RC BEAMS STRENGTHENED WITH NSM CFRP RECTANGULAR RODS Roberto Capozucca 1 and Sonia Bossoletti 2
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1 RC BEAMS STRENGTHENED WITH NSM CFRP RECTANGULAR RODS Robeto Capozucca 1 and Sonia Bossoletti 1 Conimed Associate Poesso Univesity Politecnica delle Mache, Stuctual Section DICEA, Ancona, Italy,.capozucca@univpm.it 1 PhD. Student, Univesity Politecnica delle Mache, Stuctual Section DICEA, Ancona, Italy, s.bossoletti@univpm.it ABSTRACT The use o Nea Suace Mounted (NSM) Fibe Reinoced Polyme (FRP) is a mainsteam technique o etoitting RC beams, although thee ae still many open poblems such as bond mechanism o FRP ods between ods and adhesive esin and/o od-esin and concete suaces which is unknown completely. This pape investigates expeimental behaviou o cabon-frp (CFRP) ectangula ods inseted into gooves in RC elements though bending tests. RC beam models wee built and subjected to bending loading until ailue; one stengthened using NSM CFRP ectangula ods, the othe un-stengthened. Dynamic tests have been done both o stengthened and un-stengthened beams to contol the dynamic esponse. The expeimental esults show dieent behaviou between stengthened and unstengthened RC beams. The compaison between expeimental esults opens a discussion concening the ollowing topics: stiness in elastic phase; ultimate capacity o beams; bond-slip eects; actual stain limits o FRP unde sevice loads and, inally, the dynamic esponse o stengthened beam. Keywods: NSM stengthening; CFRP; bond-slip; bending test; vibation tests. INTRODUCTION The use o ibes such as Fibe Reinoced Polymes (FRPs) is inceasing in civil engineeing especially in the ehabilitation and in the stengthening o RC elements. A mainsteam method o etoitting RC beams is the Nea Suace Mounted (NSM) technique which uses Fibe Reinoced Polyme (FRP) ods inseted into gooves on concete coves [1,]. The advantages o NSM FRP ods compaed to steel as stengthening is that they ae easie and quicke to assemble due to the lightness o the stengthening mateials, the slimness o the gooves attibutable to the highe taction esistance, and FRPs bette esistance to coosion. Futhemoe it epesents a convenient method o limiting a numbe o poblems linked to the use o extenally bonded FRP stips o ods stengthening. Code o pactice [3] deals shotly about NSM technique because thee ae still many open poblems such as bond mechanism o FRP ods between ods and adhesive esin and/o od-esin and concete suaces which is unknown completely [4-8]. In the liteatue many woks descibe the actos 1 Conimed Associate Poesso Univesity Politecnica delle Mache, Stuctual Section DICEA, Ancona, Italy,.capozucca@univpm.it PhD. Student, Univesity Politecnica delle Mache, Stuctual Section DICEA, Ancona, Italy, s.bossoletti@univpm.it 3-11
2 aecting bond mechanism in NSM stengthening like bond length, the diamete o the ods used, the type o FRP mateial employed, ods suace coniguation, and goove size [9-11]. Moe ecently eseaches studied the behavio o stengthened beams by NSM FRP ods compaing static and dynamic esponses [1]. This pape analyses the bending behaviou o cabon-frp (CFRP) ectangula ods inseted into gooves in RC elements though static bending tests and ee vibation tests. Investigation was developed to evaluate the expeimental bending esponse o two RC beams: one beam was non-stengthened, the othe stengthened with NSM CFRP ectangula ods. The expeimental esults show dieent esponses between stengthened and unstengthened RC beams. The compaison between expeimental esults o the two RC beams un-stengthened and stengthened using NSM CFRP ectangula ods allows discussing about stiness, ultimate capacity, bond-slip eects, etc. Futhemoe, vibation analysis in ee-ee condition o beams pemits to conim the availability o NSM technique in the stengthening o RC beams. EXPERIMENTAL TESTS Beam specimens Expeimental bending tests wee caied out on two RC beams models: B and B1. Beam B was einoced with steel bas and beam B1 was einoced with steel bas and thee CFRP ectangula ods inseted into gooves. The specimens measued 1.7m in length and had a ectangula coss-section measuing 15mm x mm. They wee einoced with ou longitudinal steel bas o diamete 1mm, two in tension and two in compession, and vetical un-closed stiups o diamete 6mm, disposed at step 6mm. In Figue 1 coss section and beam B1 ae shown. (a) Fig. 1 RC beam model B1 (a) coss section at midspan; gooves in the bottom suace to inset thee CFRP ectangula ods The beams wee chaacteised by concete with a tested aveage compessive cylinde stength equal to c,av ~55N/mm and steel bas with an aveage yield stength equal to y,av. ~49N/mm. Beam B1 was einoced with thee ectangula CFRP ods o unidiectional ibes measuing 1.4mm in width and mm in height, inseted into thee gooves in the bottom suace o dimensions 6mm x 5mm, using epoxy esin with aveage 3-1
3 compessive stength equal to~6.4n/mm and aveage tensile stength equal to~6.4n/mm. Table 1 shows the mechanical popeties o CFRP ectangula ods used in the stengthening and obtained using tensile tests (Fig. (a)) on specimens accoding to the ASTM-D 339 Standad (Fig. ). Failue inteested the entie length o the CFRP sample between edge taps (Fig. (c)); it was o the explosive bush-like type (XGM). (a) (c) Fig. (a) Appaatus o tensile tests o CFRP specimen; (c) ailue o specimen Table 1 Mechanical popeties o CFRP ectangula od specimen Expeimental aveage stength ~ N/mm Expeimental Young s modulus, E ~17.3N/mm Type o collapse XGM Set up o bending test and esults B and B1 beams wee tested unde cycles o vetical load, P, applied at two points 3mm om the middle o the beam, with inceasing intensity up to ailue; the tests set up is shown in Fig. 3. (a) Fig. 3 (a) Expeimental aangement o RC beam; set up o bending test The instuments used in the bending tests wee: a vetical jack to tansmit the load P and a load cell to measue P; two stain gauges, one on a steel ba and the othe on the cental CFRP od to measue deomation duing bending tests; one hoizontal linea tansduces (LVDTs) on the compessed edge concete, to ecod deomation o compessive concete; one LVDTs to measue delection at the midspan section. 3-13
4 (a) Fig. 4 Cacking behaviou at ailue o un-stengthened beam B: (a) geneal view; ailue with cash o compessive concete B and B1 beams wee expeimentally tested by bending ive cycles o loading P= kN and successively caied to ailue. Failue o beam B was due to the cash o compessive concete at the beam s midspan and to extensive cacking o concete at the tensile suace (Figs. 4(a) and ) unde a value o vetical load equal to 65.9kN. At P=4kN the stain o steel einocement in the beam was ecoded equal to about geate than yield stain. In beam B1 the ultimate load was geate than in B with a value o vetical load equal to about 1kN. At P=4kN the stain o steel einocement was equal to about lowe than yield stain. Failue occued due to the detachment and delamination o the NSM CFRP stengthening. Bond slip appeaed at the esinconcete inteace, with the detachment o the concete cove (Figs. 5(a) and ). (a) Fig. 5 (a) Failue o stengthened beam B1 with NSM CFRP ods; view o detachment o NSM stengthening at intados o beam B1 The expeimental esults obtained by un-stengthened beam B and stengthened beam B1 with NSM CFRP ods wee analysed using the ollowing diagams: load, P, vs. delections, δ; moment, M, vs. cuvatue, χ. Figue 6 shows expeimental diagams load, P, vs. displacement, δ, o unstengthened beam B and stengthened beam B1. F (kn) 7 F (kn) 14, 6 1, 5 1, 4 8, 3 6, 4, 1, s (mm) 3-14,, 5, 1, 15,, 5, s (mm)
5 (a) Fig. 6 Expeimental load, P, vs. displacement, δ, o (a) beam B and beam B1 Figues 7(a) and show expeimental moment, M, vs. cuvatue, χ, espectively, o un-stengthened beam, B and stengthened beam, B1. In the Figues 7(a) and D 1,,D 5 epesent the loading path o both two beams B and B1. M (knmm) 18 M (knmm) 4 16 D D D D3 15 D4 D5 4 D1 1 5 D1 D D χ (mm -1 x 1-6 ) (a) Fig. 7 Expeimental moment, M, vs. cuvatue, χ, o (a) beam B and beam B1 Fee vibation and esults o dynamic tests The theoetical natual equencies o an undamaged beam assumed as a uniom slende beam ae evaluated below in the hypothesis that otay inetia, shea deomation and damping ae negligible. With delection, v, unction o point, x, and time, t, the ollowing equation is obtained o ee vibation o beam: 4 v v EI A (1) 4 x t whee: = density o the mateial o the beam; A = the coss-sectional aea. The solution o Eq. (1) must be an hamonic unction o time i.e.: v x, t V x sin( t () ) 4 A Intoducing Eq. () in Eq. (1), and assuming, we obtain: EI 4 d V 4 V (3) 4 dx The dieential Eq. (3) is o outh ode so that the geneal solution is o the type: V x B1 sinh x B cosh x B3 sin x B4 cos x (4) Eq. (4) has ive unknown paametes B i (i=1,,3,4), and an eigenvalue in the case o ee-ee ends, applying the ollowing bounday conditions: II III V ; II III V V ; V (5) x x x L x L an algebaic linea system in the unknown constants B i may be obtained. A non tivial solution exists when the deteminant becomes: cos L cosh L 1 (6) χ (mm -1 x 1-6 )
6 FRF amplitude (m/s N) The expession o cicula equency o undamaged ee-ee beam at the -mode is: EI a (7) L A with coeicients a equal to 1.56, 1.5, 1.167, espectively, o the ist thee modes (=1, and 3). In Table the ist thee equency values evaluated o undamaged beams B and B1 ae shown. Table Theoetical equency values o undamaged and stengthened RC beam Fequency values Eule-Benoulli uniom beam 1 3 [Hz] [Hz] [Hz] B B The expeimental tests o ee vibation ae caied out o B and B1 beams ate the same loading path with dieent level o loads P i, hanging by lexible spings to simulate ee-ee edge condition. The dynamic esponses wee obtained utilising an impact hamme and an acceleomete connected to an acquisition system woking in a ange o equencies between and Hz; the signals wee ecoded and elaboated in equency domain though the Fast Fouie Tansom (FFT) technique. The envelope o Fequency Response Functions (FRFs) obtained using a sotwae is shown in Figs. 8 and 9, espectively, o B and B1 beams P1 = kn P = 5 kn P3 = kn P4 = 3 kn P5 = 4 kn P6 = 5kN Fequenza Hz (Hz) Fig. 8 Envelope FRFs o un-stengthened beam B at dieent values o loading Table 3 Expeimental equency values o B beam Values o bending load 1 1 [Hz] P % [Hz] P % 3 3 [Hz] P % 1 P 1 = P =5kN P 3 =kn P 4 =3kN P 5 =4kN P 6 =5kN
7 FRF amplitude (m/s N) In the Tables 3 and 4 the expeimental equency values ecoded, espectively, o B and B1 beams ae shown. P Pi The vaiation o equency values 1 at the dieent levels o P P loading P i eached duing the bending tests o beam, ae indicated too P1 = kn P = 5 kn P3 = kn P4 = 3 kn P5 = 4 kn P6 = 5 kn Fequenza Hz (Hz) Fig. 9 Envelope FRFs o stengthened beam B1 at dieent values o loading Table 4 Expeimental equency values o B1 beam Values o bending load 1 1 [Hz] P % [Hz] P % 3 3 [Hz] P % 1 P 1 = P =5kN P 3 =kn P 4 =3kN P 5 =4kN P 6 =5kN By ecoded equency values and, in paticula, the vaiation o equency values o the two examined beams, it can be noted that the dynamic esponse o B beam is chaacteized by highe vaiation o equency values inceasing the load, espect B1. The B1 and B beams showed cacking phase o tensile concete at simila value o load P 3 =kn with a dieent equency vaiation to undamaged condition equal to 4.5% o B, and to 13.% o B1. Futhemoe, it is most elevant to note the tend o equency vaiation o inceasing load until the load P=5kN: in B1 beam stengthened with CFRP ectangula ods, the decease o equency values is vey low with almost stable vaiation, while in B beam thee is an incease o vaiation values. The stengthening o beam with NSM CFRP ectangula ods maintained substantially stable the width o cacks until high level o loads. CONCLUSIONS
8 This pape investigates NSM stengthening technique in RC beams though bending and vibation tests. The ollowing main conclusions can be dawn: 1. NSM CFRP ectangula ods is a suitable method o stengthening o RC beams;. Among method s advantages thee is the easy location o CFRP ectangula ods in gooves; 3. The expeimental bending tests conim the availability o NSM technique and the use o FRP ectangula ods which may incease signiicantly the stength o beam without delamination o CFRP ods; 4. Dynamic analysis o ee vibation o beams conimed the eiciency o stengthened beams with lowe values o equency decease espect beam with steel einocement. Acknowledgments This eseach was suppoted by eseach unds o Univesità Politecnica delle Mache. Reeences 1. De Loenzis L., Teng J. G.: Nea-Suace mounted FRP einocement: an emeging technique o stengthening stuctues. Composites Pat B: Eng. 7; 38: Szabò Z.K., Balazsw G.L.: Nea suace mounted FRP einocement o stengthening o concete stuctues. Civil Engineeing, 7, 51(1): ACI 44.1 R-3: Guide o the Design and Constuction o Concete Reinoced with FRP ebas, Ameica Concete Institute, Famington Hills, E. Cosenza, G. Manedi, R. Realonzo: Behavio and modeling o bond o FRP ebas to concete, ASCE Jounal o Composites o Constuction, 1 N. (1997), L. De Loenzis, A. Nanni: Bond between nea suace mounted ibe einoced polyme ods and concete in stuctual stengthening. ACI Stuctual Jounal, 99 N. (), L. De Loenzis, A. Rizzo, A. La Tegola: A modiied pull-out test o bond o nea- suace mounted FRP ods in concete, Composites Pat B: Engineeing, 33 N. 8 (), T.K. Hassan, S. Rizkalla: Bond mechanism o NSM FRP o lexual stengthening o concete stuctues, ACI Stuctual Jounal, 11 N. 6 (4), J.M. Lees: Sensitivity o NSM Reinocement Foces to Bond-Slip Eects, 4th Intenational Coneence on Advanced Composites in Constuction, ACIC 9, Edinbugh 9, K. Peea, T. Ibell, A. Daby, S. Denton: Bond mechanisms o vaious shapes o NSM CFRP bas. 4th Intenational Coneence on Advanced Composites in Constuction, ACIC 9, Edinbugh 9, I.A. Shaaky, L. Toes, M. Baena, C. Miàs: An expeimental study o dieent actos aecting the bond o NSM FRP bas in concete, Composite Stuctues, 99 N. in pogess (13), R. Capozucca: Bond-Slip Eects in RC Beams stengthened with Nea Suace Mounted CFRP Rods, Poceedings Fib Symposium, Paga 8 1 Giugno 11, Vol.,
9 1. R. Capozucca: Static and dynamic esponse o damaged RC beams stengthened with NSM CFRP ods, Composite Stuctues, 91 N. 3 (9),
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