EFFECT OF Ti AND Nb MICRO ALLOYING ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE OF THE ULTRA PURIFIED 11%Cr FERRITE STAINLESS STEELS

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1 Ü 47 Î Ü 6 Vol.47 No Đ Ü Á ACTA METALLURGICA SINICA Jun pp Ti Ü Nb Þ 11%Cr µô ¹³ (ºÉ ¾Þ Ä, ) ¾ Å ¾Æ Ì Øº Ti Nb ÚÆ Ç 11%Cr ǺÀ ¼ Æ (HAZ) ÔƱ Å Û. Å Ë :» غ % Ti Nb Ú Ëº, ÅÌÔ Î ĐÑ Ô Ë, ÅÌ ¼ Îı HAZ Þ º. Û : ÅÌÔ Ä±, C N Ô «Ti Nb Ô Õ, /Ä Å Ð, Ò É ÎÖ, Æ, Ñ Ë» Û, Þ. «Æ, Ti Ô Õ N Ô, TiN ÖË Å /Ä Å, ÒÏ ÐǺÀÔ. ÇǺÀ, Ú, Ë, Ú, غ, Ti Nb Õ Ú ÐÓ Û TG113.1 ² A Û (2011) EFFECT OF Ti AND Nb MICRO ALLOYING ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE OF THE ULTRA PURIFIED 11%Cr FERRITE STAINLESS STEELS LIU Jing, LUO Xinghong, HU Xiaoqiang, LIU Shi Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang Correspondent: LUO Xinghong, professor, Tel: (024) , xhluo@imr.ac.cn Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No ) Manuscript received , in revised form ABSTRACT Ultra purified ferrite stainless steels (UP FSS) are widely used in the fields of automobile, household appliances etc. Much better performance than conventional ferrite stainless steels is obtained by minimizing the interstitial elements level in UP FSS. However, some negative effects, such as degradation of the formability and ridging resistance, are also brought by purifying the steels, which lead to abnormally growth of the columnar grains. Moreover, the grains in heat affected zone (HAZ) are apt to coarsen during welding process. One of the effective ways to resolve such problems is to increase the equiaxial grain ratio in as cast microstructure and refine the grain size. Micro alloying of steels with strong carbide and nitride former, such as Ti and Nb, is a way to do that. In this work, the effects of Ti and Nb micro alloying on the as cast, as rolled, and HAZ microstructures of the ultra purified 11%Cr ferrite stainless steels with different interstitial element levels were investigated by both experimental research and thermodynamic calculation. The results indicated that the effect of Ti and Nb micro alloying was better when the content of C and N in the steel was %, which showed the minimum grain size in as cast, as rolled, and HAZ microstructures, and the equiaxial grain ratio in as cast microstructure was evidently improved as well. It was found by calculation that, with increasing of C and N content and addition of Ti and Nb to the steels, the solid liquid two phase region was broadened. This was beneficial to increase the undercooling in front of the liquid solid interface and the probability of heterogeneous nucleation, and consequently, increase the equiaxial grain ratio and * Ê Ä Á» À : , µ¼ À : Î : Á,, 1986, DOI: /SP.J

2 Ü 6 Æ ÀÖ : Ti Nb Ù Æ 11%Cr ƹ Ê Ó 689 decrease the mean grain size in as cast microstructure. On the other hand, with addition of Ti and increase of N content, TiN type particles might precipitate in solid liquid two phase region, which was helpful for promoting the heterogeneous nucleation of δ ferrite. KEY WORDS ultra purified ferrite stainless steel, micro alloying, as cast structure, equiaxed, interstitial element, Ti and Nb stabilization ÀÇ Ø²ÃÕ Æ, Í 11%Cr Õ Ù Cr È»Á Õ Ñ. ÄÎÕÈ»Á Ì ½ ٠Ƴ ½ (HAZ) ß ÍÛØ ß, µ ³ È ½ Ô»» ϼ ± Ø [1]. Ó ÐÚà C N Đ«É²ØÉ Õ. µ, ÔÌ ¼Õ C N Ç ÙÐ 0.015% Í, Õ ¾ Ð µ ½Ý. ÈÛÀ ÒÇß, Ô Ì ÍÛ Ü ± ½ HAZ ßÍ Ø. Æ µ, Ì ¼ÕØ Ü ÈÈ»Á Õ Ã Ç. Ì Ï¼³ ¼, à ¼ µ ÙÓØ Ì, Ò»Õ Ï¼ Î, Ì Û. É, À µ, Ì, ÍË Ï ÏÒ Ò Đ Õ Ì. É, Đ Õ ß ÜÕØ Ì» Ù ÕÌ. Ë, À ÁÕ ¹ ÒĐ Ø Ì Õ «Ç [2 5], ¼Ã Í ÛÚ Ù» Å Ç «Õ Ã. Ti Nb ¼ÊÆ Õ C N Ö ÛÙ», ËÏ ÈÈ»Á ¼Ã Õ Ti Nb Í Û½Ýà Ì, ÃÏ Ù Þ; Ç ±, ¼ C N Õ Ù Ï Õ, Í ĐÛ Ì Ø Ü¹ ÕĐ Þ «ßÃÏ, ¹ ÐÙ»ÕºÕ. ½, ² ÛÕ Âß ¼ C N ÙÕ Õ ±Ò¹Ë. ÛÙ»Õ ÐÙ»Õ ÖÏ ÕÏ, ¹ Õ Æ Ó, ¼Ê, 11%Cr È»Á ¼ Í ÐÙ» Ti Nb Û ÌÕ Æ. É, Ó Ì», Í, Ì ĐÛ Ø ÛÕ ÆÀ»Ð. ÓÉ, Ó Æ ÍÕ ÐÙ» Ti Nb Õ ÛÏ, ¾ ¼ C, N, Ti Nb Ø ßĐÛ Ì ³Ì ÒÕ, Í Ã Ù ². 1 Ñ 4 ¾ Í Õ, Í È Fe, Cr Fe Mn, Fe Si ¼ Ú, Ñ, «ÍŲ ¹ 4 10 kg Õ. ¼ Ô 1. ü No.1 ¼ à ÛÙ», Fe 11%Cr(¹ ³) ; No.2 No.3 ¼ à Ti à Ti Nb. 3 ¼ ÐÙ» 0.01% Í. Í Ð Ù» ÕÖ ÛÏ, No.4 à Ti Nb ÕÍ C N, Ð 0.015% Íß. 4 Ó «Í³ Î, à ¾± ÅÒ, FeCl 3 HCl ÒÅ Æ, ÆÅ : 50 g FeCl ml HCl+60 ml H 2 O. Ú Å Û²Ê Ò ¾± ß, Ú «Ü ² IAS 8 ¼ ß± S Ø Ü P. S 3400 Û²  (SEM)» Õ Ê (EDS) ¾ Ì ÜÀÚ ¼ ÜÀ«. Å Ò, 2 3 mm, 980 Ò, 1 mm, 40%. Å Ó, à ¾± ÅÒ, FeCl 3 HCl Ò Å Æ, ÆÅ : 5 g FeCl ml HCl+ 100 ml H 2 O. ÆÒÕÌ «Â (OM) SEM ²Â¾. Ô ² ½, Õ Ü ß«ÍÕ Ü ½ HAZ ß. Ö E Û ξ 2 º³, Ò²± ß Ã Í Õ ßØ Û, º³ Ô [6] : 1 4 ½ Table 1 Chemical compositions of the four experimental steels (mass fraction, %) Sample Cr C N Ti Nb Si Mn O Fe No Bal. No Bal. No Bal. No Bal.

3 690 ½ Æ Ü 47 Î E = L 1 /L 2 (1) ¼, L 1 ß Ã, L 2 ß Ã. Ø Õ E ½ Ó 1, Õ E Ý Ó 1. E Ð, ßÐĐ. ÓÎ Ø Ü, Ó E > 2, E 2 Ø. ξ = 4πA/c 2 (2) ¼, A ß «¾±ßÕ±, c ßÕ. ÈÉ, ξ н Ó 1, µ ßØ Û Ð ; ξ Ý Ó 1 µ ß, ξ Ð, ßÐ Ó. Ð ² Thermo Calc TCFE5 ³ Ë, Í C, N, Ti Nb, Õ M X (X=Ti, N, Nb C, M Á X Õ ¼ÃÔÙ»ÕÅ ) Ù «². 2 Ù ¾ Õ OM. ¼ 4 ¹ Ų Ųǵ. ü 1a à Ti Nb Õ No.1 Ì, à ߻. ³ µ Õ, ßÍ, Ü ß»Đ ÕØ, ÏÐ Ü ßÐĐ. 1b à Ti Õ No.2 Ì,»Í ÕØ, ³ л Õ. 1c à Ti Nb Õ No.3 Ì, Ì ¼ µ Õ, Ó ³» Đ ÕØ. 1d à Ti Nb Ï C N» Õ No.4 Ì. Ì ¼Í Ó ³ Ø, ß» No.3 DZĐÛ. 2 À ß º³Î ³Ë., No.1 Õ P ξ ÍÙ, ¼ Ü», ß À. à 0.048%Ti Ò, P ξ µ, ß Àµ Å. à 0.07%Ti+0.16%Nb Ò, P ξ DZ, Ï ß Ó ² ÛÕ No.1 Õ 2 Þ ¹² Table 2 Characteristic parameters of the grain structures of the four steels Sample P, % S, mm 2 D, mm E ξ No No No No Note: P equiaxial grain ratio, S mean grain area, D equal area circle diameter, E elongation factor, ξ globularity degree 1 4 ½ Ë Ô OM Fig.1 OM images of as cast grain structures of steels without Ti and Nb (a), with 0.048%Ti (b), with 0.07%Ti+0.16%Nb (c) and with 0.078%Ti+0.07%Nb and high C+N content (d)

4 x6g Æ H r : Ti b Nb be<u 8N 11%Cr N-G! * 4 R! o b 691 D. ie860 C d N Z +gk Ti d Nb, q $Cwv`{ 0 Z k Ti, U H } Ti(C, N) `{ +gk Ti d Nb q No.3 :P6, P d ξ w# (Y 2c), K$ ;fo y $ { K, SEM d$ q `{ a, E{DYC\ AO%!. E d ξ E{t C\f 1 2 µm. No.3 60, Ti d Nb q+g r n 6 w q, q E i, ξ w/ a. ik d 6 0aC Z A O % + u, SEM 0 i y q C w g>wu/q No.1 6 ξ?k 0.48, K dg>wu/ v`{, 60xH Ugwvd<wvf :. 9! f+ qk9 3 6 ξ Y 0.7 U{, *)dg>wne{t6 g U 7 (Y 2e), W'. EDS 6T, Y 2e 8 y $gwv! ' h x[e vf C wv. C d N Z w / ;58 h #! /8 q No q x H v q No.3 6q,, h ' Ti d Nb Yf U < g wv $? u /. u / q 6 fn q 4. xhv $ $ o E 4 (Y 2e), H$ 0 q C, N d O t Wf, $? O { x H, 6 q $ o E9 { (Y 3). T#d(54 iaq d. o 4 60DJ2?5/wG 1p l 3 qxh : Cwv gwvd<wv, 3 H Table 3 Categories^ 3of precipitations in different experimental = 60J2lqxH 2qdxH ' #. _ Ti steels d Nb q< gwvtk Uq E:6E, Qdu H Sample Oxide Nitride Carbide Number density, mm n, 08J2lqxH v f+g "x H. SW SEM No.1 Few J2d$, No.1 60, ioik dg>w u /, 60a No.2 Few O Z /8, x H v :EU[$C wvf : (Y 2a). C No.3 10 wv6 $$ I{, C\ o 3 µm, ' /}. EDS No T K.Z Si d Mn t. 6H Ti q r, 60 O Z Note: More than 10 fields are examined for each example, means the precipitation is observed in the steel +u, h No.2 60id$Cwv`{x H, K0a' 2 2?5/pwG zj Fig.2 SEM images and EDS results of the oxide in No.1 steel (a, b), Ti(C, N) particle in No.2 steel (c, d) and composite precipitation phase in No.3 steel (e, f)

5 692 ½ Æ Ü 47 Î 2.3 Ž 4 Ì Õ OM., ² ÛÕ No.1 ¼ ßÍ, Ü ß Ç, ½Ð ³ ß Ç. À ÛÙ»Õ Ö, ß, ÜÇ ; Í, ½ ³Õ ß Óǵ., à Ti Nb Õ No.3 ( 4c) Ì ĐÛ Û Ì Ó Ti Õ No.2 ( 4b), ÐÙ»» Õ No.4 ÕÌ ÍÙ ( 4d), ½ ³ ß Í, ßĐ, Ü ßÇ. 2.4 Ú HAZ µ ÆÁØ Õ (TIG) Ò, ³» Ì ²Â¾, ¼ HAZ ß, ÃÕ ½ºµ ß ², ÌÔ 4., Û Õºµ HAZ Õ ß µ, Ï Ã Ti Nb ÕĐ Ì Ó Ã Ti. ÐÙ» ß± ß Õ µ. 4 ¹ ¼ HAZ Ô Þ Table 4 Mean grain size of the base metal and the HAZ in the four experimental steels Sample Mean grain size, µm Base metal HAZ 3 ÞÔÛ ÅÞ Fig.3 Second phase particle on grain boundary in No.3 (a) and No.4 (b) steels No No No No ½ ÔÖ Ë Fig.4 As cold rolled microstructures of No.1 (a), No.2 (b), No.3 (c) and No.4 (d) steels

6 x6g Æ H r : Ti b Nb be<u 8N 11%Cr N-G! * 4 R! o b 693 Q _,. ) d HAZ E{ D Y C\ d U, dg> dh Yk+u, H m +u0 w s E{ q w T y a o HAZ E{ q w j, n H M q m ; a. U, 6 H T. Ti Z q, TiN q? m # N Z 2.5 * f % qm&, i Ti Z ^l 0.05%, TiN f ^w&% Ti, Nb, N d C 6q9HW d [ H/M _?; 6H Ti Z / 8, TiN q T# q d, T u { $xr w Wf u, + fg } 4? m # M _B. N Z H M d 3 s & Thermo Calc d'si TCFE5, $ U Ti, TiN xhm qd O q Ti $,, ' d ( Nb, N d C Z f, 3 M X h ud k Y, y (Y 5b). 6 0 Ti Z f 0.03% M&, i N Z 6TpY f I M?%$ 5. a o 0.007%, TiN q? m E8 l H/M _, T Y 5a d U \ H, 6 H Ti Z q, Y 0M # M _B. TiN H/M _?, 5 F 5 M X g t XP& Fig.5 Detail view of the calculated M Ti pseudobinary phase diagram (a), M N pseudobinary phase diagram (b), M Nb pseudobinary phase diagram (c), and M C pseudobinary phase diagram (d), showing the effect of Ti, N, Nb and C content on liquidus, solidus and TiN formation temperature 2 X># ^ 5 M X Table 5 Base compositions used for the calculation of the M X pseudobinary phase diagrams (mass fraction, %) Element Cr C N Ti Nb Si Mn Fe Bal. M Ti M N Bal. M Nb Bal. M C Bal.

7 694 ½ Æ Ü 47 Î ÀÊ ¹ Õ ³¼, Ì Ð P ĐÛ ßÕ¼Õ. Nb À Å«Õ 5c,, Nb ÙÀ Å«Ñ, à À«Ñ, Ì Å «Ñ. ÃÏ ÌÝ Ó Ti N. C À Å«Õ Ô 5d, C Å«, Í ÙÀ«Ñ. C Ð 0.01%, À Å«ÕÑ Ð 15 ; C Å Ð 0.05%, À/Å «Ñ Ì Å Ð 35. ÇÁÒ, «Í Ų, Å À/Å «Ñ Ì ÍÐÙÕÙ»ÈÊ C, Nb, Ti N. 3 Ò Ë Ì, À Ti Nb Õ Ö, Í ¼ ÐÙ»Õ, Õ ½ HAZ ß µ ĐÛ, Õ Ï ÉÒ Í½Ý. Í Â Ü Ù Ì Ã Ù ². 3.1 Õ ØÆ Ì, À Ti Nb Õ ± Ö C N Õ, ¼Õ O ± Ù, µ Ù»Ì µ Õ O Ï ; Ç ±, Ó Ù»ÑÍ ºÕ ¼ÜÀ«, Ì ¼ÕÜÀ«ÖÙ»Ç Õ Å ÝÕ Mn Si Õ ÛÚ ±Ï Ð Ti Õ Û Ú Ti Õ ÛÚ ÛÚ, ÍÒ (Ti,Nb)(C,N) Ð Ti Õ ÛÚÕ (Ti,Nb)(C,N) Õ ÜÀ«, Ï ÛÚ³ ±Å. Ì µ [8], ÉÕ ¼ Õ ÛÚ Al 2 O 3, Ti 2 O 3 Cr 2 O 3 Ø, ü Ti 2 O 3 Õ TiN Í Ù. ¼ O Ó %, Ti 2 O 3 À ÁÜÀ. Ë ¼, ¼ 10 K/min, À Á Ti 2 O 3 ÕÅà 1.5 µm. Ó Ù, TiN Ti 2 O 3 ß. Ti Nb Õ Û Ú fcc, É Ù ÀÒ, À. IF Õ Æ [9 12], Ti Õ Ð, Ti Ð ¼ Õ O, S N Ò Ð TiC. Mn»Ù, Nb  TiS Ti 4 C 2 S 2 ÌÖ ¼Õ³ ³ Ti, Í Â TiC ¼³ ³Õ Ti Ô Õ C; Ti ÈÕ Ð, È Õ Ti À C, ÇÐ NbC C À Ò. Ë Ð ÜÀ Ñ Õ Ù, ¼ ¼ÜÀÚÕ µº : Ti 2 O 3, TiN, TiS, Ti 4 C 2 S 2 TiC, Ã Ï µ : TiN Ti 2 O 3 ß, Ò TiS TiC È»ÓÃß. ±ÒÇ Õ, ÓŲ, Nb Õ ¼ ¾е Õ Ý NbC ÜÀ«. Ç ±, NbC Ü ÀÑ Ù, ßĐ, SEM Í ; Ç ±, Ë Ï Ti Nb Õ IF ÕÖ Û Æ [9,13], ¼ Ti 0.06%, Ç Nb 67% Õ Nb à ÓÀÒ. ÊÓ Å ±, ü Å ±ÕÀÒ Nb Ì Õ ÛÚÕ Õ ½ Ý ± Ø Ì. Ó No.3 No.4 ¼ Õ Ti/(C+N) ÕÚà ٠Û, Ti Õ ÐÙ»ÕÚÃ Ó 1, ¼ Ti ÈÍÀ Õ C N, ¹ Nb º À C. É, ³ Ð Nb ÂÞ TiC ¼Õ³ Ti, ÀÒÓ ÛÚ ¼; ³ Nb ÜÀ, ÃÓÀÒ., ÜÀÚ ÇÕ³»Ù, Ï µ º Nb ÜÀÚ, ÛÚ¼ Ð Nb. Ð, ÛÚ ¼ Õ C N ÚÃ, ÃÛ AB y, à ¼ y <1, ¹ Ö ÓÛ Õ ÛÙ»Ò À ÐÚÃ. Ti/(C+N) ÕÚà ± 1 ÒÐ, Ü ÀÚ³ ÐÙ; Ã Ó 1, ÜÀÚ³ Å. Ti/(C+N) ± Ó 1, ÜÀÚ³ Í, À Ã Û ¼ÒÐ. 3.2 ±Ð, ßÕ ÏÓ ¼. À ÁÕ Õ ĐÛ ßÕ. Ó ¹ Ï, Å ¹ ³¼ Õ Ç. à Ti Nb Õ È Å², Ó ¼ O», ¼ Ð Đ Õ ÛÚ ß, ÀÊÕÅ ¼, Ó ¹, P Õ «, Çß Ç ². à Ti Õ Ð, Ë Ð Ì, Ti Õ N Ó Ç ±, TiN À/Å «ÜÀ. µ [8], TiN Õ Ñ δ È»ÁÕ ¼ÜÀÚ¼ÍÙ Õ, 3.9%. Æ ÜÀÚÕ ¾º³ à ¹, Ó δ È»Á Í Õ ¹ Í Ti 2 O 3 Õ TiN. Ð, C N Ø ÐÙ» È»Á¼Õ ÀÒ Ù, Àϼ ÀÒÜÀ. Ñ À/Å «, ÜÀÕÀ«¼Ò Õ Ti N Ø Ù, Ò Ù» À/Å ±Ê ºÅ. È Ç Å², Ti Õ N, C, O S, Þ «ßà ±Ê ÜÀ, Ý ß ¼. Í, Ã Ç ÛÚ ÛÚÀ Ï Å«¼ÜÀ. Í Õ ÑÖ «ßà ¹ Õ, Å ¹ Õ, Å«¼ ÕĐ. É, Õ Ë Ò»ÔÅ«Ñ, É Đ ßÕ, Å»ÔÅ«¼ Õ Ð. ÜÀÚ ±Õ Ô ÏÅÀн Å«¼Õ Ñ, Ì Å Å«¼Õɳ, Å Õ. ÀÒÃÓ ß ÕĐ ßÃÜÐÉ ÈÉ, Ù ß ¼.

8 Ü 6 Æ ÀÖ : Ti Nb Ù Æ 11%Cr ƹ Ê Ó 695 Á ß±», ÀÏ¼Õ Ñ T ßÒÐĐÛÕ Ç Ú. Fe Cr ßÎ ¼, À Å«ÕÑ Í, À, Ï Ó À «ÒĐÛ ßÕÈ»Á, À/Å «¼ Õ ³¼Ð, Õ Ì. Æ [14] Ì µ ¹ ¼»Õ, À T ÕÅ, Õ ß. T Å, Àϼ ³ Đ, Ì Å ÑÁÑ ÅµÒ Õ., T Ò Ê Õ Ï, Ñ Õ Ð» Ï Õ ¹ ÕÒÛ. º Ð Õ Ì, Ti, Nb, C N Í ÛÅ T. Nb Å ÑßÜÀ«Õ ³, ÍØŲ Ti ÛÅ T, À ÒĐ Õ ßĐÛ Ì. C ÕÅ Í ÒÅ«Ñ, À/Å «Ñ Å, ÃÏ Ì ÓØ N. Ð ³Ë µ [15], º Nb ÕÜÀ «ÛÚ ÜÀ, ϼ ß ÅÐ Á ÕÏ. ÈÈ»Á ¼ C+N 0.015%, C Ù, ÑÁ¼Õ ŵ Ð Òɳ Õ C ºÅ, ÒÉà À, Ï Å, ¹ ÚŲ. É, ¼ Õ C Å T, Õ N Õ Ti À/Å «ÜÀ, Õ ¹, ËÏ È Õ Ti Nb ÐÙ» ÍÖ Û, Í Ù» ÒÕ, Í Å T, Ó ½Ý Ì Ì µ Õ Ï. Ì, 2 ¾ Í ÐÙ», Ti Nb Ö Û ÌÕ µ. No.4 ¼ Ð Ù»», Ð 0.015% Íß. Ã Ï È ÛÕ, «Ó No.3, No.4 ¼ Õ N Ò TiN Õ Ñ ÝØÀ«, Å ¹ Õ. Õ C ²ºÕ Nb T, «Í Ų À, Ì Ò ßĐ Ï P 90% ÍßÕ Ì. 3.3 P ¼ «Ï¼, À Æ, ÀË, Ñ ÐÒÐ, Ú ÐÒÐ, Ê Å Ñ, Ò À ±Ñ. ÔÅ Ï ÐÑßÍ, Çл ÕÅ ¼ Í À. ¾ Ð,», Ï, Ê À Ø [1,16]. «ßμ, T = mc 0 (1 k 0 )/k 0, Ø À ÕŲ [17] G < ηn 1/3[ ( TN ) 3 ][ 8Γk0 Tv ] 1/2 1 (3) T C D ¼, G Ê Ñ, K/m; η Ø ß³; n ± Õ Úßó; T N Ï, K; T C Ê Å«ÕÏ, K; v ¼, m/s; C 0, %; Γ Gibbs Thomson ß³, m K; m Å«; k 0 Ò¹ ß³; D Ò¹ Å«¼ÕÑ Úß³, m 2 /s. Ð Ì Í, Ç ±, Ti Nb Õ Ö C N Õ Ð µ T Å, ÑÁ Ï, v Å, ß Ð Å, ¼ Ø Õ ; Ç ±, Ti Õ Ö TiN ß À/Å «, Å n, Ø Ê Å«¼, Õ, Ø Æ. 3.4 ß» Ý» Ö º «À Ti Nb Õ ± Ö C N Õ, Õ Ì ±ĐÛ Ø Û, «Û, Õ Ì À ±ÒнÝ, Ì Đ, ± ³Õ, Ü ßÀ Ç. Á Õ ß ĐÛ Ø Û½Ý Õ Ï Á, À È Ó Õ Nb ÛÚ Ò Ï¼ÜÀ, Đ«, É ÈÉ. ½ HAZ ¼, Ñ ½Ï¼ ¼ ¼ Ù, ßÓ ÍÛ [18]. Ì Æ ÌÒ, Ã Û C N Õ µ Ù HAZ Õ ß, «Óºµ ß, Û Õ ß Å Ò, Ï Í ÛÙ» Õ Õ Ð Á«,. µ, ¼ Ų, TiN ßÙ Ò ÜÀ, É, à Š¹ ÕÏ Ù. Ç ±, ¼ Ų, ÑÁ À/Å «Ê, ÃÓÏ,, Ù»Ñ À ÒÕ ÌÀ Û Ù. ÌÇÕ ÌÒ, Ó À ϼРÜÀ«, ÛÜ µ Û Ò HAZ Õ ß. Æß, Ti Nb Ûµ Û½Ý 11%Cr È»Á Õ ½ HAZ Ì, Ì Õ Ï. Ti Nb ÛÕŲ, Û ¼ C N ÐÙ» ÚÓ ½Ý ÕÌ., Ï Õ ÐÙ»ÀÐ Ò Õ¾Æ Ù, Šع±Ï, É, ÛÙ» ÐÙ»Õ ÖÏ ÃÍ ² ĐµÕ Æ. 4 (1) à Ti Nb Õ 11%Cr ÈÈ»Á Ì Ø ÜÙ, ßÍ. Ti Nb Õ Ö Ø Ü ĐÛ ß, ü, à Ti Nb Õ ÌÍ.

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