1. METALS 2. FERRIC METALS 3. NON-FERRIC METALS 4. WORKING WITH METALS 5. METAL FORMING TECHNIQUES 6. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF METAL EXTRACTION

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1 METALS: 1. METALS 2. FERRIC METALS 3. NON-FERRIC METALS 4. WORKING WITH METALS 5. METAL FORMING TECHNIQUES 6. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF METAL EXTRACTION 1. METALS: Metals are chemical elements found in nature in solid state at room temperature, except mercury and gallium. Usually present greyish or reddish colors, and reflect light with metallic sheen. a. Properties Mechanical properties: they are hard, tenacious and resistant. So that, they are used for making tools such as saws, drill bits, files, hammers, etc. Technological properties: they are ductile, malleable, fusible and weldable. They can be used for wires (cooper), foil (aluminum), etc Chemical properties: disposition to react with other chemical elements; oxidation (when combined with oxygen); corrosion (on contact with water or other corrosive agent). Thermal and electrical properties: metals are good conductors of electricity and heat, so they used to transmit electrical signals. Environmental properties: most metals are recyclable, they can be transformed indefinitely. Others, such as mercury or lead, are toxic, so its use is restricted. b. Obtaining metals: Steps in this process: Mineral extraction: extraction of ore from the deposits it is found in (open pit or underground). Mineral treatment: to separate the useful mineral from the useless one. Transformation: the ore is transformed into raw metal or into some of its commercial forms. Iron and steel industry: covers the techniques used to transform iron ore in metals and alloys that use this metal as its base element.

2 c. Commercial forms of the metals: BARS TUBES WIRE ROLLS OF METALLIC SHEET METAL ANGLE I-BEAM U-PROFILE SQUARE PROFILE 2. FERRIC METALS: Ferric metals are materials whose chemical composition consists mainly of iron. Iron is abundant and its extraction is cheap, but does not occur in nature in its purest form, but combined with other chemicals. Besides pure iron alloys are used. Alloy: product composed of two or more elements, of which at least one is a metal. Alloys have much better mechanical and chemical properties than its components, so they are widely used in industry. TYPES OF FERRIC METALS NAME COMPOSITION PROPERTIES APPLICATIONS IRON Iron containing Abundant in nature carbon less than as oxide 0.03%. Has little Easily oxidized industrial application It is ductile and malleable Allows alloyed with other elements such as carbon, chromium STEEL Iron and carbon alloy with less than a 2% carbon, which may further be alloyed with other metals or tungsten Excellent metallic properties Low cost of production Parts can be obtained by forging and machining

3 ALLOY CAST Alloy of iron and carbon with percentages between 2% and 6.67% carbon Parts can be obtained of different complexity and size Much easier to machine than steel Less ductile than steel Harder 3. NON-FERRIC METALS Iron and its alloys have some disadvantages: easy oxidation, low electrical conductivity and high melting point. Therefore it is necessary to use non-ferric materials. The most common are: Copper: can be found in nature in pure form or in minerals. Properties: high resistance to corrosion, good electrical conductor, is ductile and malleable. It is used for the manufacture of electrical equipment such as cables. Aluminum: is extracted from bauxite. Properties: Light, soft, tough, ductile and malleable. Mechanical, electrical and thermal properties make it valuable for transportation, construction or manufacture of cookware industries TYPES OF NON-FERRIC ALLOYS NAME COMPOSITION PROPERTIES APPLICATIONS BRONZE COOPER AND TIN Water, nitric and sulfuric acids and fuel resistant. BRASS COOPER AND ZINC Higher melting point 4. WORKING WITH METALS a. Marking and tracing Once known the dimensions of the object to be manufactured, the reference lines are drawn on the metal surface using rules, calibers and micrometers. If you are going to drill must to represent the centers. b. Cutting, sawing and file Once cut the piece comes to cutting, sawing and filing the material. To do this, you must hold the material using pliers, vice and clamps. Metal shears are used for cutting metal sheets of small thickness, the hacksaw for thicker sheets and pipe cutter to cut circular tubes made of little hard metals.

4 With files, burrs and rough edges are removed. c. Drilling To make holes in metals electric drills and special drill bits are used. Before drilling hole is marked and a small slit is made with a center punch to prevent the bit from slipping. The pieces are clamped in a vice and goggles are recommended. d. Deforming Sometimes you need to bend or curl metal parts. If the thickness of the piece is small, it can be done with hand tools such as pliers. Sometimes curved guides are prepared to assist in this task. e. Joining parts The union between metal parts can be detachable (with screws and nuts) or permanent (using rivets or welding). There are also special adhesives for metals. MARKING CUTTING DRILLING DEFORMING JOINING 5. METAL FORMING TECHNIQUES: For pieces of different shapes and industrial products, the material is subjected to a series of forming processes, which are chosen depending on the metal and its further implementation. a. Forming techniques without material pulling MOLDING The metal or alloy is heated in an oven until complete melting. Then it is poured into a mold having the shape of the part to be obtained. This method allows obtaining very complicated objects.

5 HOT STAMPING The molten metal is introduced between two steel molds. That way, when joined together compression occurs and the material adopts the internal shape of the molds COLD STAMPING Allows obtaining metal objects with varied shapes and minimal cost. Employs a press and two prints. The sheet is placed between the two prints and, because of the blow provided by the press, gets deformed and cut to get the object. DRAWING Particular case of cold stamping. It consists of shaping a metal sheet by compression. Is used to obtain hollow parts from flat plates. EXTRUSION The material is forced to flow through using pressure through a mold with the shape to be obtained. With this technique are obtained, for example, pipes and containers of small size. b. Forming techniques with material pulling In this case, from a piece of metal or alloy, material is removed using various machines: LATHE With this machine parts such as cylinders, cones and threads are achieved. To do this, the material is fixed to the machine and gives it a rotational motion. Another part of the machine is removing material to the piece to the desired shape. MILLING MACHINE: Used to create gears and parts in three dimensions... In this case the tool turns and the piece is fixed.

6 GRIDING MACHINE: It is used for finishing parts that for its hardness can not be machined by the tools above, and when it is required a precision of micrometer. 6. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF METAL EXTRACTION The metal utilization implies a strong impact for the environment: EXTRACTION OF METALS Mining produces a significant transformation of the landscape. In addition, takes place a large accumulation of debris that pollute soil and spills that can acidify the water. PRODUCT MANUFACTURE Harmful substances are produced as consequence of the use of solvents, fats and acids used in the productive process. Also it is possible to produce acid rain due to the emission in the smeltings. To minimize this impact a number of measures can be taken: Prohibit or restrict the use of dangerous metals (mercury, lead). To replace pollutant products with others that are not pollutant or that reduce their effects (rechargeable batteries instead of conventional batteries). To reduce the employment of unnecessary products and to re-use the products to the máximum. To recycle the products that are useless.

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