RUNNING HOT. Sub-topics. Fuel cells Casting Solidification
|
|
- Francis Gaines
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 RUNNING HOT Sub-topics 1 Fuel cells Casting Solidification
2 CONCEPT OF FUEL CELLS International concerns regarding the emission of greenhouse gases and the trend toward distributed power generation are of current interest to the technical community. A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that produces electricity from a replenishable fuel tank. Fuel cells can operate virtually continuously as long as the necessary flows (reactions) are maintained (they consume reactant from an external source, which must be replenished). 2
3 FUEL CELL The electricityis generated through the reaction, triggered in the presence of an electrolyte, between the fuel (on the anode side) and an oxidant (on the cathode side). The reactants flow into the cell, and the reaction products flow out of it, while the electrolyte remains within it. Many combinations of fuels and oxidants are possible. A hydrogen fuel cell uses hydrogen as its fuel and oxygen (usually from air) as its oxidant. Other fuels include hydrocarbons and alcohols. Other oxidants include chlorine and chlorine dioxide 3
4 MEMBRANE FUEL CELL 4
5 FUEL CELLS DESIGN Electrolyte Air Electrode Air Flow Interconnection Fuel Electrode The electrolyte must conduct ions, but not electrons, while the electrodes must conduct the electrons generated by the electrode reactions. In addition, the tubes in structural components must be gastight and mechanically stable at high temperatures. Schematic diagram of a SOFC bundle configuration Developing the technology for producing components that meet these property requirements requires processing schemes that produce specific types of micro- and macrostructures. This requires minimizing thermal expansiondifferences among the components, and developing gastight seals for the high 5 temperature use.
6 FUEL CELLS (CONT) In addition, the composite components must be chemically compatible with each other and with the fuel. Recent advances in materials selection and microstructure, combined with fabrication of electrode-supported thin-electrolyte planar geometries, has resulted in tremendous performance gains. In addition to oxide ceramics, silicon-based ceramics such as SiC, Si3N4, and sialons along with other borides, carbides, nitrides, silicides, and diamond and diamond-like materials are now common high T materials of scientific and technological interest in both bulk and coating configurations Current advanced planar SOFCs have demonstrated ~2 W/cm2 at the cell level, at 700 C. These power densities are greater than previous generation cells at 1000 C, thus, providing the opportunity to utilize less expensive metal interconnects. However, the use of metal interconnects brings with it new challenges in 6 high temperature corrosion prevention.
7 7
8 HEAT What is a heat? Heat is atoms in motion. In solids, atoms vibrate about their mean position with a frequency v (about /second) with an average energy (kinetic + potential), of RT. Heat from the sun is the driving force of life on Earth. In physics and thermodynamics, heat is the process of energy transfer from one body or system due to thermal contact, which in turn is defined as an energy transfer to a body in any other way than due to work performed on the body. Temperature is used as a measure of the internal energy or enthalpy, that is the 8 level of elementary motion giving rise to heat transfer.
9 CASTING 9
10 CASTING PROCESS Casting techniques are employed when Casting is a fabrication process whereby a totally molten metal is poured into a mold cavity having the desired shape (1)the finished shape is so large or complicated that any other method would be impractical, (2)a particular alloy is so low in ductility that forming by either hot or cold working would difficulties, and (3) in comparison to other fabrication processes, casting is the most economical. 10
11 SAND MOLD CASTING A two-piece mold is formed by packing sand around a pattern that has the shape of the intended casting The sand casting process involves the use of a furnace, metal, pattern, and sand mold. The metal is melted in the furnace and then ladled and poured into the cavity of the sand mold, which is formed by the pattern. The sand mold separates along a parting line and the solidified casting can be removed. 11
12 INJECTION MOLDING Injection molding is the most commonly used manufacturing process for the fabrication of plastic parts. The injection molding process requires the use of an injection molding machine, raw plastic material, and a mold. The plastic is melted in the injection molding machine and then injected into the mold, where it cools and solidifies into the final part. The common thin-walled products include different types of open containers, such as buckets. Injection molding is also used to produce several everyday items such as toothbrushes or small plastic toys. Many medical devices, including valves and syringes, are manufactured using injection molding as well. 12
13 DIE CASTING Die casting is a process that can produce geometrically complex metal parts through the use of reusable molds, called dies. The die casting process involves the use of a furnace, metal, die casting machine, and die. The metal, typically a non-ferrous alloy such as aluminumor zinc, is melted in the furnace and then injected into the dies. After the molten metal is injected into the dies, it rapidly cools and solidifies into the final part, called the casting. Metal housings for a variety of appliances and equipment are often die cast. Several automobile components are also manufactured using die casting, including pistons, cylinder heads, and engine blocks. Other common die cast parts include propellers, gears, bushings, pumps, and valves. 13
14 CENTRIFUGAL CASTING Centrifugal casting, sometimes called rotocasting, is a metal casting process that uses centrifugal force to form cylindrical parts. This differs from most metal casting processes, which use gravity or pressure to fill the mold. In centrifugal casting, a permanent moldmade from steel, cast iron, or graphite is typically used. The casting process is usually performed on a horizontal centrifugal casting machine (vertical machines are also available). 14
15 WHY IS PROCESS OF SOLIDIFICATION IMPORTANT? Solidification is an important industrial process since most metals are melted and then cast into a semi-finished or finished shape. SZe4k4&feature=related 15
16 WHY TO STUDY SOLIDIFICATION? 80% of ALL industry involves a casting and solidification process of materials in various ways The initial microstructure of the material forms during solidification process where the melted alloy becomes a (crystalline) solid During the last century, by examining metal alloys with an optical microscope after polishing and etching the surface, it was discovered that the microstructures influenced the material's properties. Clearly, it is important to understand this subject 16
17 NUCLEATION AND GROWTH OF GRAINS When a liquid solidifies, solid first has to appear from somewhere, after which the interface between solid and liquid can migrate to enable atoms to switch from one phase to the other at the boundary the two stages are nucleation and growth
18 SOLIDIFICATION OF METALS The steps of solidification: Thermal gradients define the shape of each grain. 18
19 SOLIDIFICATION: METAL CASTING In casting, a liquid above its melting point is poured into a mold where it cools by thermal conduction it is relatively cheap and well suited for complex 3-d shapes New solid forms by nucleation new crystals form in the melt, on the walls of the mold, or on foreign particles Crystals grow in opposing directions and impinge on one another to form grain boundaries
20 FUNDAMENTALS Solidification is a change from liquid to solid state Recall the atomic arrangements in a liquid and solid 2 step process of NUCLEATION and GROWTH Solidification - the liquid cools to just below its freezing (or melting) temperature, because the energy associated with the crystalline structure of the solid is less than the energy of the liquid. 20
21 FORMATION OF STABLE NUCLEI Two main mechanisms: Homogenous and heterogeneous. Homogenous Nucleation : Metal itself will provide atoms to form nuclei. Metal, when significantly cooled (below freezing T), has several slow moving atoms which bond each other to form nuclei. Cluster of atoms below critical size is called embryo (continuously being formed and re-dissolved in a molten metal). If clusters of atoms reach critical size, they grow into crystals. Else get dissolved. Cluster of atoms that are grater than critical size are called nucleus. 21 The critical radius is the minimum size of a crystal that must be formed by atoms clustering together in the liquid before the solid particle is stable and begins to grow.
22 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FREE ENERGY AND TEMPERATURE At the melting point, both phases have the same free energy and can co-exist Abovethe melting point, liquid is in the state of lower free energy; If a liquid is cooled beyond its melting point, its free energy is greater than that of a solid; The system can release energy if it solidifies this is the driving force for phase transformation Energy difference between the liquid and 22 the solid is the driving force for solidification.
23 ENERGIES INVOLVED IN HOMOGENOUS NUCLEATION Two kinds of energy should be considered 23
24 FREE ENERGY CHANGE Retarding energy Energy opposing to the formation of embryos, the energy to form the surface of these particles ~ specific surface free energy Driving energy Energy is released by the liquid to solid transformation 24
25 TOTAL FREE ENERGY Total free energy associated with the formation of embryo 25
26 CONDITIONS FOR NUCLEATION Stable cluster nucleation solidification Assume spherical cluster of radius R Total energy = Volume energy (negative) + Surface energy (positive) Total energy E T = 4/3πR 3 G v + 4πR 2 γ de T /dr = 0 for energy to be minimum de T /dr = 4 πr 2 G v + 8πR γ=0 r* is the critical radius for a stable nucleus 26
27 CRITICAL RADIUS AND TEMPERATURE The greater the degree of undercooling, the greater the change in volume free energy. Surface energy does not change much with T. Cluster stabilitydepends on energy: Energy change is positive: instable cluster Energy change is negative: stable cluster 27
28 CRITICAL RADIUS VERSUS UNDERCOOLING Homogeneous nucleation occurswhen the undercooling becomes large enough to cause the formation of a stable nucleus. The latent heat of fusion (entalphy) represents the heat given o during the liquid-to-solid transformation. 28
29 UNDERCOOLING The undercooling (T) is the differencebetween the equilibrium freezing temperature and the actual temperature of the liquid. As the extent of undercooling increases, the thermodynamic driving force for the formation of a solid phase from the liquid overtakes the resistance to create a solid-liquid interface. 29
30 PROBLEM Problem: Calculate the critical radius of a homogeneous nucleus that forms when pure liquid copper solidifies. Assume T of undercooling = 0.2 Tmelt Calculate the number of atoms in the critical-sized nucleus. 30
31 HETEROGENEOUS NUCLEATION Contact angle between solid and liquid The solid nucleating agent 31 must be wetted by the liquid metal.
32 DOES WATER REALLY FREEZE AT 0 C? This process is dependent on the contact angle for the nucleating phase and the surface on which nucleation occurs. a radius of curvature greater than the critical radius is achieved with very little total surface between the solid and liquid. Relatively few atoms must cluster together to produce a solid particle that has the required radius of curvature. The rate of nucleation (the number of nuclei formed per unit time) is a function of temperature. Prior to solidification, there is no nucleation. As T drops, the driving force for nucleation increases; however, as T decreases, atomic diffusion becomes slower, hence slowing the nucleation process. Much less undercooling is required to achieve the critical size, so nucleation occurs more readily. a typical rate of nucleation 32 reaches a maximum at some T below the transformation T
33 GROWTH OF CRYSTALS AND FORMATION OF GRAIN STRUCTURE Nucleus grow into crystals in different orientations. Crystal boundaries are formed when crystals join together at complete solidification. Crystals in solidified metals are called grains. Grains are separated by grain boundaries. More the number of nucleation sites available, more the number of grains formed. When will we obtain fine-grained structures? 33
34 SOLIDIFICATION(COOLING) CURVES Pure metal Alloy L L Soldification begins T m L S L + S S T L T S Solidification complete S Alloys are used in most engineering applications. Example: Cartridge brass is binary alloy of 70% Cu and 30% Zinc. Iconel is a nickel based superalloy with about 10 elements. 34
35 RATE OF TRANSFORMATION The rate of nucleation (the number of nuclei formed per unit time) is a function of temperature. Prior to solidification there is no nucleation. At T above the freezing point, the rate is zero. As the temperature drops, the driving force for nucleation increases. However, as the temperature becomes lower, atomic diffusion becomes slower, hence slowing the nucleation process. Thus, a typical rate of nucleation reaches a maximum at some temperature below the transformation temperature 35
36 COARSE-GRAINED OR FINE-GRAINED? The size of the particles depends on transformation temperature. For transformations that occur at T near to melting point corresponding to low nucleation and high growth rates, few nuclei form that grow rapidly. Thus, the resulting microstructure will consist of few and relatively large phase particles (e.g., coarse grains). For transformations at lower T, nucleation rates are high and growth rates low, which results in many small particles (e.g., fine grains). When a material is cooled very rapidly to a relatively low T where the rate is extremely low, it is possible to produce nonequilibrium phase structures 36
37 CAN MATERIALS BE STRENGTHENING DURING SOLIDIFICATION? Grain structure of Aluminum cast with and without grain refiners. When a metal casting freezes, impurities in the melt and walls of the mold in which solidification occurs serve as heterogeneous nucleation sites. To produce cast ingots with fine grain size, grain refiners are added. Example: For aluminumalloy, small amount of Titanium, Boron or Zirconium is added. The greater grain boundary area provides grain size strengthening in metallic materials. 37
38 WHAT IS DENDRITE? If the liquid is undercooled, a protuberance on the solid-liquid interface can grow rapidly as a dendrite. The latent heat of fusion (enthalpy) is removed by raising the temperature of the liquid back to the freezing temperature. 38
39 SOLIDIFICATION IN CASTING Dendritic growth continues until the undercooled liquid warms to the freezing temperature. Any remaining liquid then solidifies by planar growth. 39
40 TYPES OF GRAINS Equiaxed Grains: M Crystals, smaller in size, grow equally in all directions. M Formed at the sites of high concentration of the nuclie. Columnar Grains: M Long thin and coarse. M Grow predominantly in one direction. M Formed at the sites of slow cooling and steep temperature gradient. M Example: Grains that are away from the mold wall. Columnar Grains Equiaxed Grains 40
41 VIEW OF THE SOLIDIFIED INGOTS The colomnar grains have grown perpendicular to the mold faces since large thermal gradients are presented in those directions 41
42 SOLIDIFICATION OF SINGLE CRYSTALS The most widely used technique for making single-crystal silicon is the Czochralski process, in which a seed of single-crystal silicon contacts the top of molten silicon. As the seed is slowly raised, atoms of the molten silicon solidify in the pattern of the seed and extend the single-crystal structure. 42
Learning Objectives. Chapter Outline. Solidification of Metals. Solidification of Metals
Learning Objectives Study the principles of solidification as they apply to pure metals. Examine the mechanisms by which solidification occurs. - Chapter Outline Importance of Solidification Nucleation
More informationFundamentals of Casting
Fundamentals of Casting Chapter 11 11.1 Introduction Products go through a series of processes before they are produced Design Material selection Process selection Manufacture Inspection and evaluation
More informationMetals are used by industry for either one or combination of the following properties
Basic Metallurgy Metals are the backbone of the engineering industry being the most important Engineering Materials. In comparison to other engineering materials such as wood, ceramics, fabric and plastics,
More informationMetallurgy - Lecture (2) Solidification
Metallurgy - Lecture (2) Solidification When molten metal enters a mold cavity, its heat is transferred through the mold wall. In the case of pure metals and eutectics, the solidification proceeds layer-bylayer
More information8. Principles of Solidification
CBE4010 Introduction to Materials Science for Chemical Engineers 8. Principles of Solidification The Driving Force a Phase Change We expect a material to solidify when the liquid cools to just below its
More informationSOLIDIFICATION, PHASE DIAGRAM & STEELS
MODULE TWO SOLIDIFICATION, PHASE DIAGRAM & STEELS 4. SOLIDIFICATION Introduction Mechanism of solidification - crystallization and development of cast structure - nucleation and grain growth - dendritic
More information3. Solidification & Crystalline Imperfections
3. Solidification & Crystalline Imperfections solidification (casting process) of metals divided into two steps (1) nucleation formation of stable nuclei in the melt (2) growth of nuclei into crystals
More informationSolidification and Crystallisation 5. Formation of and control of granular structure
MME 345 Lecture 08 Solidification and Crystallisation 5. Formation of and control of granular structure Ref: [1] A. Ohno, The Solidification of Metals, Chijin Shokan Co. Ltd., 1976 [2] P. Beeley, Foundry
More informationOutline CASTING PROCESS - 2. The Mold in Casting. Sand Casting Mold Terms. Assoc Prof Zainal Abidin Ahmad Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Outline CASTING PROCESS - 2 Assoc Prof Zainal Abidin Ahmad Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Casting Molds Gating system pouring basin, sprue, runner, gate Riser Core Heating and melting Melting furnaces Pouring
More informationCHAPTER 4. Solidification and Crystalline Imperfections in Solids 4-1
CHAPTER 4 Solidification and Crystalline Imperfections in Solids 4-1 Solidification of Metals Metals are melted to produce finished and semifinished parts. Two steps of solidification Nucleation : Formation
More informationTemperature & Density for Castings
Temperature & Density for Castings FIGURE 5.1 (a) Temperature as a function of time for the solidification of pure metals. Note that freezing takes place at a constant temperature. (b) Density as a function
More informationMetal Casting. Manufacturing Processes for Engineering Materials, 5th ed. Kalpakjian Schmid 2008, Pearson Education ISBN No.
Metal Casting Important factors in casting Solidification of the metal from its molten state and accompanying shrinkage Flow of the molten metal into the mold cavity Heat transfer during solidification
More informationK S T S ' = K L T L ' + vl v
Heat Flow and Interface Stability Elemental metals - solidification rate controlled by rate at which latent of fusion can be conducted away from the solid/liquid interface Heat conduction can be either
More informationPoint Defects. Vacancies are the most important form. Vacancies Self-interstitials
Grain Boundaries 1 Point Defects 2 Point Defects A Point Defect is a crystalline defect associated with one or, at most, several atomic sites. These are defects at a single atom position. Vacancies Self-interstitials
More informationFoundations of Materials Science and Engineering Lecture Note 4
Foundations of Materials Science and Engineering Lecture Note 4 April 2, 2013 Kwang Kim Yonsei University kbkim@yonsei.ac.kr 39 8 7 34 53 Y O N Se I 88.91 16.00 14.01 78.96 126.9 Solidification of Metals
More informationGrain Refinement for Improved Lead-Free Solder Joint Reliability
Grain Refinement for Improved Lead-Free Solder Joint Reliability K. Sweatman 1, S. D. McDonald 2, M. Whitewick 2, T. Nishimura 1, and K. Nogita 2 1. Nihon Superior Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan 2. University
More informationMetal Matrix Composite (MMC)
Matrix Metal Matrix Composite (MMC) The matrix is the monolithic material into which the reinforcement is embedded, and is completely continuous. This means thatt there is apath throughh the matrix ti
More informationTypes of manufacturing processes
Materials processing Metal parts undergo sequence of processes Primary alter the ( raw ) material s basic shape or form. Sand casting Rolling Forging Sheet metalworking Types of manufacturing processes
More informationCHAPTER INTRODUCTION
1 CHAPTER-1 1.0 INTRODUCTION Contents 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 Aluminium alloys 2 1.2 Aluminium alloy classification 2 1.2.1 Aluminium alloys (Wrought) 3 1.2.2 Heat treatable alloys (Wrought). 3 1.2.3 Aluminum
More informationPrincipals of Billet Making
Billet quality directly controls the quality of extrusions and affects productivity, in term profitability. The quality of billets& cost are the two important considerations for extrusion producers. Day
More informationEMA5001 Lecture 13 Solidification via Heterogeneous Nucleation, Growth of Pure Solid from Liquid by Zhe Cheng
EMA5001 Lecture 1 ification ia Heterogeneous Nucleation, Growth of Pure from 016 by Zhe Cheng EMA 5001 Physical Properties of Materials Zhe Cheng (016) 1 Heterogeneous Nucleation Heterogeneous Nucleation
More informationENGINEERING COUNCIL CERTIFICATE LEVEL ENGINEERING MATERIALS C102 TUTORIAL 3 THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM (PHASE) DIAGRAMS
ENGINEERING COUNCIL CERTIFICATE LEVEL ENGINEERING MATERIALS C102 TUTORIAL 3 THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM (PHASE) DIAGRAMS UNIT OUTCOMES On successful completion of the unit the candidate will be able to: 1. Recognise
More informationChapter 10, Phase Transformations
Chapter Outline: Phase Transformations Heat Treatment (time and temperature) Microstructure Kinetics of phase transformations Homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation Growth, rate of the phase transformation
More informationSolidification of Metals in Molds
Metal Casting Solidification of Metals in Molds Pure Metals - Solidify at a constant temperature Planar solidification front Columnar crystals Eutectics - Solidify at a constant temperature Planar solidification
More information1-Materials Science & Materials Engineering
1-Materials Science & Materials Engineering 1-1-Structure & Properties Relationship (Materials Science or Materials Engineering) Processing Structure Properties Performance Sub Atomic Atomic Sub Atomic
More informationCHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 ALUMINIUM ALLOYS Aluminium and its alloys offer an extremely wide range of capability and applicability, with a unique combination of advantages that make the material of choice
More informationSimulation of High Pressure Die Casting (HPDC) via STAR-Cast
Simulation of High Pressure Die Casting (HPDC) via STAR-Cast STAR Global Conf. 2012, 19-21 March, Noordwijk Romuald Laqua, Access e.v., Aachen High Pressure Die Casting: Machines and Products Common Materials:
More informationEMA5001 Lecture 15 Other Issues with Metal Solidification by Zhe Cheng
EMA5001 Lecture 15 Other Issues with Metal Solidification 016 by Zhe Cheng Eutectic Solidification L α + β 67 wt.% Al-wt% Cu eutectic Classification Normal Lamellar or other structures Both solid phase
More informationPhase change processes for material property manipulation BY PROF.A.CHANDRASHEKHAR
Phase change processes for material property manipulation BY PROF.A.CHANDRASHEKHAR Introduction The phase of a material is defined as a chemically and structurally homogeneous state of material. Any material
More informationSlurry-Based Semi-Solid Die Casting
Accepted for Publication in Advanced Materials and Processes, 159(10), October 2001 Slurry-Based Semi-Solid Die Casting Chris S. Rice and Patricio F. Mendez A new approach to semi-solid forming is described.
More informationCasting Process Part 2
Mech Zone Casting Process Part 2 (SSC JE Mechanical/ GATE/ONGC/SAIL BHEL/HPCL/IOCL) Sand Casting cope: top half drag: bottom half core: for internal cavities funnel sprue runners gate cavity {risers, vents}
More informationThe Science and Engineering of Materials, 4 th ed Donald R. Askeland Pradeep P. Phulé. Chapter 8 Solid Solutions and Phase Equilibrium
The Science and Engineering of Materials, 4 th ed Donald R. Askeland Pradeep P. Phulé Chapter 8 Solid Solutions and Phase Equilibrium Objectives of Chapter 8 The goal of this chapter is to describe the
More informationEngineering Materials. Materials. Metals. Material Properties. Solidification of Molten Metal. Grain Structure. Page 1
Materials Engineering Materials R. Jerz 1 1/21/2006 R. Jerz 2 1/21/2006 Material Properties Metals R. Jerz 3 1/21/2006 R. Jerz 4 1/21/2006 Solidification of Molten Metal Grain Structure Figure 1.11 Schematic
More informationMETHODS OF COATING FABRICATION
METHODS OF COATING FABRICATION Zbigniew Grzesik http://home.agh.edu.pl/~grzesik Department of Physical Chemistry and Modelling DEFINITION The coating is the thin outer layer of the object, which physiochemical
More informationChapter 11: Applications and Processing of Metal Alloys
Chapter 11: Applications and Processing of Metal Alloys ISSUES TO ADDRESS... What are some of the common fabrication techniques for metals? What heat treatment procedures are used to improve the mechanical
More informationDr. M. Medraj Mech. Eng. Dept. - Concordia University Mech 421/6511 lecture 12/2
POWDER METALLURGY Characterization of Engineering Powders Production of Metallic Powders Conventional Pressing and Sintering Alternative Pressing and Sintering Techniques Materials and Products for PM
More informationSyllabus: Different levels of structure in materials. Relation among material processing, structure, properties, and performance
Syllabus: Types of materials Properties of materials Different levels of structure in materials Relation among material processing, structure, properties, and performance The main objective is to understand
More informationEffect of magnetostatic field on microstructure of 5005 aluminum alloy sheet by roll-casting
University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences - Papers: Part A Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences 2011 Effect of magnetostatic field on microstructure
More informationOVERVIEW 1.1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW 1.1 INTRODUCTION Solidification processes are familiar to all of us, whether they concern the formation of frost on windows or ice in trays, the freezing of solders in electronic circuits,
More informationBinary Phase Diagrams - II
Binary Phase Diagrams - II Note the alternating one phase / two phase pattern at any given temperature Binary Phase Diagrams - Cu-Al Can you spot the eutectoids? The peritectic points? How many eutectic
More informationKinetics - Heat Treatment
Kinetics - Heat Treatment Nonequilibrium Cooling All of the discussion up till now has been for slow cooling Many times, this is TOO slow, and unnecessary Nonequilibrium effects Phase changes at T other
More informationPhase Transformations in Metals Tuesday, December 24, 2013 Dr. Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, PE 1
Ferrite - BCC Martensite - BCT Fe 3 C (cementite)- orthorhombic Austenite - FCC Chapter 10 Phase Transformations in Metals Tuesday, December 24, 2013 Dr. Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, PE 1 Why do we study
More informationA STUDY OF CASTING CHARACTERISTICS FOR DIE-CAST ALUMINUM ALLOY
ME8109: Casting And Solidification of Material A STUDY OF CASTING CHARACTERISTICS FOR DIE-CAST ALUMINUM ALLOY Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Graduate Program in Mechanical Engineering
More informationMICROSTRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OD RAPID SOLIDIFIED AL-SI-FE AND AL-SI-FE-CR ALLOYS PREPARED BY CENTRIFUGAL ATOMIZATION. Filip PRŮŠA*, Dalibor VOJTĚCH
MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OD RAPID SOLIDIFIED AL-SI-FE AND AL-SI-FE-CR ALLOYS PREPARED BY CENTRIFUGAL ATOMIZATION Filip PRŮŠA*, Dalibor VOJTĚCH Department of Metals and Corrosion Engineering, Institute
More informationEngineering Materials
Engineering Materials Lecture 2 MEL120: Manufacturing Practices 1 Selection of Material A particular material is selected is on the basis of following considerations 1. Properties of material 1. Properties
More informationEffects of Solidification Rate on Porosity Formation and Cast Microstructure in Aluminum Alloy A356. Dan VanderBoon
Effects of Solidification Rate on Porosity Formation and Cast Microstructure in Aluminum Alloy A356 by Dan VanderBoon School of Engineering Padnos College of Engineering & Computing Grand Valley State
More informationChapter 9 Phase Diagrams. Dr. Feras Fraige
Chapter 9 Phase Diagrams Dr. Feras Fraige Chapter Outline Definitions and basic concepts Phases and microstructure Binary isomorphous systems (complete solid solubility) Binary eutectic systems (limited
More informationChapter 16 Corrosion and Degradation of Materials
Chapter 16 Corrosion and Degradation of Materials Concept Check 16.1 Question: Would you expect iron to corrode in water of high purity? Why or why not? Answer: Iron would not corrode in water of high
More informationNumerical modelling of the solidification of ductile iron
Journal of Crystal Growth 191 (1998) 261 267 Numerical modelling of the solidification of ductile iron J. Liu*, R. Elliott Manchester Materials Science Centre, University of Manchester, Grosvenor Street,
More informationCasting-Comparisons. Mech 423 #2 1
Casting-Comparisons Mech 423 #2 1 MECH 423 Casting, Welding, Heat Treating and NDT Time: W _ F 14:45-16:00 Credits: 3.5 Session: Fall Introduction Lecture 2 Mech 423 #2 2 Solidification/Freezing Casting
More informationCasting Simulations with STAR-Cast. Julian Gänz, CD-adapco
Casting Simulations with STAR-Cast Julian Gänz, CD-adapco Need for Casting Simulation Processes Permanent Mold Market Overview [Mio tons] Tilt Casting Low Pressure-Casting High Pressure Die 9 19,4 13,6
More informationPowder-Metal Processing and Equipment
Powder-Metal Processing and Equipment Text Reference: Manufacturing Engineering and Technology, Kalpakjian & Schmid, 6/e, 2010 Chapter 17 Powder Metallurgy Metal powders are compacted into desired and
More informationMetal working: Deformation processing II. Metal working: Deformation processing II
Module 28 Metal working: Deformation processing II Lecture 28 Metal working: Deformation processing II 1 Keywords : Difference between cold & hot working, effect of macroscopic variables on deformation
More informationME-371/571 ENGINEERING MATERIALS
ME-371/571 ENGINEERING MATERIALS Problem Set 2 1. An SAE-AISI 1035 steel alloy is slowly cooled from 950 C to room What is the pro-eutectoid phase, and at what temperature would it first appear? What are
More informationIntroduction to Materials Science
EPMA Powder Metallurgy Summer School 27 June 1 July 2016 Valencia, Spain Introduction to Materials Science Prof. Alberto Molinari University of Trento, Italy Some of the figures used in this presentation
More informationPowder Metallurgy. Powder-Metal Processing and Equipment 11/10/2009
Powder Metallurgy Powder-Metal Processing and Equipment Metal powders are compacted into desired and often complex shapes and sintered* to form a solid piece * Sinter: To heat without melting Text Reference:
More informationThe Stand of Horizontal Continuous Casting of Al and its Alloys
A R C H I V E S of F O U N D R Y E N G I N E E R I N G Published quarterly as the organ of the Foundry Commission of the Polish Academy of Sciences ISSN (1897-3310) Volume 13 Issue 3/2013 113 118 23/3
More informationPhysical Properties of Materials
Physical Properties of Materials Manufacturing Materials, IE251 Dr M. Saleh King Saud University Manufacturing materials --- IE251 lect-7, Slide 1 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS 1. Volumetric and Melting
More informationAL LM6 HOLLOW CYLINDER FABRICATED USING CENTRIFUGAL CASTING
AL LM6 HOLLOW CYLINDER FABRICATED USING CENTRIFUGAL CASTING Saifulnizan Jamian 1, Safwan Yutiman 2 and Haffidzudin Hehsan 3 1 Crashworthiness and Collisions Research Group, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia,
More informationIntroduction to Heat Treatment. Introduction
MME444 Heat Treatment Sessional Week 01 Introduction to Heat Treatment Prof. A.K.M.B. Rashid Department of MME BUET, Dhaka Introduction Can you control the microstructure that formed during cooling of
More informationMetals I. Anne Mertens
"MECA0139-1: Techniques "MECA0462-2 additives : et Materials 3D printing", Selection", ULg, 19/09/2017 25/10/2016 Metals I Anne Mertens Introduction Outline Metallic materials Materials Selection: case
More informationPhase Diagrams of Pure Substances Predicts the stable phase as a function of P total and T. Example: water can exist in solid, liquid and vapor
PHASE DIAGRAMS Phase a chemically and structurally homogenous region of a material. Region of uniform physical and chemical characteristics. Phase boundaries separate two distinct phases. A single phase
More informationControlled Residual Surface Contamination of γtial, Induction Melted in Ceramic Crucibles
1 Controlled Residual Surface Contamination of γtial, Induction Melted in Ceramic Crucibles J. Barbosa, A. Caetano Monteiro, Universidade do Minho, Guimarães, Portugal C. Silva Ribeiro, FEUP, Porto, Portugal
More information3 Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat, Malaysia,
AL LM6 HOLLOW CYLINDER FABRICATED USING CENTRIFUGAL CASTING Saifulnizan Jamian 1, Safwan Yutiman 2 and Haffidzudin Hehsan 3 1 Department of Engineering Mechanics, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu
More informationUNCONVENTIONAL MACHINING PROCESS UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION. Prepared by S. SENTHIL KUMAR AP / MECH SVCET
UNCONVENTIONAL MACHINING PROCESS UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION Prepared by S. SENTHIL KUMAR AP / MECH SVCET INTRODUCTION Conventional machining process Metal is removed by means of tool which is harder than work
More informationCHAPTER 4 1/1/2016. Mechanical Properties of Metals - I. Processing of Metals - Casting. Hot Rolling of Steel. Casting (Cont..)
Processing of Metals - Casting CHAPTER 4 Mechanical Properties of Metals - I Most metals are first melted in a furnace. Alloying is done if required. Large ingots are then cast. Sheets and plates are then
More informationAMETAL AMETAL AMETAL APPLICATIONS GENERAL
AMETAL - TA S DEZINCIFICATION RESISTANT COPPER ALLOY AMETAL is a patented special copper alloy, combining excellent corrosion resistance with high mechanical strength. 1 AMETAL TA s dezincification-resistant
More informationTutorial 2 : Crystalline Solid, Solidification, Crystal Defect and Diffusion
Tutorial 1 : Introduction and Atomic Bonding 1. Explain the difference between ionic and metallic bonding between atoms in engineering materials. 2. Show that the atomic packing factor for Face Centred
More informationInvestigation on the Rate of Solidification and Mould Heating in the Casting of Commercially Pure Aluminium in Permanent Moulds of varying Thicknesses
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) e-issn: 2278-1684 Volume 6, Issue 1 (Mar. - Apr. 2013), PP 33-37 Investigation on the Rate of Solidification and Mould Heating in the Casting
More informationManufacturing Process - I Dr. D. K. Dwivedi Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee
Manufacturing Process - I Dr. D. K. Dwivedi Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee Module - 3 Lecture - 14 Reaction in Weld Region & Welding Defects
More informationEffect of Electromagnetic Vibrations on Fe-Co-B-Si-Nb Bulk Metallic Glasses
Materials Transactions, Vol. 48, No. 1 (2007) pp. 53 to 57 #2007 The Japan Institute of Metals Effect of Electromagnetic Vibrations on Fe-Co-B-Si-Nb Bulk Metallic Glasses Takuya Tamura*, Daisuke Kamikihara,
More informationTALAT Lecture Phase Diagrams. 14 pages, 13 Figures. Basic Level
TALAT Lecture 1203 Phase Diagrams 14 pages, 13 Figures Basic Level prepared by M H Jacobs * Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Materials The University of Birmingham, UK (Based on approach adopted by
More informationJ = D C A C B x A x B + D C A C. = x A kg /m 2
1. (a) Compare interstitial and vacancy atomic mechanisms for diffusion. (b) Cite two reasons why interstitial diffusion is normally more rapid than vacancy diffusion. (a) With vacancy diffusion, atomic
More informationProcesses and Equipment; Heat Treatment
4 4 6. 3 0 5 A M A N U F A C T U R I N G P R O C E S S E S Chapter 5. Metal-Casting Processes and Equipment; Heat Treatment Sung-Hoon Ahn School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Seoul National University
More informationChapter 2 Crystal Growth and Wafer Preparation
Chapter 2 Crystal Growth and Wafer Preparation Professor Paul K. Chu Advantages of Si over Ge Si has a larger bandgap (1.1 ev for Si versus 0.66 ev for Ge) Si devices can operate at a higher temperature
More informationMaterials of Engineering ENGR 151 CORROSION ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
Materials of Engineering ENGR 151 CORROSION ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES more anodic (active) more cathodic (inert) GALVANIC SERIES Ranking of the reactivity of metals/alloys in seawater Platinum Gold Graphite
More informationEE CRYSTAL GROWTH, WAFER FABRICATION AND BASIC PROPERTIES OF Si WAFERS- Chapter 3. Crystal Structure z a
1 EE 1 FALL 1999-00 CRYSTAL GROWTH, WAFER FABRICATION AND BASIC PROPERTIES OF Si WAFERS- Chapter 3 z a B Crystal Structure z a z a C y y y A x x Cubic BCC FCC x Crystals are characterized by a unit cell
More informationA SHORT NOTE ON MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF METAL POWDERS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN COMPUTER APPLICATIONS AND ROBOTICS ISSN 2320-7345 A SHORT NOTE ON MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF METAL POWDERS 1 R.Raja, 2 M.Rajkumar 1 Assistant Lecturer, St. Joseph College
More informationPhysics and Material Science of Semiconductor Nanostructures
Physics and Material Science of Semiconductor Nanostructures PHYS 570P Prof. Oana Malis Email: omalis@purdue.edu Today Bulk semiconductor growth Single crystal techniques Nanostructure fabrication Epitaxial
More informationComposite Materials. Metal matrix composites
Composite Materials Metal matrix composites Introduction The properties that make MMCs attractive are high strength and stiffness, good wear resistance, high service temperature, tailorable coefficient
More informationSemi-Solid Slurry Casting Using Gas Induced Semi-Solid Technique to Enhance the Microstructural Characteristics of Al-4.3Cu Alloy
Semi-Solid Slurry Casting Using Gas Induced Semi-Solid Technique to Enhance the Microstructural Characteristics of Al-4.3Cu Alloy M. Abdi 1a, S.G. Shabestari 2, b * 1 Ph.D. student, Center of Excellence
More informationChapter 2. Ans: e (<100nm size materials are called nanomaterials)
Chapter 2 1. Materials science and engineering include (s) the study of: (a) metals (b) polymers (c) ceramics (d) composites (e) nanomaterials (f) all of the above Ans: f 2. Which one of the following
More informationCrystal Growth and Wafer Fabrication. K.Sivasankaran, Assistant Professor (Senior), VLSI Division, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT
Crystal Growth and Wafer Fabrication K.Sivasankaran, Assistant Professor (Senior), VLSI Division, School of Electronics Engineering, VIT Crystal growth Obtaining sand Raw Polysilicon Czochralski Process
More informationPart II : Interfaces Module 3 : Nucleation of precipitates from a supersaturated matrix
Part II : Interfaces Module 3 : Nucleation of precipitates from a supersaturated matrix 3.1 Motivation A solid contains many defects: vacancies, dislocations, stacking faults, grain and interphase boundaries,
More informationMANUFACTURING PROCESSES
1 MANUFACTURING PROCESSES - AMEM 201 Lecture 8: Forming Processes (Rolling, Extrusion, Forging, Drawing) DR. SOTIRIS L. OMIROU Forming Processes - Definition & Types - Forming processes are those in which
More informationTHE INFLUENCE OF COOLING RATE ON GRAIN REFINING OF 6063 ALLOY WITH ALTIC
U.P.B. Sci. Bull., Series B, Vol. 68, No. 2, 2006 THE INFLUENCE OF COOLING RATE ON GRAIN REFINING OF 6063 ALLOY WITH ALTIC C.D. Urban În lucrare se analizează influenţa vitezei de răcire asupra gradului
More informationMSE-226 Engineering Materials
MSE-226 Engineering Materials Lecture-7 ALLOY STEELS Tool Steels TYPES of FERROUS ALLOYS FERROUS ALLOYS Plain Carbon Steels Alloy Steels Cast Irons - Low carbon Steel - Medium carbon steel - High carbon
More informationModule 22. Solidification & Binary Phase Diagrams V. Lecture 22. Solidification & Binary Phase Diagrams V
Module 22 Solidification & Binary Phase Diagrams V ecture 22 Solidification & Binary Phase Diagrams V 1 NPTE Phase II : IIT Kharagpur : Prof. R. N. Ghosh, Dept of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering
More informationAtomic structure, arrangement, and movement Introduction to Materials Introduction Types of Materials Structure-Property-Processing Relationship
Atomic structure, arrangement, and movement to Materials Types of Materials Structure-Property-Processing Relationship Environmental Effects on Material Behavior Materials Design and Selection Atomic Structure
More informationExperiment A: Solidification and Casting
Experiment A: Solidification and Casting Introduction: The purpose of this experiment is to introduce students to the concepts of solidification and to study the development of solidification microstructures.
More informationSample2 EXAM 2 Name Closed book, allowed a 5x7 card, calculator, and brain. Budget your time!
MEEN 3344 001 Material Science Sample2 EXAM 2 Name Closed book, allowed a 5x7 card, calculator, and brain. Budget your time! Definitions: (10 terms, each definition is worth 1.5 points, 15 total) Match
More informationIron Carbon Equilibrium Diagrams
Allotropic Iron, when cooling from a high temperature, displays two special points known as arrest points or critical points. These change points occur at 1390 o C and 910 o C. Above 1390 o C Iron exists
More informationThermochemistry and Kinetics of Iron Melt Treatment
Thermochemistry and Kinetics of Iron Melt Treatment Simon N. Lekakh *, David G. C. Robertson * and Carl R. Loper Jr. ** * University of Missouri Rolla, ** University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, U.S.A. Abstract
More informationLow-frequency Electromagnetic Casting
University of Ljubljana Faculty of Mathematics and Physics Final Year Seminar Low-frequency Electromagnetic Casting Author: Uroš Žunkovič Mentor: Prof. Dr. Janez Dolinšek Abstract In the last decade, low-frequency
More informationExperiment E: Martensitic Transformations
Experiment E: Martensitic Transformations Introduction: The purpose of this experiment is to introduce students to a family of phase transformations which occur by shear rather than diffusion. In metals,
More informationMetallurgy, Alloys, and Applications p. 1 Introduction and Overview p. 3 Major Groups of Copper and Copper Alloys p. 3 Properties of Importance p.
Preface p. vii Metallurgy, Alloys, and Applications p. 1 Introduction and Overview p. 3 Major Groups of Copper and Copper Alloys p. 3 Properties of Importance p. 3 Fabrication Characteristics p. 5 Alloy
More informationPY2N20 Material Properties and Phase Diagrams
PY2N20 Material Properties and Phase Diagrams Lecture 9 P. Stamenov, PhD School of Physics, TCD PY2N20-9 Semiconductor Wafer Production - Si Czochralski Growth Growth from melt Melt 99.999999% pure polycrystalline
More informationModule - 2 Advanced Metal Casting Processes Lecture - 1 Metal Casting basics, Gating and Risering design
Advanced Manufacturing Processes Prof. Dr. Apurbba Kumar Sharma Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee Module - 2 Advanced Metal Casting Processes Lecture
More informationIntroduction to Engineering Materials ENGR2000 Chapter 7: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms. Dr. Coates
Introduction to Engineering Materials ENGR2000 Chapter 7: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms Dr. Coates An edge dislocation moves in response to an applied shear stress dislocation motion 7.1 Introduction
More informationEXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON COOLING RATE FOR CENTRIFUGAL CASTING Kirti Kanaujiya, Yugesh Mani Tiwari Department of Mechanical Engineering
ISSN 2320-9135 1 International Journal of Advance Research, IJOAR.org Volume 3, Issue 9, September 2015, Online: ISSN 2320-9135 EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON COOLING RATE FOR CENTRIFUGAL CASTING Kirti
More information