The Criticality of Materials
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- Percival Logan
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1 Center for Industrial Ecology Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies The Criticality of Materials Thomas E. Graedel Yale University
2
3 Metal Linkages in the New Mineralogy +4 Elements +45 Elements (Potential) 11 Elements Source: T. McManus, Intel Corp., 2006
4 Elemental Functions in Electronics Germanium semiconductors Copper circuit connections Tantalum capacitor Antimony diodes Yttrium red phosphor Indium transistors Terbium green phosphor activator Hafnium transistor insulator
5
6 60 ELEMENTS 15 ELEMENTS 11 ELEMENTS
7 The No-Build Periodic Table V: Steel alloys +45 Elements (Potential) Rh: Catalytic converters P: Food Ta: Electronics In: Flat panel displays Re: Jet engines U: Nuclear power Dy: Electric motors
8
9 Global per Capita Metals Use in the 20th Century Al Mine Production Per Capita Relative to Cr Ni Cu WZn Sn Fe Au Pb Ag
10 Histories of Australian Ore Grades, Source: G.M. Mudd, Sustainability of Mining in Australia, Research Report No. RR5, Monash Univ., 2007.
11 The McKelvey Diagram Identified Resources Undiscovered Resources Increasing economic viability Cumulative Production Economic Marginally Economic Subeconomic Demonstrated Measured Reserves Indicated Inferred Reserve Base Resources Probability Range (or) Hypothetical Speculative Increasing geological assurance
12 Why Don t We Get Metals From Recycling?
13 Brake Linings: An Example of Dissipative Use Brake linings contain phenolic resin binder, clay and powder fillers, graphite lubricants, and metallic fibers (Ba, Ca, Ti, Cu, Mg, Cr, Sb, Zn, Zr ) Image courtesy of Sansin Brake Co., etrade.daegu.go.kr/.../brake_lining.html
14 Electronics in the Trash: An Example of Fragmentary Collection Courtesy of Gothamist.LLC, gothamist.com/2008/02/16/electronics_rec.php
15 Processing Failures: Electronic Waste Recycling in India Courtesy of D. Rochat, EMPA, Switzerland
16 118 Uuo (117) (Uus) 116 Uuh 115 Uup 114 Uuq 113 Uut 112 Uub 111 Rg 110 Ds 109 Mt 108 Hs 107 Bh 106 Sg 105 Db 104 Rf ** 88 Ra 87 Fr 86 Rn 85 At 84 Po 83 Bi 82 Pb 81 Tl 80 Hg 79 Au 78 Pt 77 Ir 76 Os 75 Re 74 W 73 Ta 72 Hf * 56 Ba 55 Cs 54 Xe 53 I 52 Te 51 Sb 50 Sn 49 In 48 Cd 47 Ag 46 Pd 45 Rh 44 Ru 43 Tc 42 Mo 41 Nb 40 Zr 39 Y 38 Sr 37 Rb 36 Kr 35 Br 34 Se 33 As 32 Ge 31 Ga 30 Zn 29 Cu 28 Ni 27 Co 26 Fe 25 Mn 24 Cr 23 V 22 Ti 21 Sc 20 Ca 19 K 18 Ar 17 Cl 16 S 15 P 14 Si 13 Al 12 Mg 11 Na 10 Ne 9 F 8 O 7 N 6 C 5 B 4 Be 3 Li 2 He 1 H 118 Uuo (117) (Uus) 116 Uuh 115 Uup 114 Uuq 113 Uut 112 Uub 111 Rg 110 Ds 109 Mt 108 Hs 107 Bh 106 Sg 105 Db 104 Rf ** 88 Ra 87 Fr 86 Rn 85 At 84 Po 83 Bi 82 Pb 81 Tl 80 Hg 79 Au 78 Pt 77 Ir 76 Os 75 Re 74 W 73 Ta 72 Hf * 56 Ba 55 Cs 54 Xe 53 I 52 Te 51 Sb 50 Sn 49 In 48 Cd 47 Ag 46 Pd 45 Rh 44 Ru 43 Tc 42 Mo 41 Nb 40 Zr 39 Y 38 Sr 37 Rb 36 Kr 35 Br 34 Se 33 As 32 Ge 31 Ga 30 Zn 29 Cu 28 Ni 27 Co 26 Fe 25 Mn 24 Cr 23 V 22 Ti 21 Sc 20 Ca 19 K 18 Ar 17 Cl 16 S 15 P 14 Si 13 Al 12 Mg 11 Na 10 Ne 9 F 8 O 7 N 6 C 5 B 4 Be 3 Li 2 He 1 H 103 Lr 102 No 101 Md 100 Fm 99 Es 98 Cf 97 Bk 96 Cm 95 Am 94 Pu 93 Np 92 U 91 Pa 90 Th 89 Ac ** Actinides 71 Lu 70 Yb 69 Tm 68 Er 67 Ho 66 Dy 65 Tb 64 Gd 63 Eu 62 Sm 61 Pm 60 Nd 59 Pr 58 Ce 57 La * Lanthanides 103 Lr 102 No 101 Md 100 Fm 99 Es 98 Cf 97 Bk 96 Cm 95 Am 94 Pu 93 Np 92 U 91 Pa 90 Th 89 Ac ** Actinides 71 Lu 70 Yb 69 Tm 68 Er 67 Ho 66 Dy 65 Tb 64 Gd 63 Eu 62 Sm 61 Pm 60 Nd 59 Pr 58 Ce 57 La * Lanthanides End of Life Recycling Rate (Global) for Sixty-Two Metals Preliminary as of October 7, 2009 >50% >25-50% >10-25% 1-10% <1%???
17 The U.S. National Academy of Sciences 2007 Study of Resource Sustainability
18 Determining a Material s Criticality High Impact of Supply Restriction Low Low Supply Risk High
19 The First Dimension of Criticality Supply risk Geologic availability -- Technical availability Regulatory availability -- Geopolitical availability Social availability -- Market availability
20 The Second Dimension of Criticality: Impacts of Supply Restriction Prevents manufacture Impedes product development Influences profitability
21 Identifying the Region of Danger Impact of Supply Restriction High Low Region of Danger Low Supply Risk High
22 11 Minerals Evaluated
23 A Possible Major New Supply Risk Scenario 2009 High Impact of Supply Restriction Low Region of Danger Low High Supply Risk T.E. Graedel, 2009
24 A Possible Major New Use Scenario High Region of Danger T.E. Graedel, Importance of uses Low Low Supply Risk High
25 Tomorrow s Periodic Table?
26 The On Ramp Capacity control (commuter buses, etc.) The Off Ramp
27 Enabling Materials Use and Reuse IMPORT/EXPORT PROCESS- ING FABRICA- TION USE WASTE DISCARD MGT. ORE ENVIRONMENT STAF The ProjectOn Ramp Yale University 2004 Capacity Control by Dematerialized Design The Off Ramp
28 A Mine of the Past: (Bingham Canyon, UT Copper Mine)
29 A Mine of the Future
30 Summary The industrial sector uses essentially all of the periodic table Elemental choices that appear (at least in the short to medium term) to be unsubstitutable are increasingly used in modern technology Criticality research is now underway, but rather late and beset by significant data challenges Long-term prospects for much of the periodic table are quite poorly characterized
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