Chrystal Structures Lab Experiment 1. Professor Greene Mech Submitted: 4 February, 2009 Max Nielsen Trevor Nickerson Ben Allen Kushal Sherpa
|
|
- Clementine Ryan
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Chrystal Structures Lab Experiment 1 Professor Greene Mech Submitted: 4 February, 2009 Max Nielsen Trevor Nickerson Ben Allen Kushal Sherpa
2 Abstract: The study of materials science requires an understanding of the structural makeup of a solid on an atomic level. This laboratory experiment introduces the unit cell and several relevant properties. To develop a spatial understanding, models of unit cells shall be constructed and compared against ideal, calculated models. The results yield circa 15% difference in APF, with the HCP only at 0.22%. Objectives: Build three unit cells of the most common crystalline structures: BCC, FCC, HCP Calculate the atomic packing factor for each model and contrast against scientifically accepted values Introduction: A unit cell, also known as the hard sphere model, utilizes the fewest number of atoms while maintaining the structural makeup of a material. It is effectively a representation of the physical arrangement of atoms in a solid. The unit cell is also defined by its ability to be stacked to form larger and larger blocks of material. This model assumes that the atom is akin to a sphere, and therefore the unit cell is often tightly packed. Several properties have been developed to describe the unit cell and consequently the structural makeup of the material they represent. The atomic packing constant, for example, is the ratio of atom over void by volume, as described by equation 1. Theoretical density is a figure which defines the density of a pure, perfectly packed chunk of material. Finally, the lattice 2
3 constant (a 0 ) describes the length of the side of a unit cell, usually defined as a multiple of the radius of an atom in the unit cell. APC = volume of atom/volume of unit cell (1) Where Avogadro s # = x 10 2 atoms/mole Three common arrangements can describe most materials: The Body Centric Cubic (BCC), Face Centered Cubic (FCC), and the Hexagonal Close Pack (HCP). The Body Centric Cubic unit cell is the smallest and simplest of the common configurations. The center of a sphere resides at each of the corners of a cube and a ninth sphere of equal size fills the gap between them. Figure 1 demonstrates this configuration. Figure 1 Body Centric Cubic Only two atoms make up this unit cell, making it the smallest of the unit cells in this lab. Atomic contact, where atoms make contact with one another, occurs diagonally. Only through the center of each unit cell do the atoms anchor together. Despite its seemingly compact dimensions, this unit cell is only 68% atom by volume. Thus its atomic packing factor is The lattice constant of a body centric cubic is described by equation 2.
4 4r a 0 = (2) The Face Centered Cubic is roughly similar to the body centered cubic, in which six spheres are centered at each corner of a cube. That is where the similarities end however, as a sphere resides on each face between its four adjacent corner-centered spheres. This is an extremely efficient packing structure, as the APF is 0.74: the highest ratio possible. Four atoms make up one unit. The lattice constant is described by equation. Figure 2 is a representation of the face centered cubic. Figure 2 Face Centered Cubic a 0 = 2r 2 () Tied for the highest APF at 0.74 is the hexagonal close pack. This arrangement is unlike the two former because it is, as the name implies, hexagonal in shape. Six spheres surround a central sphere in the first and third of three layers. Three spheres triangulate in the second layer between the first and third. Figure represents this complex structure. 4
5 Figure Hexagonal Close Pack The hexagonal close pack unit cell demonstrates its complexity with 6 atoms per unit cell. Atomic contact is made across all adjacent face atoms. Because of this, the lattice constant is twice the radius, demonstrated by equation 4. Ideally, the hexagonal close pack cell height is 1.6 times its width. a 2r 0 = (4) Procedure: 40 marbles were gathered to create all three modules. Using the lab handout as a guide and the angled jigs, all three of the models where created. Using a caliper, the sides of the structures where measured, from the top of one marble to the bottom on the corner of the model, and the atomic packing factor was calculated using the equation above. 5
6 Experimental Data: After the three different structures were made, measurements were taken of the size of the models. The measurements were recorded and are shown in Table 1 below. BBC FCC HCP Height 0.761cm 0.929cm A C 0.621cm 1.017cm Atoms/unit cell Table 1 Experimental Data Sample Calculations: Volume of atoms / unit cell of BCC using the volume of a sphere equation: Volume of BCC unit cell: 4 π *0.761 Atomic Packing Factor using Equation 1: *2 cm =. 761 =.44cm.25cm.25cm.44cm =.567 Lattice Constant using Equation 4: 4(.105) =
7 Percent Difference: *100 = 16.2%.680 Experimental Results: One of the main points of this laboratory experiment is to calculate the atomic packing factor, and compare that of the models that were made to the published values for the molecule. In order to do that, the volume of the atoms and the volume of the unit cells are calculated. Table 2 below shows the calculations that were made using the equations and the data previously shown. BBC FCC HCP Volume of atoms in unit cell 0.251cm 0.502cm 0.752cm Volume of unit cell 0.441cm 0.802cm 1.019cm Calculated APF Known APF Percent Difference of APF 16.2% 15.46% 0.22% Lattice Constant Percent Difference of Lattice Constant 24.2% Table 2 Calculated Results 7
8 Diagram: Figure 4 below shows the models that were created and used to make measurements for this laboratory experiment. Figure 4 Marble Structure Models Discussion of Results: The calculated atomic packing factor yielded reasonable results even though the percent errors where above 10%. The ideal atomic packing factor was not achieved because of the crude material used to create the structures resulting in the inability to create the angles needed. There is a great chance of inaccuracy of making the models due to inconsistencies in the size of the marbles used (they all varied in size), and the angles they are placed at. If all the side where measured and an average of measurements was used for the calculations, the percent error may have been reduced. There also could have been simple measurement errors that could have increased the percent error. If the unit cube of the BBC model where to be expanded to fit all of the atoms, the cube would need to be 1.82 cm. This was found simply by adding the radius of the marble to each side of the cube. 8
9 Conclusion: Making sample models of common metallic crystal structures such as BCC, FCC and the HCP crystal structure gave a great visual representation. Along with experimental examples of the similarities and differences among these three structures. From the sample models, the APF can also be calculated relatively accurately. The HCP model was very close to the theoretical value and FCC and BCC was little over 10%. Physical structures of FCC and BCC crystal structures are very similar mainly because of their shape. It can be seen from the data that the atomic radius of the HCP crystal structure would have the largest volume because the unit cell contains more atoms. Some of the common metals with FCC crystal structure would be Gold, Silver and Copper. Some common metals with the HCP structure would be Titanium and Cobalt and lastly Iron and Chromium for the BCC crystal structure. From the periodic table, metals with like properties are set together. The crystal structures of metals, the can have a correlation with the mechanical, electrical and thermal properties. For example, copper gold and silver are good electric conductors, and all have an FCC crystal structure. 9
ENGINEERING MATERIALS LECTURE #4
ENGINEERING MATERIALS LECTURE #4 Chapter 3: The Structure of Crystalline Solids Topics to Cover What is the difference in atomic arrangement between crystalline and noncrystalline solids? What features
More informationChapter 3 Structure of Crystalline Solids
Chapter 3 Structure of Crystalline Solids Crystal Structures Points, Directions, and Planes Linear and Planar Densities X-ray Diffraction How do atoms assemble into solid structures? (for now, focus on
More informationFundamental concepts and language Unit cells Crystal structures! Face-centered cubic! Body-centered cubic! Hexagonal close-packed Close packed
Fundamental concepts and language Unit cells Crystal structures! Face-centered cubic! Body-centered cubic! Hexagonal close-packed Close packed crystal structures Density computations Crystal structure
More informationDensity Computations
CHAPTER 3 THE STRUCTURE OF CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS Fundamental Concepts 3.1 What is the difference between atomic structure and crystal structure? Unit Cells Metallic Crystal Structures 3.2 If the atomic radius
More informationChapter Outline. How do atoms arrange themselves to form solids?
Chapter Outline How do atoms arrange themselves to form solids? Fundamental concepts and language Unit cells Crystal structures! Face-centered cubic! Body-centered cubic! Hexagonal close-packed Close packed
More informationChapter 8: Molecules and Materials
Chapter 8: Molecules and Materials Condensed Phases - Solids Bonding in Solids Metals Insulators Semiconductors Intermolecular Forces Condensed Phases - Liquids Carbon There are three forms of the element
More informationChapter Outline How do atoms arrange themselves to form solids?
Chapter Outline How do atoms arrange themselves to form solids? Fundamental concepts and language Unit cells Crystal structures Face-centered cubic Body-centered cubic Hexagonal close-packed Close packed
More informationEnergy and Packing. Materials and Packing
Energy and Packing Non dense, random packing Energy typical neighbor bond length typical neighbor bond energy r Dense, regular packing Energy typical neighbor bond length typical neighbor bond energy r
More informationCHAPTER 3: CRYSTAL STRUCTURES & PROPERTIES
CHAPTER 3: CRYSTAL STRUCTURES & PROPERTIES ISSUES TO ADDRESS... How do atoms assemble into solid structures? (for now, focus on metals) How does the density of a material depend on its structure? When
More informationCRYSTAL STRUCTURE, MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR & FAILURE OF MATERIALS
MODULE ONE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE, MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR & FAILURE OF MATERIALS CRYSTAL STRUCTURE Metallic crystal structures; BCC, FCC and HCP Coordination number and Atomic Packing Factor (APF) Crystal imperfections:
More informationGeneral Objective. To develop the knowledge of crystal structure and their properties.
CRYSTAL PHYSICS 1 General Objective To develop the knowledge of crystal structure and their properties. 2 Specific Objectives 1. Differentiate crystalline and amorphous solids. 2. To explain nine fundamental
More informationCHAPTER 3. Crystal Structures and Crystal Geometry 3-1
CHAPTER 3 Crystal Structures and Crystal Geometry 3-1 The Space Lattice and Unit Cells 3-2 Atoms, arranged in repetitive 3-Dimensional pattern, in long range order (LRO) give rise to crystal structure.
More information9/28/2013 9:26 PM. Chapter 3. The structure of crystalline solids. Dr. Mohammad Abuhaiba, PE
Chapter 3 The structure of crystalline solids 1 2 Why study the structure of crystalline solids? Properties of some materials are directly related to their crystal structure. Significant property differences
More informationCH445/545 Winter 2008
CH445/545 Winter 2008 Assignment # 1 - due 01/18/08 60 total points SHOW ALL WORKING FOR FULL CREDIT, ANSWERS WITHOUT WORKING WILL BE PENALIZED! 1. Text Ch. 1 # 2 "Calculate the size of the largest sphere
More information9/16/ :30 PM. Chapter 3. The structure of crystalline solids. Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE
Chapter 3 The structure of crystalline solids 1 Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, Ph.D., PE 2 Home Work Assignments HW 1 2, 7, 12, 17, 22, 29, 34, 39, 44, 48, 53, 58, 63 Due Sunday 17/9/2015 3 Why study the structure
More informationStructure of silica glasses (Chapter 12)
Questions and Problems 97 Glass Ceramics (Structure) heat-treated so as to become crystalline in nature. The following concept map notes this relationship: Structure of noncrystalline solids (Chapter 3)
More informationENERGY AND PACKING. Chapter 3 CRYSTAL STRUCTURE & PROPERTIES MATERIALS AND PACKING METALLIC CRYSTALS ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
Chapter 3 CRYSTAL STRUCTURE & PROPERTIES ISSUES TO ADDRESS... 1. How do s assemble into solid structures? (For now, focus on metals) ENERGY AND PACKING non dense, random packing bond energy Energy bond
More informationTwo marks questions and answers. 1. what is a Crystal? (or) What are crystalline materials? Give examples
UNIT V CRYSTAL PHYSICS PART-A Two marks questions and answers 1. what is a Crystal? (or) What are crystalline materials? Give examples Crystalline solids (or) Crystals are those in which the constituent
More informationCHEM J-2 June 2014
CHEM1102 2014-J-2 June 2014 The diagram below shows the structure of an alloy of copper and gold with a gold atom at each of the corners and a copper atom in the centre of each of the faces. 2 What is
More informationThese metal centres interact through metallic bonding
The structures of simple solids The majority of inorganic compounds exist as solids and comprise ordered arrays of atoms, ions, or molecules. Some of the simplest solids are the metals, the structures
More informationIntroduction to Engineering Materials ENGR2000 Chapter 3: The Structure of Crystalline Solids. Dr. Coates
Introduction to Engineering Materials ENGR2000 Chapter 3: The Structure of Crystalline Solids Dr. Coates Learning Objectives I 1. Describe difference in atomic/molecular structure between crystalline/noncrystalline
More informationPacking of atoms in solids
MME131: Lecture 6 Packing of atoms in solids A. K. M. B. Rashid Professor, Department of MME BUET, Dhaka Today s topics Atomic arrangements in solids Points, directions and planes in unit cell References:
More informationThe structures of pure metals are crystalline (crystal lattice) with regular arrangement of metal atoms that are identical perfect spheres.
HW#3 Louisiana Tech University, Chemistry 481. POGIL (Process Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning) Exercise on Chapter 3. Metals and Alloys. Why? Metals What is the structure of a metallic solid? What is
More informationUnit-1 THE SOLID STATE QUESTIONS VSA QUESTIONS (1 - MARK QUESTIONS)
Unit-1 THE SOLID STATE QUESTIONS VSA QUESTIONS (1 - MARK QUESTIONS) 1. What are anistropic substances. 2. Why are amorphous solids isotropic in nature?. Why glass is regarded as an amorphous solid? 4.
More informationMaterials and their structures
Materials and their structures 2.1 Introduction: The ability of materials to undergo forming by different techniques is dependent on their structure and properties. Behavior of materials depends on their
More informationReview key concepts from last lecture (lattice + basis = unit cell) Bravais lattices Important crystal structures Intro to miller indices
Outline: Review key concepts from last lecture (lattice + basis = unit cell) Bravais lattices Important crystal structures Intro to miller indices Review (example with square lattice) Lattice: square,
More informationCHAPTER 5 IMPERFECTIONS IN SOLIDS PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
CHAPTER 5 IMPERFECTIONS IN SOLIDS PROBLEM SOLUTIONS Vacancies and Self-Interstitials 5.1 Calculate the fraction of atom sites that are vacant for copper at its melting temperature of 1084 C (1357 K). Assume
More informationCHAPTER 2. Structural Issues of Semiconductors
CHAPTER 2 Structural Issues of Semiconductors OUTLINE 1.0 Energy & Packing 2.0 Materials & Packing 3.0 Crystal Structures 4.0 Theoretical Density, r 5.0.Polymorphism and Allotropy 6.0 Close - Packed Crystal
More informationCRYSTAL LATTICE. Defining lattice: Mathematical construct; ideally infinite arrangement of points in space.
CRYSTAL LATTICE How to form a crystal? 1. Define the structure of the lattice 2. Define the lattice constant 3. Define the basis Defining lattice: Mathematical construct; ideally infinite arrangement of
More informationMetallic crystal structures The atomic bonding is metallic and thus non-directional in nature
Chapter 3 The structure of crystalline solids Hw: 4, 6, 10, 14, 18, 21, 26, 31, 35, 39, 42, 43, 46, 48, 49, 51, 56, 61 Due Wensday 14/10/2009 Quiz1 on Wensday 14/10/2009 Why study the structure of crystalline
More informationClass XII Chapter 1 The Solid State Chemistry
Class XII Chapter 1 The Solid State Chemistry Question 1.1: Define the term 'amorphous'. Give a few examples of amorphous solids. Amorphous solids are the solids whose constituent particles are of irregular
More informationPoint Defects in Metals
CHAPTER 5 IMPERFECTIONS IN SOLIDS PROBLEM SOLUTIONS Point Defects in Metals 5.1 Calculate the fraction of atom sites that are vacant for lead at its melting temperature of 327 C (600 K). Assume an energy
More informationStacking Oranges. Packing atoms together Long Range Order. What controls the nearest number of atoms? Hard Sphere Model. Hard Sphere Model.
{ Stacking atoms together Crystal Structure Stacking Oranges Packing atoms together Long Range Order Crystalline materials... atoms pack in periodic, 3D arrays typical of: -metals -many ceramics -some
More informationSTATE OF SOLIDIFICATION & CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
STATE OF SOLIDIFICATION & CRYSTAL STRUCTURE Chapter Outline Determination of crystal properties or properties of crystalline materials. Crystal Geometry! Crystal Directions! Linear Density of atoms! Crystal
More informationCarbon nanostructures. (http://www.mf.mpg.de/de/abteilungen/schuetz/index.php?lang=en&content=researchtopics&type=specific&name=h2storage)
Carbon nanostructures (http://www.mf.mpg.de/de/abteilungen/schuetz/index.php?lang=en&content=researchtopics&type=specific&name=h2storage) 1 Crystal Structures Crystalline Material: atoms arrange into a
More information7.3 Bonding in Metals > Chapter 7 Ionic and Metallic Bonding. 7.3 Bonding in Metals. 7.1 Ions 7.2 Ionic Bonds and Ionic Compounds
Chapter 7 Ionic and Metallic Bonding 7.1 Ions 7.2 Ionic Bonds and Ionic Compounds 7.3 Bonding in Metals 1 Copyright Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. CHEMISTRY & YOU What
More informationLecture # 11 References:
Lecture # 11 - Line defects (1-D) / Dislocations - Planer defects (2D) - Volume Defects - Burgers vector - Slip - Slip Systems in FCC crystals - Slip systems in HCP - Slip systems in BCC Dr.Haydar Al-Ethari
More informationImpurities in Solids. Crystal Electro- Element R% Structure negativity Valence
4-4 Impurities in Solids 4.4 In this problem we are asked to cite which of the elements listed form with Ni the three possible solid solution types. For complete substitutional solubility the following
More informationCrystal Structures of Interest
rystal Structures of Interest Elemental solids: Face-centered cubic (fcc) Hexagonal close-packed (hcp) ody-centered cubic (bcc) Diamond cubic (dc) inary compounds Fcc-based (u 3 u,nal, ß-ZnS) Hcp-based
More informationCHAPTER 5 IMPERFECTIONS IN SOLIDS PROBLEM SOLUTIONS ev /atom = exp. kt ( =
CHAPTER 5 IMPERFECTIONS IN SOLIDS PROBLEM SOLUTIONS Vacancies and Self-Interstitials 5.1 Calculate the fraction of atom sites that are vacant for copper at its melting temperature of 1084 C (1357 K). Assume
More information(C) Na 2. (B) NaWO 3 WO 3
EXERCISE-01 CHECK YOUR GRASP SELECT THE CORRECT ALTERNATIVE (ONLY ONE CORRECT ANSWER) 1. A solid has a structure in which W atoms are located at the corners of a cubic lattice, O atom at the centre of
More information1.10 Close packed structures cubic and hexagonal close packing
1.9 Description of crystal structures The most common way for describing crystal structure is to refer the structure to the unit cell. The structure is given by the size and shape of the cell and the position
More informationSOLID-STATE STRUCTURE.. FUNDAMENTALS
SOLID-STATE STRUCTURE.. FUNDAMENTALS Metallic Elements & Sphere Packing, Unit Celis, Coordination Number, Ionic Structures Stoichiometry PRELAB ASSIGNMENT Properties of Shapes & Patterns following question
More informationChapter 3: Structures of Metals & Ceramics
Chapter 3: Structures of Metals & Ceramics School of Mechanical Engineering Professor Choi, Hae-Jin Chapter 3-1 Chapter 3: Structures of Metals & Ceramics ISSUES TO ADDRESS... How do atoms assemble into
More information3.40 Sketch within a cubic unit cell the following planes: (a) (01 1 ) (b) (112 ) (c) (102 ) (d) (13 1) Solution
3.40 Sketch within a cubic unit cell the following planes: (a) (01 1 ) (b) (11 ) (c) (10 ) (d) (13 1) The planes called for are plotted in the cubic unit cells shown below. 3.41 Determine the Miller indices
More informationThe Relationship between Composition and Density in Binary Master Alloys for Titanium. Abstract
The Relationship between Composition and Density in Binary Master Alloys for Titanium Dr. James W. Robison, Jr. and Scott M. Hawkins Reading Alloys, Inc. Abstract Each year we field several calls from
More informationPart 1. References: Gray: Chapter 6 OGN: Chapter 19 and (24.1)
Part 1 References: Gray: Chapter 6 OGN: Chapter 19 and (24.1) Aspects of Chemical Bonds Bonding in Chem 1a Atomic Structure Explain Atomic Line Spectra, Galaxies, etc. Shapes of Orbitals in Atoms for Bonding
More informationGeneral Characteristics of Solid State
General Characteristics of Solid State (i) They have definite mass, volume and shape. (ii) Intermolecular distances are short. (iii) Intermolecular forces are strong. (iv) Their constituent particles (atoms,
More informationUNIT V -CRYSTAL STRUCTURE
UNIT V -CRYSTAL STRUCTURE Solids are of two types: Amorphous and crystalline. In amorphous solids, there is no order in the arrangement of their constituent atoms (molecules). Hence no definite structure
More informationUnit 1 The Solid State
Points to Remember Amorphous and Crystalline Solids Unit 1 The Solid State Amorphous- short range order, Irregular shape eg-glass Crystalline Solids- long range order, regular shape eg : NaCl Molecular
More informationX-RAY DIFFRACTIO N B. E. WARREN
X-RAY DIFFRACTIO N B. E. WARREN Chapter 1 X-Ray Scattering by Atom s 1.1 Classical scattering by a free electron 1 1.2 Polarization by scattering 4 1.3 Scattering from several centers, complex representation
More informationChapter Outline Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms. Introduction
Chapter Outline Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms What is happening in material during plastic deformation? Dislocations and Plastic Deformation Motion of dislocations in response to stress Slip
More information(a) Would you expect the element P to be a donor or an acceptor defect in Si?
MSE 200A Survey of Materials Science Fall, 2008 Problem Set No. 2 Problem 1: At high temperature Fe has the fcc structure (called austenite or γ-iron). Would you expect to find C atoms in the octahedral
More informationTOPIC 2. STRUCTURE OF MATERIALS III
Universidad Carlos III de Madrid www.uc3m.es MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING TOPIC 2. STRUCTURE OF MATERIALS III Topic 2.3: Crystalline defects. Solid solutions. 1 PERFECT AND IMPERFECT CRYSTALS Perfect
More informationChapter 11. States of Matter Liquids and Solids. Enthalpy of Phase Change
Chapter 11 solids: rigid ordered arrangement or particles fixed volume and shape not compressible particles very close together States of Matter Liquids and Solids liquids: fluid (flow) fixed volume but
More informationReview of Metallic Structure
Phase Diagrams Understanding the Basics F.C. Campbell, editor Copyright 2012 ASM International All rights reserved www.asminternational.org Appendix A Review of Metallic Structure The word metal, derived
More informationSECOND MIDTERM EXAM Chemistry April 2011 Professor Buhro
SECOND MIDTERM EXAM Chemistry 465 1 April 011 Professor Buhro Signature Print Name Clearly ID Number: Information. This is a closed-book exam; no books, notes, other students, other student exams, or any
More informationTwins & Dislocations in HCP Textbook & Paper Reviews. Cindy Smith
Twins & Dislocations in HCP Textbook & Paper Reviews Cindy Smith Motivation Review: Outline Crystal lattices (fcc, bcc, hcp) Fcc vs. hcp stacking sequences Cubic {hkl} naming Hcp {hkil} naming Twinning
More informationIt is instructive however for you to do a simple structure by hand. Rocksalt Structure. Quite common in nature. KCl, NaCl, MgO
Today the structure determinations etc are all computer -assisted It is instructive however for you to do a simple structure by hand Rocksalt Structure Quite common in nature KCl, NaCl, MgO 9-1 Typical
More informationStructure factors and crystal stacking
Structure factors and crystal stacking Duncan Alexander EPFL-CIME 1 Contents Atomic scattering theory Crystal structure factors Close packed structures Systematic absences Twinning and stacking faults
More information11.3 The analysis of electron diffraction patterns
11.3 The analysis of electron diffraction patterns 277 diameter) Ewald reflecting sphere, the extension of the reciprocal lattice nodes and the slight buckling of the thin foil specimens all of which serve
More informationThe local atomic packing of a single-component glass is quasi-crystalline
The local atomic packing of a single-component glass is quasi-crystalline Farid F. Abraham IBM Almaden Research Center San Jose, CA *Contact Address 865 Paullus Drive Hollister CA 95023 fadlow@outlook.com
More informationSTRENGTHENING MECHANISM IN METALS
Background Knowledge Yield Strength STRENGTHENING MECHANISM IN METALS Metals yield when dislocations start to move (slip). Yield means permanently change shape. Slip Systems Slip plane: the plane on which
More informationContinuous Cooling Diagrams
Continuous Cooling Diagrams Isothermal transformation (TTT) diagrams are obtained by rapidly quenching to a given temperature and then measuring the volume fraction of the various constituents that form
More informationVI. THE STRUCTURE OF SOLIDS
VI. THE STRUCTURE OF SOLIDS 6-1 MOTIVATION We have come a great distance in the last several weeks. If everything is going according to plan, you are beginning to picture engineering as the design of energy
More information[CLICK] [CLICK] [CLICK] [CLICK] [CLICK] [CLICK] [CLICK] [CLICK] [CLICK] [CLICK] [CLICK]
A major principle of materials science is that PROPERTIES are related to STRUCTURE. A material s structure is only partly described by reporting the composition. You must also report the phases, composition
More informationPrimitive cells, Wigner-Seitz cells, and 2D lattices. 4P70, Solid State Physics Chris Wiebe
Primitive cells, Wigner-Seitz cells, and 2D lattices 4P70, Solid State Physics Chris Wiebe Choice of primitive cells! Which unit cell is a good choice?! A, B, and C are primitive unit cells. Why?! D, E,
More informationNational Science Olympiad Materials Science. May 17, 2014 National Science Olympiad
National Science Olympiad 2014 School Name Materials Science May 17, 2014 National Science Olympiad Team # School Name Student Names Instructions: This exam consists of multiple choice questions, true/false
More informationChapter 16. Liquids and Solids. Chapter 16 Slide 1 of 87
Chapter 16 Liquids and Solids Chapter 16 Slide 1 of 87 Chapter Preview Intramolecular forces determine such molecular properties as molecular geometries and dipole moments. Intermolecular forces determine
More informationChapter 3. The structures of simple solids Structures of Solids Crystalline solids Amorphous solids
Chapter 3. The structures of simple solids Structures of Solids Crystalline solids The atoms, molecules or ions pack together in an ordered arrangement Such solids typically have flat surfaces, with unique
More informationMaterials Issues in Fatigue and Fracture. 5.1 Fundamental Concepts 5.2 Ensuring Infinite Life 5.3 Failure 5.4 Summary
Materials Issues in Fatigue and Fracture 5.1 Fundamental Concepts 5.2 Ensuring Infinite Life 5.3 Failure 5.4 Summary 1 A simple view of fatigue 1. Will a crack nucleate? 2. Will it grow? 3. How fast will
More informationALE 20. Crystalline Solids, Unit Cells, Liquids and the Uniqueness of Water
Name Chem 162, Section: Group Number: ALE 20. Crystalline Solids, Unit Cells, Liquids and the Uniqueness of Water (Reference: pp. 463 473 of Sec. 12.6 Silberberg 5 th edition) How are the particles within
More informationCHAPTER 2: ATOMIC ARRANGEMENTS AND MINERALOGICAL STRUCTURES. Sarah Lambart
CHAPTER 2: ATOMIC ARRANGEMENTS AND MINERALOGICAL STRUCTURES Sarah Lambart RECAP CHAP. 1 Mineral: naturally occurring (always) a structure and a composition that give it defined macroscopic properties (always)
More informationBasic Solid State Chemistry, 2 nd ed. West, A. R.
Basic Solid State Chemistry, 2 nd ed. West, A. R. Chapter 1 Crystal Structures Many of the properties and applications of crystalline inorganic materials revolve around a small number of structure types
More informationSeminar: Structural characterization of photonic crystals based on synthetic and natural opals. Olga Kavtreva. July 19, 2005
Seminar: Structural characterization of photonic crystals based on synthetic and natural opals Olga Kavtreva July 19, 2005 Abstract Novel class of dielectric structures with a refractive index which exhibits
More informationLectures on: Introduction to and fundamentals of discrete dislocations and dislocation dynamics. Theoretical concepts and computational methods
Lectures on: Introduction to and fundamentals of discrete dislocations and dislocation dynamics. Theoretical concepts and computational methods Hussein M. Zbib School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
More informationMicrostructural parameters from Multiple Whole Profile (MWP) or Convolutional Multiple Whole Profile (CMWP) computer programs
Microstructural parameters from Multiple Whole Profile (MWP) or Convolutional Multiple Whole Profile (CMWP) computer programs Iuliana Dragomir-Cernatescu School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
More informationDensity What is density? How do you measure density?
Density What is density? How do you measure density? What is density? Density describes how much mass is in a given volume of a material. Mass: the amount of matter in an object. Volume: the amount of
More informationPHYSICAL ELECTRONICS(ECE3540) Brook Abegaz, Tennessee Technological University, Fall 2013
PHYSICAL ELECTRONICS(ECE3540) Brook Abegaz, Tennessee Technological University, Fall 2013 1 Chapter 1 The Crystal Structure of Solids Physical Electronics: Includes aspects of the physics of electron movement
More informationChem 241. Lecture 19. UMass Amherst Biochemistry... Teaching Initiative
Chem 241 Lecture 19 UMass Amherst Biochemistry... Teaching Initiative Announcement March 26 Second Exam Recap Water Redox Comp/Disproportionation Latimer Diagram Frost Diagram Pourbaix Diagram... 2 Ellingham
More informationFINAL EXAM Chemistry May 2011 Professor Buhro. ID Number:
FINAL EXAM Chemistry 465 10 May 011 Professor Buhro Signature Print Name Clearly ID Number: Information. This is a closed-book exam; no books, notes, other students, other student exams, or any other resource
More informationClose Packings of Spheres I.
Close Packings of Spheres I. close packed layer a non-close packed layer stacking of 2 close packed layers 3rd layer at position S: h.c.p. 3rd layer at position T: c.c.p. h.c.p.: hexagonal close packing
More informationModule 10. Crystal Defects in Metals I. Lecture 10. Crystal Defects in Metals I
Module 10 Crystal Defects in Metals I Lecture 10 Crystal Defects in Metals I 1 NPTEL Phase II : IIT Kharagpur : Prof. R. N. Ghosh, Dept of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Introduction Keywords:
More informationFormability and Crystallographic Texture in Novel Magnesium Alloys
Formability and Crystallographic Texture in Novel Magnesium Alloys Carlos Soto, Dr. Pnina Ari-Gur, Andreas, Quojo Quainoo, Dr. Betsy Aller, Dr. Andrew Kline Western Michigan University Abstract By looking
More informationUnit-I. Engineering Physics-I.
Unit-I Engineering Physics-I INTRODUCTION TO CRYSTAL PHYSICS CRYSTALLINE AND NONCRYSTALLINE SOLIDS SPACE LATTICE CRYSTAL STRUCTURE LATTICE PARAMETERS CRYSTAL SYSTEMS BRAVAIS LATTICES INTRODUCTION TO CRYSTAL
More informationStudy of crystalline structure and physical constants in solids: NaCl, CsCI, ZnS
2017; 3(6): 714-718 ISSN Print: 2394-7500 ISSN Online: 2394-5869 Impact Factor: 5.2 IJAR 2017; 3(6): 714-718 www.allresearchjournal.com Received: 02-04-2017 Accepted: 03-05-2017 Dr. Alka Singh Assistant
More informationHalbleiter Prof. Yong Lei Prof. Thomas Hannappel
Halbleiter Prof. Yong Lei Prof. Thomas Hannappel yong.lei@tu-ilmenau.de thomas.hannappel@tu-ilmenau.de http://www.tu-ilmenau.de/nanostruk/ Solid State Structure of Semiconductor Semiconductor manufacturing
More informationSymmetry in crystalline solids.
Symmetry in crystalline solids. Translation symmetry n 1,n 2,n 3 are integer numbers 1 Unitary or primitive cells 2D 3D Red, green and cyano depict all primitive (unitary) cells, whereas blue cell is not
More informationNon-crystalline Materials
Noncrystalline (or amorphous) solids by definition means atoms are stacked in irregular, random patterns. The general term for non-crystallline solids with compositions comparable to those of crystalline
More informationsample initial height
EXPERIMENT 2 NOTCHED BAR IMPACT TESTING OF MATERIALS Background Materials sometimes display brittleness which precludes their use in a given design. Brittleness is characterized by fracturing with low
More informationLearning Objectives. Chapter Outline. Solidification of Metals. Solidification of Metals
Learning Objectives Study the principles of solidification as they apply to pure metals. Examine the mechanisms by which solidification occurs. - Chapter Outline Importance of Solidification Nucleation
More informationSupplemental Exam Problems for Study
3.091 OCW Scholar Self-Asessment Crystalline Materials Supplemental Exam Problems for Study Solutions Key 3.091 Fall Term 2007 Test #2 page 2 Problem #1 z z y y x x (a) Using proper crystallographic notation
More informationDOE FUNDAMENTALS HANDBOOK
DOE-HDBK-1017/1-93 JANUARY 1993 DOE FUNDAMENTALS HANDBOOK MATERIAL SCIENCE Volume 1 of 2 U.S. Department of Energy Washington, D.C. 20585 FSC-6910 Distribution Statement A. Approved for public release;
More informationMaterials Science Handbook: Volume 1 Structure and Properties of Metals 5 PDH / 5 CE Hours
Materials Science Handbook: Volume 1 Structure and Properties of Metals 5 PDH / 5 CE Hours DOE Fundamentals Handbook Material Science Volume 1 of 2 DOE-HDBK-1017/1-93 PDH Academy PO Box 449 Pewaukee, WI
More informationX-ray diffraction and structure analysis Introduction
Teknillisen fysiikan ohjelmatyö X-ray diffraction and structure analysis Introduction Oleg Heczko 120 100 80 118 12-5 125 Ni-Mn-Ga (298K) SQRT(Intensity) 60 40 20 015 200 123 12-7 20-10 20,10 20-8 040
More informationImperfections: Good or Bad? Structural imperfections (defects) Compositional imperfections (impurities)
Imperfections: Good or Bad? Structural imperfections (defects) Compositional imperfections (impurities) 1 Structural Imperfections A perfect crystal has the lowest internal energy E Above absolute zero
More informationSodium, Na. Gallium, Ga CHEMISTRY Topic #2: The Chemical Alphabet Fall 2017 Dr. Susan Findlay. Forms of Carbon
Sodium, Na Gallium, Ga CHEMISTRY 1000 Topic #2: The Chemical Alphabet Fall 2017 Dr. Susan Findlay Forms of Carbon The Periodic Table: A Chemical Index In 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907) noticed that
More informationSchematic Interpretation of Anomalies in the Physical Properties of Eu and Yb Among the Lanthanides
International Journal of Materials Science and Applications 217; 6(4): 165-17 http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ijmsa doi: 1.11648/j.ijmsa.21764.11 ISSN: 2327-2635 (Print); ISSN: 2327-2643 (Online)
More informationFundamentals of Material Science
PDHonline Course M153 (10 PDH) Fundamentals of Material Science Instructor: Frank Li, Ph.D. 2012 PDH Online PDH Center 5272 Meadow Estates Drive Fairfax, VA 22030-6658 Phone & Fax: 703-988-0088 www.pdhonline.org
More informationModule 23. Iron Carbon System I. Lecture 23. Iron Carbon System I
Module 23 Iron Carbon System I ecture 23 Iron Carbon System I 1 NPTE Phase II : IIT Kharagpur : Prof. R. N. Ghosh, Dept of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Keywords : Ferrite (), Austenite (), Ferrite
More information