes for failure can be controlled by using following remedies such as optimization of flue gas velocity, using tube material with better creep strength and by providing coating along the wall of the tube. B. Boiler: A boiler is an enclosed vessel that provides a means for combustion heat to be transferred in to water until it becomes heated water or steam. The hot water or steam under pressure is then usable for transferring heat to a process. Water is a useful and cheap medium for transferring heat to a process a force that is almost as explosive as gunpowder. This causes the boiler to be extremely dangerous equipment that must be treated utmost care. The process of heating a liquid until it reaches its gaseous state is called evaporation. Heat is transferred from one body to another by means of 1) Radiation, which is transfer of heat from hot body to cold body without a conveying medium, 2) Convection transfer heat by a conveying medium, such as air or water 3) Conduction, transfer heat by actual physical contact, molecule to molecule. 1.1 Water Tube Boiler A water tube boiler is a type of boiler in which water circulates in tubes heated externally by the fire. Fuel is burned inside the furnace, creating hot gas which heats water in the steam-generating tubes. In smaller boilers, additional generating tubes are separate in the furnace, while larger utility boilers relay on the water-filled tubes that make up the walls of the furnace to generate steam. The heated water then rises into the steam drum. Here, saturated steam is drawn off the top of drum. Copyright to IJIRSET 91

2 In some services, the steam will reenter the furnace through a super heater to become superheated. Cool water at the bottom of the steam drum returns to the feed water drum via large-bore down comer tubes, where it pre-heats the feed water supply. To increase economy of the boiler, exhaust gases are also used to pre-heat the air blown into the furnace and warm the feed water supply. Such water tube boilers in thermal power station are also called steam generating units. Fig 1.1 shows the schematic representation of a simple water tube boiler. Fig. 1.1simple water tube boiler 1.2 Boiler Tube Boiler tubes are set of long goes several folds inside the furnace, sometimes their total length may be several kilometers mainly in the case of power plant boilers, and these tubes transfer heat from flue gas to water or steam. Fig 1.2 shows tubes of a typical water tube boiler in a power plant Table 1.1 shows the specification of economizer tubes in water tube boiler of Thermal power station. Fig. 1.2 Tubes of a water tube boiler Tube material SA210GrA1(C=0.27%) Tube diameter 44.5 mm Tube thickness 4.5 mm Tube length 32 km(approx) No of bends 14 Tube arrangement Horizontal Tube bend diameter 65 mm Table 1.1 specifications of economizer tube Copyright to IJIRSET 92

3 II. CAUSES OF TUBE FAILURE This chapter explains about problems in boiler tubes and the factors that cause major damage to the boiler tubes. This helped to identify the major reasons for tube failures and suggest suitable remedies for the failures caused due to the problems. 2.1 Types of failure Failures in the boiler tubes occur at various places corresponding to the parameter causing the defect. Below listed are such failures which could be seen in boiler tubes Fish mouth opening Window opening Burst open puncture Pin hole puncture Crack formation 2.2 Areas of failure Most of the failures in the boiler happen at repeated places. Places at which tube failures seen most are Economizer, Extended steam cooled tubes, Water walls, LTSH, Reheater tubes, Platen super heater and Final super heater. All these places require very good maintenance for longer life and to reduce the failure rate occurring in it. 2.3 Causes of Tube Failure There are numerous that accounts to the failure of boiler tube in water tube boilers. There are twenty-two primary reasons for tube failures in a boiler. Knowledge and good operating and maintenance practice reduce tube failures. Reducing tube failure in boilers increases the availability of boiler. A single tube failure in boiler may cause loss of millions of rupees apart from power loss. There are four major groups into which all tube failures can be classified. Tube failures are classified as in-service failures and can be grouped under four major causes: Erosion Stress rupture Corrosion Loss of quality Erosion There are various reasons behind the erosion of boiler like fly ash, coal particles etc. The factors that which causes erosion in boiler tubes are listed below Fly ash Coal particles Falling slag Air erosion Fly ash Fly ash travels with the flue gas at the same speed around 11m/s when it continuously travels at this speed it would erode the metal in constant manner and finally it would reaches the critical limit at which the tube could no more with stand the pressure. The amount of ash in coal and its velocity are major factors in the rate of fly ash erosion.fly ash erosion is experienced in the economizer, primary SH, and inlet section of steam reheater tubes. When non-uniform flue gas flow distribution occurs in these areas, the rate of erosion increases multifold. Factors influencing fly ash erosion in coal fired boilers are The velocity of flue gas The temperature of flue gas The mineral content in coal The change in direction of flue gas The arrangement of pressure parts and The operation above the maximum conditions design rating or with excess airflow above design rate. Copyright to IJIRSET 93

4 Coal particles Coal particle erosion is to similar to Fly ash particles erosion in which unburnt coal particles flew with the Flue gas erodes the boiler tube material, it may also deposit on the tube surfaces and cause reduced heat transfer and corrosion. The following are the areas in boiler where coal particle erosion is normally experienced Economizer bends and tubes, Screen tubes, Goose neck portion at furnace top, Soot blower opening in the water walls, Wind box opening in the furnace, Bottom hoper tubes. Fig. 2.3 represents the boiler tube erosion due to coal particles. Fig. 2.3 Coal particle erosion Slag formation Slag is formed by the reaction of deposited ash particles with the boiler tube material, prolonged traveling of ash particles around boiler tube cause deposition of ash and at high temperature these ash deposit and boiler tube particle reacts to form molten metal slag, this falls on the lower tube and erodes those tubes. Fig represents the formation of slag around boiler tubes. Fig Slag formed around boiler tubes Air erosion Continuous flow of hot air in the flue gas also cause a considerable erosion, but when compared to other factors which is causing the erosion it is bit lower Stress rupture Stress rupture is another important cause to the failure of boiler tubes in water tube boilers. Some reasons for the stress rupture of boilers are given below Long term over heating Short term over heating Dissimilar metal welding Short term over heating Short term over heating can occur if temperature of pressure part(tube, drum, pipe and header) increases rapidly in short period exceeding limitation of design temperature. It can occur at the pressure part which has high operating temperature such as superheated, reheater, water wall, roof wall, boiler bank, screen tubes and down comers and rarely occurs in low operating temperature of pressure part such as air heater and economizer. When the tube has insufficient Copyright to IJIRSET 94

5 cooling from water flow inside and receives excessive heat input from combustion process will lead to short term overheating. Fig. 2.5 shows the boiler tube failed due to short term overheating. Fig. 2.5 Short term over heating Long term over heating Long term overheating tube failures are due to metal temperature of the boiler tubes going above the allowable limit. These types of failure are seen in steam cooled tubes like super heaters and re-heaters and in water cooled tubes of water walls. While selecting the tube there is a requirement to select the correct material for withstanding the metal temperature. Normally the water cooled areas like economizer and water walls are made of carbon steel of boiler quality. Super heaters and re-heaters will have combination of low alloy tubes to stainless steel tubes selected to with stand the metal temperature. Fig. 2.6 shows the failure of boiler tube due to long term overheating. Fig. 2.6 long term overheating Dissimilar metal welding In the thermal power station, dissimilar metal welds (DMWs) are used to join ferritic low-alloy steels to austenitic stainless steels. Unfortunately, these welds can fail prematurely from accelerated creep. However, a transition joint where the composition changes from austenitic steel to ferritic steel could replace then one dissimilar weld with two similar welds. Fig. 2.7 shows the failure of dissimilar metal welds in boiler tube of a water tube boiler Fig. 2.7 Dissimilar metal weld failure Copyright to IJIRSET 95

6 2.3.3 Corrosion In corrosion boiler tubes materials are taken away by chemicals around it. Some of reasons behind corrosion are listed below Caustic corrosion Pitting corrosion High temperature corrosion Low temperature corrosion Caustic corrosion Caustic corrosion, a specific form of stress corrosion, results in the inter crystalline cracking of steel. Inert crystalline cracking results only when all of the following are present: specific conditions of stress, a mechanism for concentration such as leakage, and free NaOH in the boiler water. Therefore, boiler tubes fail from caustic embrittlement at points where tubes are rolled into sheets, drums or headers. Fig.2.8 shows the boiler tubes attacked by caustic corrosion Pitting corrosion Fig.2.8 Caustic corrosion Fig.2.9 Pitting corrosion Pitting corrosion is a form of extremely localized corrosion that leads to the creation of small holes in the metal. The driving power for pitting corrosion is the depassivation of a small area, which becomes cathodic; leading to very localized galvanic corrosion. The corrosion penetrates the mass of the metal, with limited diffusion of ions. Fig. 2.9 shows the pitting corrosion in a tube of water tube boiler High temperature corrosion High temperature corrosion is a mechanism of corrosion taking place in boiler tubes coming in contact with hot gas containing certain contaminants. Fuel contains some times vanadium compounds or sulfates which can form compounds during combustion having a low melting point. These liquid melted salts are strongly corrosive for stainless steel and other alloys normally inert against the corrosion and high temperatures. Other High temperature corrosions Copyright to IJIRSET 96

7 include high temperature oxidation, sulfidation and carbonization. Fig shows the damaged boiler tube due to high temperature corrosion. Fig High temperature corrosion Low temperature corrosion Thermal power station uses coal as a fuel, this fuel contains sulpher to differing percentages. The higher the percentage of sulpher, the higher will be the risk of cold and corrosion in the boiler. The sulpher in thr fuel during combustion gets converted to sulpher dioxide, some portion of the sulpher dioxide gets converted to sulpher trioxide. The presence of moisture in the flue gas due to moisture in the fuel and air, sulpher dioxide, and trioxide, combines with moisture and forms sulphuric acid. These acids condense from around C to slightly higher than C, depending upon the concentration of SO 3 and water- vapour. Condensation of these acids results in metal wastage and boiler tube failure, air preheater corrosion, and flue gas duct corrosion. III FAILURE AND REMEDIES This chapter deals with the detailed analysis of boiler tubes and also tells about the various solutions to reduce most commonly occurring tube failure. 3.1 Remedies of tube failure From the failure data and analysis using pie chart the three major erosion causing factors are flue gas erosion, long term overheating and steam erosion. Our concentrates on giving remedies to these three problems. The type of failure and chosen remedies are shown in table Detail of software for used for Ansys Software Name : Ansys Geometry : Pro-Engineer Meshing : Gambit Solution : Ansys Table 3.1 Remedies for tube failure S.No Type of Failure Remedies 1 Flue gas erosion 2 Long term over heating Organization of flue gas velocity Changing the tube metal 3 Steam erosion Protective coating Copyright to IJIRSET 97

8 3.3.1 Details needed for software Water temperature at inlet of economizer :520k Water temperature at outlet of economizer :557k Flue gas temperature at inlet of economizer :752k Flue gas temperature at outlet of economizer :660k Type of flow : counter flow Flue gas velocity : 11 m/s Boundary condition for analysis 1. Water inlet Table3.2 shows the boundary conditions water inlet of the economizer Table 3.2 Boundary conditions for water inlet S.No Parameters value 1 Mass flow rate m/s 2 Velocity 8 m/s 3 Temperature 520 k 2. Water outlet Table3.3 shows the boundary conditions for water outlet of the economizer 3. Flue gas inlet Table3.4 shows the boundary conditions for flue gas inlet Table 3.3Boundary conditions for water outlet S.No Parameters Value 1 Outflow Nil 2 Temperature 552 k Table3.4 Boundary conditions for flue gas inlet S.No Parameter value 1 Mass flow rate kg/s 2 Velocity 11 m/s 3 Temperature 752 k 4. Flue gas outlet Table 3.5 shows boundary conditions for flue gas outlet Table 3.5 Boundary conditions for flue gas outlet S.No Parameters Value 1 Outflow Nil 2 Temperature 660 k 3.4 Erosion rate calculation for tube E = (0.47 z 4.95 ρ m ρ p v 3 sin β)/σ y Where Z = mass fraction of silica contained in ash ρ' m = Density of steel kg/m 3 Copyright to IJIRSET 98

9 ρ' p =Density of ash particles kg/m 3 β =impingement angle (degrees) σ y = yield stress of steel (N/m 2 ) V = Flue gas velocity (m/s) On substituting the values, E=0.47x0.016x7830x34.64x1331x0.125/(250x10 6 ) E=0.182(mg (steel)/kg (ash)) Similarity for calculating to other velocities Table 3.6 shows the erosion rate for various velocities. Table 3.6 calculated Erosion rate for various velocities Flue gas velocity Erosion rate (mg/kg) Table 3.7 shows the outlet temperature for various velocities. Table 3.7 Outlet temperature for various velocities S.No Velocity in (m/s) Temperature at outlet (k) By comparing the minimum temperature at outlet from CFD results and Erosion rate the optimum flue gas velocity is 9m/sec. 3.5 Material for boiler tubes Generally boiler materials need to with stand high temperature and should not corrode easily. The boiler materials should have high creep strength and corrosion resistance. The table 3.8 shows the various materials form boilers tubes which with stand high temperature and have good corrosion properties. Table 3.8 various materials for boiler tubes S,No Material Maximum withstanding temperature( C) 1 T S 304 H HR 3C SANICRO ALLOY Materials under usage for boiler tubes Austenitic stainless steel is the material that is currently being used for boiler tubes in thermal power plant.major reasons for using stainless steel are Resistance to corrosion Prevention of product contamination Copyright to IJIRSET 99

10 Resistance to oxidation Ease of fabrication Excellent formability Good strength and toughness at cryogenic temperatures table 3.9 shows the composition of austenitic stainless steel Mechanical properties Table 3.10 shows Mechanical properties of austenitic steel Table 3.9 composition of austenitic stainless steel Material Type 304 Type 304L Carbon 0.08 max 0.08 max Manganese 2.00 max 2.00 max Phosphorus 2.00 max 2.00 max Sulfur max max Silicon 0.75 max 0.75 max Chromium Nickel Nitrogen 0.10 max 0.10 max Iron Balance Balance Table 3.10 Mechanical properties of austenitic steel Type Ultimate tensile Yield strength Elongation strength (MPa) (MPa) % Hardness Rockwell 304L B B Physical properties Density : 7.90 g/cm Thermal properties The thermal conductivity, coefficient of thermal expansion of stainless steel are shown in table 3.11 and 3.12 respectively. Table 3.11 Linear coefficient of thermal expansion of steel Temperature Range coefficients F C in/in/ F cm/cm/ C Table 3.12 Thermal conductivity of steel Temperature range F C W/m k Copyright to IJIRSET 100

11 3.6.4 Suggested material SANICRO 25 Sanicro 25 is a high alloy austenitic stainless steel engineered for the next generation of coal fired power boilers. It is ideal for reheater and super heater tubes, allowing for material temperatures of up to 700 c (1290 F), significantly greater efficiency and sharply lower CO 2. Very high creep strength High oxidation resistance High structural stability Good fabric ability Sanicro 25 is supplied as cold pilgered solution annealed and white pickled or bright annealed seamless tubes, in common reheater and super heater boiler tube dimensions. The material datasheet 555 is valid for outside diameter 25 mm to mm and wall thickness 3 mm to 14 mm. Very high elevated temperature strength Precipitation strengthening Nb or NbCr nitrides, Cu- rich precipitates Solid solution strengthening: addition of C, N, Co and W High corrosion resistance at high temperature High structural stability $ good fabricability Composition of sanicro 25 Table 3.13 shows the composition of sanicro 25 alloy Table 3.13 composition of sanicro 25 Material Percentage Cmax 0.1 Si 0.2 Mn 0.5 Pmax Smax C 22.2 Ni 25 N 0.23 W 3.6 Co 1.5 Cu 3.0 Nb Mechanical properties Table 3.14 shows the mechanical properties of sanicro 25 alloy Table 3.14 mechanical properties of sanicro 25 Temperature Proof strength Tensile strength MPa C MPa Physical properties Density: 8.1 g/cm Thermal properties Tables 3.15 and 3.16 below shows the thermal characteristics of material sanicro 25 Copyright to IJIRSET 101

12 Table 3.15 thermal expansion Temperature per c Table 3.16 thermal conductivity Temperature W/(m c) Comparison between austenitic stainless steel & sanicro 25 Table 3.17 compares austenitic stainless steel & sanicro 25 Table 3.17 Steel vs Sanicro 25 Property Sa 210 gr A1 Sanicro 25 Density 7850 kg/m kg/ m3 Coefficient of thermal expansion Yield strength 260n/mm2 140n/mm2 Tensile strength 420 n/mm2 340n/mm2 Thermal conductivity Creep strength(at 600 c) 120 n/mm2 230n/mm2 Fig. 3.2 Meshing diagram of tube Fig. 3.3 Temperature Distribution of Sanicro Coating for boiler tubes Boiler operating with low NOx burner s present unusually harsh environment for power plant material. In particular, a charge from normally oxidizing condition in a standard boiler to reducing condition in a low NOx boiler causes usually protective oxides to give way to severe wastage by sulfidation corrosion and erosion. Copyright to IJIRSET 102

13 3.9 Coating materials There are various materials used for coating the boiler tube for protection against various causes that account for the tube failures like Erosion, corrosion etc..,the materials used in boiler tube coating are M-Cr-Al-y alloy Type 310 stainless steel Pure chromium Molybdenum High silicon alloy Ni/Cr alloys Molybdenum Fe-Al M-Cr-Al-y alloy The M of stands for either Ni or Co or a combination of both (when applied to steels it can also be Fe) depending on the type of super alloy.co based appear to have superior resistance to corrosion. Al content is typically around wt%. Since oxidation life is essentially controlled by the availability of al it would be tempting to increases the aluminum content. However these results in significant reduction of ductility also typically contain 1 wt% yttrium which enhances adherence of the oxide layer Type 310stainless steel Type 310 alloys is essentially the stainless steel with more corrosion and temperature resistance it could with stand the temperature up to 1100c and it also resists the chemical corrosion by means of formation of thin chromium oxide layer over it and it also saves the boiler tube by means of self sacrificing. It contains iron as its main content and other major contributoes are Nickel and chromium both its contributes about 15-22% each and other minor contributors are carbon (1.5%), Manganese(2.0%), phosphorous(0.04%)and sulphur(0.03%). This alloy has the density of 8000kg/m3 melting point of 1500c specific heat capacity of 500J/kgc thermal conductivity of 14.2W/m and coefficient of expansion of 15.9/c Pure chromium Pure chromium can be deposited on the boiler tube by means of Electro deposition method as this method could evenly deposit the chromium over its surface this coating could only be done on the shop could not be done inside the boiler this is the main disadvantage of this coating. This pure chromium coating protects the boiler tube corrosion by forming thin oxide layer over itself on initial operation of boiler after coating surface chromium reacts with oxygen and forms thin protective coating of chromium oxide over its surface to resist the chemical corrosion it also resists the erosion by self sacrificing it distributes the heat evenly over the boiler tube and thus it reduces the fatigue Ni/Cr Alloys Chromium is a corrosion resistant alloy that binds the continuous skeleton of erosion resistant chromium carbide constituents. Due ability to dissipate the impact force of particles by plasticide formation result of Ni-Cr coatings are High hardness (to prevent erosion because of ash silica). Hot corrosion resistance (that will react with the environment to produce a slow growing protective oxide scale which should not allow the corrosive pieces to diffuse into the coating) Low porosity (less area for erodent particle to impact and abrade ). Small grain size (Small grains tend to be stronger). Uniform coating structure (homogeneous distribution of hard constituents & ductile behaviour ) Absence of cracks (ductile structure, thermal stability,uniform coating structure (homogenous distribution of hard constituents &ductile behaviour) Smooth surface Copyright to IJIRSET 103

14 3.9.5 Iron aluminide Iron-aluminium based alloys have been considered as coating for the protection of water wall boiler tubes found in coal-fired furnaces. These iron-aluminium based alloys are potentially good candidates for boiler tube coatings because they have excellent corrosion resistance in a wide range of high temperature gaseous environments including highly sulfidizing environments. These coatings are advantageous over commercial alloys such as stainless steels and ni-based super alloys, because they are significantly less expensive than the commercial alloy, they do not experience micro segregation as seen in the ni-based super alloys and they do not from a brittle interface at the fusion zone as seen in some stainless steel weld overlays. Studies have shown that increasing the aluminium content of fe-al based alloy increases the corrosion resistance of the alloy in high temperature environments containing oxygen and sulphur 2,4,5, methods of coating The various methods employed in coating are: Electrodeposited inter metallic coatings Weld overlay coatings Thermal sprays coatings Electro deposited inter metallic coatings Fig. 3.4 shows a boiler tube sample coated by electrodeposited inter metallic coatings Fig. 3.4 Electro deposited inter metallic coatings One way to protect boiler tubes against corrosion is to apply a thin layer of pure chromium in an oxiding environment the chromium layer forms a protective oxide layer which prevents deteriorateion of the underlying steel tube. This work led to the eventual development of a new type of coating intermetallic Aluminize which can be applied by a low electro deposition process. Copyright to IJIRSET 104

15 Weld overlay coatings Fig 3.5 shows the boiler surface coating with weld overlay coating. Fig. 3.5 weld overlay coating The advantage of welded coatings is that they can be applied to the surface of the boiler tubes in the boiler as well as in a shop, without the usual penalties. However, selection proper weld alloy and control of the weld overlay process conditions are critical to producing coatings with desired properties Thermal spray coatings Fig 3.6 shows the thermal spray coating equipment In the application of thermal spray coating, a metal powder is a heated to a high temperature and propelled toward the boiler tube surface with a high velocity gas or plasma jet. Once at a surface, the particles from a coating. Thermal spray coating have a advantage of being applied in- situ in the boiler and as a consequence, they are easily repaired after exposure. Fig. 3.6 thermal spray coating IV CONCLUSION Our project will discusses on three major remedies which reduce the tube failure in Mettur thermal power station. From the failure data we come to conclude that the three major reasons for the tube failure is fly ash erosion, long term overheating and steam erosion. Based on the results we obtained, we suggest optimum flue gas velocity is Copyright to IJIRSET 105

16 9m/sec which would considerably reduced tube failure due to flue gas erosion. The usage of sanicro 25 as tube material for boiler tubes provides extended tube life due to its better creep strength and this reduces the failure rate due to long term over heating in boiler tubes. The loss power production and the cost of repair for boiler tubes can be reduced. Failure due to steam erosion is reduced if coatings such as electro deposited inter metallic coating, weld overlay coating and thermal spray coating are applied on the boiler tube surface. The above remedies if implemented in power plants not only reduced tube failure, but also reduce the repair cost of tubes, increase the availability of boiler, less interruption in power generation. The general suggestion to reduced tube failure is to use low as coal which will reduced erosion rate and also reduced the major tube failure problems. The future presents several challenges, with expected tightening electricity market likely to increase the cost of boiler tube failure coming at a time when number of failures is expected to rise. REFERENCES 1. GOPALAKRISHNA (2003) Phosphate induced stress corrosion cracking in a water wall tube from a coal fired boiler Engineering failure analysis, volume no M.R. KHAJAVI (2006) Failure analysis of bank front boiler tubes Engineering failure analysis, volume no KHALIL RANJBAR (2006) Failure analysis of boiler cold and hot reheater tubes Engineering failure analysis, volume no MASOUD RAHIMI (2006) CFD modeling of boilers tubes s tubes ruptures Applied thermal engineering, volume no S. SRIKANTH (2002) Analysis of failures in boiler tubes due to fire side corrosion in waste heat recovery boiler Engineering failure analysis, volume no 10. Copyright to IJIRSET 106