CHAPTER 3 SELECTION AND PROCESSING OF THE SPECIMEN MATERIAL
|
|
- Loreen Hood
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 54 CHAPTER 3 SELECTION AND PROCESSING OF THE SPECIMEN MATERIAL 3.1 HIGH STRENGTH ALUMINIUM ALLOY In the proposed work, 7075 Al alloy (high strength) has been identified, as a material for the studies on superplastic behavior. An inherent limitation of the conventional aluminium (Al) alloys like many metals and alloys, is that they are unstable when plastically deformed by stretching. This is responsible for the catastrophic necking observed in tensile testing, and also for the limited extent of uniform deformation possible during processes, such as stretch forming which involve mainly tensile stresses. Superplastic materials are relatively stable when deformed in tension. For Al alloys, the die sets are relatively inexpensive, because of the moderate temperatures associated with the process, and they can be produced quickly. For Al alloys the forming temperatures are likely to lie in the range of C, which is ~0.9Tm. So, the problem of maintaining small grain sizes requires special attention. Further, Al alloys are prone to cavitation during superplastic flow. The typical composition of the 7075 Al alloy is given in Table 3.1. This alloy has a melting point of 660 C, density of 2.7 g/cm 3, FCC crystal structure, and the yield strength of 500 MPa.
2 55 Table 3.1 Chemical composition of the 7075 Al alloy Zn Grade Mg Cu Mn Cr Fe Si Al (Wt%) 7075Al Bal. 3.2 GRAIN REFINEMENT A fine grain size is a microstructural requirement in superplastic alloys. A number of microstructural features are important for developing superplasticity. These include the size of the grains, mobility and the shape of grain boundaries, and the strength, size and distribution of the second phase in the matrix. The connection between a fine grain size and superplasticity arises because of the nature of the flow stress-strain rate relationship in a material with a fine grain size. An understanding of the basic metallurgical principles underlying grain refinement and grain growth is therefore important, for the development of superplasticity in materials which would not normally be superplastic. Several methods are available for grain refinement, including phase separation, phase transformation, and mechanical working with recrystallisation. The particular method selected for grain refinement for an alloy, depends on the nature of the alloy. When recrystallisation is used for grain refinement, the aim is to nucleate several product (recrystallised) grains within each grain of the parent microstructure. It should be possible in principle to develop a fine grain microstructure, using thermal treatments alone. However, the imposition of mechanical working during any stage of the heat treatment produces the required grain size in a fewer number of processing steps.
3 56 Achieving a fine grain size is, in itself not sufficient to guarantee that a material will exhibit Superplasticity, since the grain size needs to remain stable throughout the deformation process. Grain growth during superplastic flow has been reported for a number of materials, with the extent of grain growth being greater in the superplastically deformed part of the samples studied, than in the underformed areas. It is clear that strain enhanced grain growth is a widespread property of superplastic deformation in both the pseudo single phase and in microduplex materials Grain Refinement by Mechanical Working Grain refinement, as a result of warm working and recrystallisation treatments, has been used extensively in the development of alloys. The alloys are termed pseudo single phase, since they consist almost entirely of a solid solution strengthened matrix, with <10% by volume of a precipitate phase which is present to stabilize the microstructure against grain growth in which the grains would normally tend to rearrange themselves by climbing to form dislocation walls, and possibly, sub grain boundaries. In the absence of any fine particles, the dislocation would allow the microstructure to undergo continuous recovery and ultimately recrystallisation. However, the presence of fine particles, which are usually less than 0.2 µm in diameter, prevents recovery by exerting a drag on the migrating dislocations, dislocation walls and sub grain boundaries. Mechanical working in the presence of the fine particles, therefore, generates and maintains a large amount of stored energy, and introduces into the microstructure a large number of potential nucleation sites for subsequent recrystallisation. Alloys which contain predominantly fine particles, develop a fine grain equiaxed microstructure during the initial stages of superplastic deformation, by in situ recrystallisation. As high temperature deformation, and hence, grain boundary sliding proceeds, the misorientation between the grains increases, and leads to the formation of
4 57 high angle grain boundaries and a true superplastic microstructure, which can undergo grain boundary sliding. The 7xxx series alloys require a more complex thermomechanical processing treatment to develop a fine grain size in what is not normally a superplastic material. Two modes of recrystallisation-the discontinuous and continuous modes-can be used for grain refinement. Both rely on particles to produce a fine grain size. In the discontinuous recrystallisation mode, the key factor is the formation of a high density of nucleation sites for the recrystallisation, has been successful in various precipitation hardening aluminium alloys. Grain sizes of the order of 10 µm are frequently obtainable and the alloys display good superplastic properties. Continuous recrystallisation, which is the alternative recrystallisation mode available for grain refinement, proceeds by sub grain coarsening until high angle boundaries appear, and the structure is recrysatallised. The nucleation of the individual recrystallised grains does not occur in continuous recrystallisation. This technique has been extensively used for grain refinement in an Al-Cu-Zr alloy. As mentioned earlier, the microstructural requirements for superplasticity are a fine grain size, and resistance to grain coarsening, while the structural requirements demand high yield strength. Precipitation hardening in Al-Zn-Mg alloys meets the strength requirements; but, conventionally produced, they are not superplastic. However, processing methods have been found to grain refine these alloys by recrystallisation, and to control grain coarsening by particle dispersions. The Rockwell International Service Centre has developed a thermo mechanical treatment to render a conventional Al alloy superplastic. The same treatment has been successfully applied for grain refining a 7075 aluminium alloy.
5 58 Normally, a four step grain refinement process used for the 7075 alloy, consists of a solution treatment overageing warm working and recrystallisation. As explained below, each step has a role in producing the fine recrystallised grain size. (i) Solution treatment This step is designed to produce a uniform starting condition, by dissolving the soluble precipitates, placing in solution the Zn, Mg and Cu alloying elements. The E-phase particles, formed by the Cr addition to the alloy, are not dissolved during the solution treatment. These insoluble particles, typically 0.1 µm in diameter, are called dispersoid particles. The estimated volume fraction of the dispersoid particles is about The latter particles, probably Mg 3 Cr 2 Al 18, CrAl 7 or Cr 2 Al 9 are insoluble and typically µm in diameter. (ii) Overageing treatment Precipitate particles formed during overageing create nucleation sites for recrystallising grains. The particles are equilibrium m-phase (a mixture of Mg 3 Zn 2 and CuMgAl and must be larger than about 0.75 µm in diameter, to affect the nucleation of recrystallising grains). T phase (a mixture of Mg 3 Zn 3 Al 2 and CuMg 4 Al 6 ) precipitates with a diameter between 1 and 2 µm. The latter particles have two functions. Firstly, to effect inhomogeneous deformation during warm rolling, and secondly to act as nucleation sites for the recrystalising grains during the subsequent heat treatment.
6 59 (iii) Warm rolling Defects introduced into the alloy during this step are essential for recrystallisation. In addition, warm deformation and substantial lattice reorientation harden the precipitate particles. The flow around the non-deforming particles produces deformation zones, which extend about 1 particle radius away from the particle interface. The deformation zones are characterized by a small dislocation cell size and by lattice orientations that are substantially different from the general lattice orientation in the surrounding matrix. (iv) Recrystallisation A high temperature annealing treatment is applied to produce a fully recrystallised microstructure nucleation of recrystallising grains, that occurs in the deformation zones surrounding the precipitate particles. The recrystallisation process can be arrested by quenching after short recrystallisation times. The fine scale dispersion of large precipitates and a rapid heating rate result in a large number of recrystallisation nuclei, and thus a small grain size is developed. Grain growth during annealing and subsequent superplastic deformation is restricted, by the drag effect imposed on the grain boundaries by the fine insoluble Cr-rich dispersoid phase. After warm working, a rapid recrystallisation heat treatment is carried out at 550 C to produce the fine grain size necessary for superplasticity. It consists of various time cycles, all having a high time cycle Modified Grain Refinement Method Among the many grain refinement techniques, the thermomechanical treatment has been considered, and the steps are shown in Figure
7 Warm rolling was carried out in a number of steps to obtain the required thickness. In each pass the sheet blank was turned through 90 in order to obtain equi-axial grains. Intermediate heating was introduced, to relieve the internal stresses of the rolled blank sheet. The final grain size was measured, and it was found to be less than 10 µm. The microstructure analysis was carried out, using Biovis materials plus image processing software. INITIAL SHEET THICKNESS 5 mm SOLUTION TREATMENT 500 C FOR 1HOUR THEN FURNACE COOLING TO 380 C OVERAGING AT 380 C FOR 2 HOURS THEN FURNACE COOLING TO190 C WARM ROLLING AT 180 C WITH INTERMEDIATE REHEATING SO AS TO GET 1% REDUCTION PER PASS (65-85% REDUCTION OF THICKNESS) RECRYSTALLISATION AT 500 C FOR 0.5 HOUR AND THEN WATER QUENCHED AGING AT 180 C FOR 0.5 HOUR THEN WATER QUENCHED GRAIN SIZE MEASUREMENT Figure 3.1 Flow chart of the modified thermo-mechanical treatment
8 61 In this modified thermomechanical treatment of the 7075 alloy, the overall cycle time was reduced by one hour, compared to the Taharsahraoui method. The modified thermomechanical treatment compared with the Taharsahraoui method is given in Table 3.2. Table 3.2 Thermomechanical treatment process Step Temperature ( C) Taharsahraoui method ( Time) Modified method (Time) Operations Solution treatment h 1.0h Furnace cooling to 380 C Overaging h 2.0h Furnace cooling to 190 C Warm rolling % 65-85% Reduction of thickness Recrystallisation h 0.5 h Water quench Aging h 0.5 h Water quench 3.3 CONTROL OF GRAIN COARSENING IN 7075 ALUMINIUM ALLOY In addition to grain refinement, the restriction of grain growth is essential in superplastic alloys. Since the high strength precipitation hardening aluminium alloys do not have duplex microstructures, the particles must be used to control grain coarsening. The insoluble dispersoid particles are present in the alloy at the temperature at which superplastic forming is conducted. The role of the dispersoid particles in restricting grain growth where several dispersoid particles produce substantial distortions in a grain
9 62 boundary. The dispersoid particles are roughly 0.1µm in diameter, and the volume fraction of the dispersoids is close to RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The sheet was polished to a mirror-like finish, and etched using Keller s reagent for 15 seconds. It is evident that the as received sheet blank has an average grain size of 25 µm, which is not suitable for superplastic forming. Hence, the grain refinement technique was required to reduce the grain size. The final grain size was measured, and it was found to be less than 10µm.The specimen warm rolled up to 80% reduction, achieved the highest elongation to failure. That deformation beyond a strain of almost 80% does not create intense deformation zones around small particles. Increasing the amount of deformation beyond 80% does not produce a finer grain size, when the thermo-mechanical treatment process is used. A four step thermo-mechanical processing sequence has been devised for the grain refinement of 7075 Al. An overageing step is used to precipitate a high density of particles, larger than approximately 0.75µm in diameter. The deformation zones that form around the particles during subsequent rolling, serve as nucleation sites for recrystallising grains, when the alloy is rapidly heated above the recrystallisation temperature. To reduce the ageing time, the precipitate particles formed during overageing are generally be of the same order of strength as the matrix phase. However, the second phase particles are slightly harder than the matrix phase. If it is distributed uniformly as fine particles within the matrix, less cavitation during superplastic flow can occur. Figures 3.2 and 3.3 show the microstructure of the Al alloy before TMT (Thermomechanical treatment) and after TMT respectively.
10 63 Figure 3.2 Microstructure of the Al 7075 (before TMT) Figure 3.3 Microstructure of the Al 7075 (after TMT)
11 SUMMARY Grain refinement and grain size control are essential for superplasticity. The methods selected for use in a particular case, depend on the nature of the alloy system. Recrystallisation is useful for grain refinement in alloys that cannot be grain refined by other methods. Particles are useful to control the recrystallisation process, and have been used for grain refinement by recrystallisation. The modified thermomechanical treatment was used to reduce the overall cycle time without change in the final grain size.
Wrought Aluminum I - Metallurgy
Wrought Aluminum I - Metallurgy Northbrook, IL www.imetllc.com Copyright 2015 Industrial Metallurgists, LLC Course learning objectives Explain the composition and strength differences between the alloy
More informationTHE INFLUENCE OF THERMO MECHANICAL TREATMENT ON RECRYSTALLIZATION OF AlMg4.5Cu0.5 ALLOY
Association of Metallurgical Engineers of Serbia AMES Review paper UDC:669.715 721 3-152-174=20 THE INFLUENCE OF THERMO MECHANICAL TREATMENT ON RECRYSTALLIZATION OF AlMg4.5Cu0.5 ALLOY LJ. RADOVIĆ 1, M.
More informationMicrostructure Characterization of Friction Stir Welded Aluminum Alloy 7050
Microstructure Characterization of Friction Stir Welded Aluminum Alloy 7050 T. W. Nelson 1, J.Q. Su 1, R.J. Steel 1 M.W. Mahoney 2 R.S. Mishra 3 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Brigham Young University,
More informationEFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF 6061 ALUMINUM ALLOY
Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 6061 Aluminum Alloy EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF 6061 ALUMINUM ALLOY J. Ridhwan 1*, J.
More informationThree stages: Annealing Textures. 1. Recovery 2. Recrystallisation most significant texture changes 3. Grain Growth
Three stages: Annealing Textures 1. Recovery 2. Recrystallisation most significant texture changes 3. Grain Growth Cold worked 85% Cold worked 85% + stress relieved at 300 C for 1 hr Cold worked 85% +
More informationChapter 7: Dislocations and strengthening mechanisms. Strengthening by grain size reduction
Chapter 7: Dislocations and strengthening mechanisms Mechanisms of strengthening in metals Strengthening by grain size reduction Solid-solution strengthening Strain hardening Recovery, recrystallization,
More informationChapter 5. Aluminum Alloys. /MS371/ Structure and Properties of Engineering Alloys
Chapter 5 Aluminum Alloys Main characteristics light / non- properties high next to Ag, Cu, Au, Cr Al is similar with ceramics in the periodic table cast Al: for structure such as vehicle s transmission
More informationStrengthening Mechanisms
Strengthening Mechanisms The ability of a metal/ alloy to plastically deform depends on the ability of dislocations to move. Strengthening techniques rely on restricting dislocation motion to render a
More informationChapter 8: Strain Hardening and Annealing
Slide 1 Chapter 8: Strain Hardening and Annealing 8-1 Slide 2 Learning Objectives 1. Relationship of cold working to the stress-strain curve 2. Strain-hardening mechanisms 3. Properties versus percent
More informationKinetics - Heat Treatment
Kinetics - Heat Treatment Nonequilibrium Cooling All of the discussion up till now has been for slow cooling Many times, this is TOO slow, and unnecessary Nonequilibrium effects Phase changes at T other
More informationMicrostructural evolution of Al Zn Mg Cu (Sc) alloy during hot extrusion and heat treatments
Journal of Materials Processing Technology 155 156 (2004) 1330 1336 Microstructural evolution of Al Zn Mg Cu (Sc) alloy during hot extrusion and heat treatments Dong-Woo Suh a,, Sang-Yong Lee a, Kyong-Hwan
More informationModule-6. Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms
Module-6 Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms Contents 1) Dislocations & Plastic deformation and Mechanisms of plastic deformation in metals 2) Strengthening mechanisms in metals 3) Recovery, Recrystallization
More informationPhase Transformations in Metals Tuesday, December 24, 2013 Dr. Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, PE 1
Ferrite - BCC Martensite - BCT Fe 3 C (cementite)- orthorhombic Austenite - FCC Chapter 10 Phase Transformations in Metals Tuesday, December 24, 2013 Dr. Mohammad Suliman Abuhaiba, PE 1 Why do we study
More informationEffect of zirconium addition on the recrystallization behaviour of a commercial Al Cu Mg alloy
Bull. Mater. Sci., Vol. 4, No. 6, December 001, pp. 643 648. Indian Academy of Sciences. Effect of zirconium addition on the recrystallization behaviour of a commercial Al Cu Mg alloy K T KASHYAP Department
More informationObjective To study the time and temperature variations in the hardness of Al-4% Cu alloy on isothermal aging.
EXPERIMENT 8 PRECIPITATION HARDENING IN 2024 ALUMINUM Objective To study the time and temperature variations in the hardness of Al-4% Cu alloy on isothermal aging. Introduction Materials can be hardened
More informationComparison of Properties of Extruded 6xxx Alloys in T5 Temper versus T6 Temper
Proceedings of the 9 th International Conference on Aluminium Alloys (2004) Edited by J.F. Nie, A.J. Morton and B.C. Muddle Institute of Materials Engineering Australasia Ltd 300 Comparison of Properties
More informationCHAPTER INTRODUCTION
1 CHAPTER-1 1.0 INTRODUCTION Contents 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 Aluminium alloys 2 1.2 Aluminium alloy classification 2 1.2.1 Aluminium alloys (Wrought) 3 1.2.2 Heat treatable alloys (Wrought). 3 1.2.3 Aluminum
More informationRecrystallization Theoretical & Practical Aspects
Theoretical & Practical Aspects 27-301, Microstructure & Properties I Fall 2006 Supplemental Lecture A.D. Rollett, M. De Graef Materials Science & Engineering Carnegie Mellon University 1 Objectives The
More informationMICROSTRUCTURES AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ULTRAFINE GRAINED AlMgSi ALLOY PROCESSED BY ECAP AND IT S THERMAL STABILITY.
MICROSTRUCTURES AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ULTRAFINE GRAINED AlMgSi ALLOY PROCESSED BY ECAP AND IT S THERMAL STABILITY. Kovářík Tomáš a Zrník Jozef b a ZČU, Univerzitní 22, 306 14 Plzeň, ČR, kt3@seznam.cz
More informationThin Products < 75 mm 7055-T7751. Strength (MPa) 500. Thick Products mm Year First Used in Aircraft
Strength and (Extrinsic) Corrosion Resistance Improvements in New 7XXX-Series Alloys - Relative to 7075-T651 All Alloys Still Need Corrosion Protection Schemes 700 650 600 Corrosion Resistance Low Medium
More informationStrengthening Mechanisms. Today s Topics
MME 131: Lecture 17 Strengthening Mechanisms Prof. A.K.M.B. Rashid Department of MME BUET, Dhaka Today s Topics Strengthening strategies: Grain strengthening Solid solution strengthening Work hardening
More informationExperimental investigation on the rectangular cup formability of Al-alloy sheet by superplastic forming technique
Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Vol. 73, January 2014, pp. 46-50 Experimental investigation on the rectangular cup formability of Al-alloy sheet by superplastic forming technique G Kumaresan
More informationExperimental and theoretical investigation of the microstructural evolution in aluminium alloys during extrusion
Computational Methods and Experiments in Materials Characterisation IV 209 Experimental and theoretical investigation of the microstructural evolution in aluminium alloys during extrusion T. Kayser, F.
More informationTHE INFLUENCE OF ECAP ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF A TWIN-ROLL CAST. Al-Mn-Fe-Si-Zr ALLOY. Přemysl Málek, Michaela Poková and Miroslav Cieslar
THE INFLUENCE OF ECAP ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF A TWIN-ROLL CAST Al-Mn-Fe-Si-Zr ALLOY Přemysl Málek, Michaela Poková and Miroslav Cieslar Department of Physics of Materials, Faculty of Mathematics and
More informationCHAPTER 4 1/1/2016. Mechanical Properties of Metals - I. Processing of Metals - Casting. Hot Rolling of Steel. Casting (Cont..)
Processing of Metals - Casting CHAPTER 4 Mechanical Properties of Metals - I Most metals are first melted in a furnace. Alloying is done if required. Large ingots are then cast. Sheets and plates are then
More informationPart VII. Miscellaneous topics
Part VII. Miscellaneous topics Module 1 : Recovery and recrystallisation Part VII. Miscellaneous topics In this part, we discuss the recovery, recrystallisation and grain growth processes; though these
More informationChapter 7: Plastic deformation, Strengthening and Recrystallisation of Metals
Chapter 7: Plastic deformation, Strengthening and Recrystallisation of Metals What do I need to know? The Mechanism of Plastic formation in single and polycrystalline metals The slip mechanism The slip
More informationIntroduction to Engineering Materials ENGR2000 Chapter 7: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms. Dr. Coates
Introduction to Engineering Materials ENGR2000 Chapter 7: Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms Dr. Coates An edge dislocation moves in response to an applied shear stress dislocation motion 7.1 Introduction
More informationThe Science and Engineering of Materials, 4 th ed Donald R. Askeland Pradeep P. Phulé. Chapter 7 Strain Hardening and Annealing
The Science and Engineering of Materials, 4 th ed Donald R. Askeland Pradeep P. Phulé Chapter 7 Strain Hardening and Annealing 1 Objectives of Chapter 7 To learn how the strength of metals and alloys is
More informationrelated to the welding of aluminium are due to its high thermal conductivity, high
Chapter 7 COMPARISON FSW WELD WITH TIG WELD 7.0 Introduction Aluminium welding still represents a critical operation due to its complexity and the high level of defect that can be produced in the joint.
More informationSTRENGTHENING MECHANISM IN METALS
Background Knowledge Yield Strength STRENGTHENING MECHANISM IN METALS Metals yield when dislocations start to move (slip). Yield means permanently change shape. Slip Systems Slip plane: the plane on which
More informationRecrystallization textures in metals and alloys
Recrystallization textures in metals and alloys Uniaxial deformation Aluminium wire F.C.C. Metals and alloys FCC wires retain deformation texture ([111]+[100]) upon recrystallisation Composition / Purity
More informationIntroduction to Heat Treatment. Introduction
MME444 Heat Treatment Sessional Week 01 Introduction to Heat Treatment Prof. A.K.M.B. Rashid Department of MME BUET, Dhaka Introduction Can you control the microstructure that formed during cooling of
More informationFundamentals of Plastic Deformation of Metals
We have finished chapters 1 5 of Callister s book. Now we will discuss chapter 10 of Callister s book Fundamentals of Plastic Deformation of Metals Chapter 10 of Callister s book 1 Elastic Deformation
More informationACCUMULATIVE ROLL BONDING TECHNOLOGY OF ALUMINUM ALLOYS. Stefano ARGENTERO
Abstract ACCUMULATIVE ROLL BONDING TECHNOLOGY OF ALUMINUM ALLOYS Stefano ARGENTERO Centro Sviluppo Materiali S.p.A., Via di Castel Romano 100, s.argentero@c-s-m.it The Accumulative Roll Bonding (ARB) is
More informationCREEP CREEP. Mechanical Metallurgy George E Dieter McGraw-Hill Book Company, London (1988)
CREEP CREEP Mechanical Metallurgy George E Dieter McGraw-Hill Book Company, London (1988) Review If failure is considered as change in desired performance*- which could involve changes in properties and/or
More informationThe Effect of Microstructure on Mechanical Properties of Forged 6061 Aluminum Alloy
Proceedings of the 9 th International Conference on Aluminium Alloys (2004) Edited by J.F. Nie, A.J. Morton and B.C. Muddle Institute of Materials Engineering Australasia Ltd 1382 The Effect of Microstructure
More informationEngineering Materials
Engineering Materials Heat Treatments of Ferrous Alloys Annealing Processes The term annealing refers to a heat treatment in which a material is exposed to an elevated temperature for an extended time
More informationMetallurgical Influences on Anodising Qualities
Brighter ideas with aluminum Metallurgical Influences on Anodising Qualities ESTAL Congress 21./22.09.2009 Dr. mont. Andreas Tesch Content 1. Who is Novelis? 2. General Influences on the anodising result
More informationME 254 MATERIALS ENGINEERING 1 st Semester 1431/ rd Mid-Term Exam (1 hr)
1 st Semester 1431/1432 3 rd Mid-Term Exam (1 hr) Question 1 a) Answer the following: 1. Do all metals have the same slip system? Why or why not? 2. For each of edge, screw and mixed dislocations, cite
More informationof Metal Alloys This is just an extension of the previous chapter Hardenability of Steels: The Jominy Test
Chapter 11 Applications and Processing of Metal Alloys This is just an extension of the previous chapter Hardenability of Steels: The Jominy Test As usual, everything is standardized! After the Jominy
More informationMicrostructural Evolution of 6061 Al Alloy during Cyclic Semi-Solid Heat Treatment
American Journal of Materials Science 2014, 4(1): 39-44 DOI: 10.5923/j.materials.20140401.06 Microstructural Evolution of 6061 Al Alloy during Cyclic Semi-Solid Heat Treatment Naglaa Fathy Physics Department,
More informationPrecipitation Hardening. Outline. Precipitation Hardening. Precipitation Hardening
Outline Dispersion Strengthening Mechanical Properties of Steel Effect of Pearlite Particles impede dislocations. Things that slow down/hinder/impede dislocation movement will increase, y and TS And also
More informationKeywords: Al-Mg alloys, chemical composition, cold deformation, recovery, heating rate, recrystallization
The influence of thermomechanical treatment and chemical composition on recrystallization of Al-Mg alloys Lj.Radović 1,a, M.Nikačević 1,b, M.Popović 2,c, E.Romhanji 2,d 1 Military Technical Institute,
More informationChapter 8 Strain Hardening and Annealing
Chapter 8 Strain Hardening and Annealing This is a further application of our knowledge of plastic deformation and is an introduction to heat treatment. Part of this lecture is covered by Chapter 4 of
More informationMetal working: Deformation processing II. Metal working: Deformation processing II
Module 28 Metal working: Deformation processing II Lecture 28 Metal working: Deformation processing II 1 Keywords : Difference between cold & hot working, effect of macroscopic variables on deformation
More informationMECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ALUMINIUM ALLOYS FOR TRANSPORT AND STORAGE CASK AFTER LONG TERM STORAGE
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ALUMINIUM ALLOYS FOR TRANSPORT AND STORAGE CASK AFTER LONG TERM STORAGE D.Ishiko, Y.Kawahara, T.Maeguchi, R.Yamamoto, J.Kishimoto Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, LTD 2015 MITSUBISHI
More informationArch. Metall. Mater. 62 (2017), 3,
Arch. Metall. Mater. 62 (2017), 3, 1473-1477 DOI: 10.1515/amm-2017-0228 D. HAUSEROVA* #, J. DLOUHY*, J. KOTOUS* STRUCTURE REFINEMENT OF SPRING STEEL 51CrV4 AFTER ACCELERATED SPHEROIDISATION Material research
More informationThe Effect of Sc on the Recrystallisation Resistance and Hardness of an Extruded and Subsequently Cold Rolled Al-Mn-Mg-Zr Alloy
Proceedings of the 9 th International Conference on Aluminium Alloys (4) 121 Edited by J.F. Nie, A.J. Morton and B.C. Muddle Institute of Materials Engineering Australasia Ltd The Effect of Sc on the Recrystallisation
More informationAging and Mechanical Behavior of Be-Treated 7075 Aluminum Alloys
Aging and Mechanical Behavior of Be-Treated 7075 Aluminum Alloys Mahmoud M. Tash, S. Alkahtani Abstract The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of pre-aging and aging parameters (time
More informationChapter 9 Heat treatment (This chapter covers selective sections in Callister Chap. 9, 10 &11)
Chapter 9 Heat treatment (This chapter covers selective sections in Callister Chap. 9, 10 &11) Study theme outcomes: After studying this chapter, students should or should be able to: - know and understand
More informationSolid State Transformations
Solid State Transformations Symmetrical Tilt Boundary The misorientation θ between grains can be described in terms of dislocations (Fig. 1). Inserting an edge dislocation of Burgers vector b is like forcing
More informationTutorial 2 : Crystalline Solid, Solidification, Crystal Defect and Diffusion
Tutorial 1 : Introduction and Atomic Bonding 1. Explain the difference between ionic and metallic bonding between atoms in engineering materials. 2. Show that the atomic packing factor for Face Centred
More informationPhase change processes for material property manipulation BY PROF.A.CHANDRASHEKHAR
Phase change processes for material property manipulation BY PROF.A.CHANDRASHEKHAR Introduction The phase of a material is defined as a chemically and structurally homogeneous state of material. Any material
More information(12) 1. Just one True and False question and a couple of multiple choice calculations, circle one answer for each problem, no partial credit.
(1) 1. Just one True and False question and a couple of multiple choice calculations, circle one answer for each problem, no partial credit. The next page is left blank for your use, but no partial will
More informationRecrystallisation in a rapidly annealed low cost β- titanium alloy
University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2012 Recrystallisation in a rapidly annealed low cost β- titanium alloy Quoc
More informationHeat Treatment of Steels : Metallurgical Principle
Heat Treatment of Steels : Metallurgical Principle Outlines: Fe ad Fe-Fe 3 C system Phases and Microstructure Fe-Fe 3 C Phase Diaram General Physical and Mechanical Properties of each Microstructure Usanee
More informationCryorolling of Al 5083 Alloy: Microstructure and Mechanical Properties at Various Post Annealing Temperatures
International Journal of Current Science, Engineering & Technology Original Research Article Open Access AMCT 2017 Malaysia Special Issue ISSN : 2581-4311 Cryorolling of Al 5083 Alloy: Microstructure and
More informationIntroduction to Aluminum Sheet
Introduction to Aluminum Sheet The Aluminum Association Presenter Russ Long Arconic Chief Engineer Ground Transportation Products Presenter Rashmi Mohanty, Ph.D. Novelis Principal Scientist, R&D Automotive
More informationSUPPRESSION OF ABNORMAL GRAIN GROWTH IN FRICTION-STIR WELDED 6061-T6 ALUMINUM ALLOY BY PRE-STRAIN ROLLING
Published in the Proceedings of the 16th International Aluminum Alloys Conference (ICAA16) 2018 ISBN: 978-1-926872-41-4 by the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy & Petroleum SUPPRESSION OF ABNORMAL
More informationModule 29. Precipitation from solid solution I. Lecture 29. Precipitation from solid solution I
Module 29 Precipitation from solid solution I Lecture 29 Precipitation from solid solution I 1 Keywords : Properties of two phase alloys, super saturated solid solutions, historical perspective, solution
More informationULTRA-FINE GRAINED Al-Mg-Sc BASED ALLOYS STUDIED BY IN-SITU TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY. Karel DÁM a, Pavel LEJČEK b
ULTRA-FINE GRAINED Al-Mg-Sc BASED ALLOYS STUDIED BY IN-SITU TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY Karel DÁM a, Pavel LEJČEK b a Department of Metals and Corrosion Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology
More informationSTUDIES ON MICROSTRUCTUREAND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OFMODIFIED LM25 ALUMINIUM ALLOY
STUDIES ON MICROSTRUCTUREAND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OFMODIFIED LM25 ALUMINIUM ALLOY Venkatachalam G 1, Kumaravel A 2,Arun Kumar N 3, Dhanasekaran Rajagopal 4 1,2,4 Department of Mechanical Engineering,
More informationEvaluation of Mechanical Behaviour of Friction Stir Processing of AA6061
Evaluation of Mechanical Behaviour of Friction Stir Processing of AA6061 Ranjeet Singh Yadav 1, Mr. Rajesh 2, Narender Kaushik 3 1 M.Tech Research Scholar, (M&A), UIET, MDU, Rohtak 2 Assistant Professor,
More informationFatigue life estimation of Aluminium Alloy reinforced with SiC particulates in annealed conditions
18 TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPOSITE MATERIALS Abstract Fatigue life estimation of Aluminium Alloy reinforced with SiC particulates in annealed conditions D. P. Myriounis, S.T.Hasan Sheffield Hallam
More informationEFFECTS OF FILLER WIRE AND CURRENT ON THE JOINING CHARACTERISTICS OF Al Li Cu ALLOY USING TIG WELDING
EFFECTS OF FILLER WIRE AND CURRENT ON THE JOINING CHARACTERISTICS OF Al Li Cu ALLOY USING TIG WELDING A. Chennakesava Reddy Professor & Head Department of Mechanical Engineering, JNTU College of Engineering
More informationRapidly Solidified Fe-Mn-based Shape Memory Alloys P. Donner, E. Hornbogen, Institut fur Werkstoffe, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D Bochum
267 Rapidly Solidified Fe-Mn-based Shape Memory Alloys P. Donner, E. Hornbogen, Institut fur Werkstoffe, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D - 4630 Bochum Introduction Meltspinning is a method well suited to obtain
More informationEFFECT OF STRAIN LEVEL ON RECRYSTALLISATION RESPONSE OF AA8006 AND AA8011 THIN STRIPS
EFFECT OF STRAIN LEVEL ON RECRYSTALLISATION RESPONSE OF AA8006 AND AA8011 THIN STRIPS M. Slámová a VÚK Panenské Břežany, s.r.o., Panenské Břežany 50, 250 70 Odolena Voda, Czech Republic, e-mail: vuk@volny.cz
More informationSchematic representation of the development of microstructure. during the equilibrium solidification of a 35 wt% Ni-65 wt% Cu alloy
Schematic representation of the development of microstructure during the equilibrium solidification of a 35 wt% Ni-65 wt% Cu alloy At 1300 ºC (point a) the alloy is in the liquid condition This continues
More informationThe Development of the High Strength Aluminum Alloy Wire
Special Issue OneF Automotive Technology The Development of the High Strength Aluminum Alloy Wire Sho Yoshida *, Shigeki Sekiya *, Kengo Mitose * The development of the high strength aluminum alloy wire,
More information{001} Texture Map of AA5182 Aluminum Alloy for High Temperature Uniaxial Compression
Materials Transactions, Vol., No. (00) pp. 6 to 67 #00 The Japan Institute of Light Metals {00} Texture Map of AA8 Aluminum Alloy for High Temperature Uniaxial Compression Hyeon-Mook Jeong*, Kazuto Okayasu
More informationG. K. Triantafyllidis, I. Kiligaridis, D. I. Zagkliveris, I. Orfanou, S. Spyridopoulou, E. Mitoudi-Vagourdi, S. Semertzidou
Materials Sciences and Applications, 2015, 6, 86-94 Published Online January 2015 in SciRes. http://www.scirp.org/journal/msa http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/msa.2015.61011 Characterization of the A6060 Al Alloy
More informationFabrication of Bulk Nanocrystalline and Ultrafine Grain Materials by Friction Stir Processing
Fabrication of Bulk Nanocrystalline and Ultrafine Grain Materials by Friction Stir Processing Jian-Qing Su, Tracy W. Nelson and Colin J. Sterling Brigham Young University Provo, UT 84602 jqs@et.byu.edu
More informationPhysical Metallurgy Friday, January 28, 2011; 8:30 12:00 h
Physical Metallurgy Friday, January 28, 2011; 8:30 12:00 h Always motivate your answers All sub-questions have equal weight in the assessment Question 1 Precipitation-hardening aluminium alloys are, after
More informationChapter 7 Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms. Dr. Feras Fraige
Chapter 7 Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms Dr. Feras Fraige Chapter Outline Dislocations and Strengthening Mechanisms What is happening in material during plastic deformation? Dislocations and
More informationEffect of titanium additions to low carbon, low manganese steels on sulphide precipitation
University of Wollongong Thesis Collections University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Year 2008 Effect of titanium additions to low carbon, low manganese steels on sulphide precipitation
More informationMicrostructural changes during superplastic deformation of Fe 24Cr 7Ni 3Mo 0.14N duplex stainless steel
Materials Science and Engineering A266 (1999) 276 284 Microstructural changes during superplastic deformation of Fe 24Cr 7Ni 3Mo 0.14N duplex stainless steel Young S. Han, Soon H. Hong * Department of
More informationDevelopment of a High-Deformability Linepipe with Resistance to Strain-aged Hardening by HOP (Heat-treatment On-line Process)
JFE TECHNICAL REPORT No. 12 (Oct. 28) Development of a High-Deformability Linepipe with Resistance to Strain-aged Hardening by HOP (Heat-treatment On-line Process) OKATSU Mitsuhiro *1 SHIKANAI Nobuo *2
More informationGRAIN REFINEMENT AND TEXTURE CHANGE IN INTERSTITIAL FREE STEELS AFTER SEVERE ROLLING AND ULTRA-SHORT ANNEALING
Materials Science Forum Online: 2004-10-15 ISSN: 1662-9752, Vols. 467-470, pp 287-292 doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.467-470.287 2004 Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland Citation & Copyright (to be
More informationEvaluation of Mechanical Properties of A356 Alloy Based Hybrid Composite at Different Aging Conditions
International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 6, Issue 8, August 2016 355 Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of A356 Alloy Based Hybrid Composite at Different Aging Conditions
More informationBFF1113 Engineering Materials DR. NOOR MAZNI ISMAIL FACULTY OF MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING
BFF1113 Engineering Materials DR. NOOR MAZNI ISMAIL FACULTY OF MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING Course Guidelines: 1. Introduction to Engineering Materials 2. Bonding and Properties 3. Crystal Structures & Properties
More informationINFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT ON MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF ALUMINIUM- 7075/SILCON CARBIDE COMPOSITES MANUFACTURED BY SQUEEZE CASTING PROCESS
Influence of heat treatment on mechanical behavior. INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT ON MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF ALUMINIUM- 7075/SILCON CARBIDE COMPOSITES MANUFACTURED BY SQUEEZE CASTING PROCESS P. Laxminarayana
More informationRecrystallization. Chapter 7
Chapter 7 Recrystallization 7.1 INTRODUCTION The earlier chapters have described creep as a process where dislocation hardening is accompanied by dynamic recovery. It should be discussed at this point
More informationDamage Identification in Creep of Aluminium Alloy 2650-T8
Damage Identification in Creep of Aluminium Alloy 2650-T8 A. Djakovic 1, B. F. Dyson 2 and M. McLean 2 1 YU POINT DOO, Francuska 6, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro, a_djakovic@yahoo.com, alex@eph.point-group.com
More informationChapter 7. Stainless Steels. /MS371/ Structure and Properties of Engineering Alloys
Chapter 7 Stainless Steels Stainless steels at least % Cr in iron is required (max 30% Cr) Cr: to make iron surface by forming a surface oxide film protecting the underlying metal from corrosion Ni: to
More informationResearch Article Efficiency of Butt-Welded Joints of Low-Carbon Steel for Different Types of the Cooling Rate and Annealing Time
Cronicon OPEN ACCESS Mustafa A Rijab 1, Ali I Al-Mosawi 2 *, Muhannad A Al-Najar 1 1 Department of Mechanics, Technical Institute of Baquba, Iraq 2 Free Consultation, Babylon, Hilla, Iraq CHEMISTRY Research
More informationEffect of Heat Treatment on Interfacial Strengthening Mechanisms of Second Phase Particulate Reinforced Aluminium Alloy
24-26.5.2005, Hradec nad Moravici Effect of Heat Treatment on Interfacial Strengthening Mechanisms of Second Phase Particulate Reinforced Aluminium Alloy S.T. Hasan Faculty of Arts, Computing, Engineering
More informationEffect of Ti Addition and Mechanical Alloying on Mechanical Properties of an AA7050 Extruded Aluminium Alloy. Brazil
Effect of Ti Addition and Mechanical Alloying on Mechanical Properties of an AA7050 Extruded Aluminium Alloy K. R. Cardoso 1, V. Sinka 1, A. García Escorial 2, M. Lieblich 2 1 IP&D UNIVAP, Av. Shishima
More informationProperties of Ceramic Materials
1-5 Superplasticity: There are two basic types of superplasticity, termed transformation and structural superplasticity respectively. (A third type of superplasticity, termed temperature-cycling superplasticity,
More informationEffect of Ti on Charpy Fracture Energy and Other Mechanical Properties of ASTM A 710 Grade B Cu-Precipitation-Strengthened Steel
To be presented at Materials Science & Technology 2009 Conference (MS&T 09) October 25-29, 2009, Pittsburgh, PA Effect of Ti on Charpy Fracture Energy and Other Mechanical Properties of ASTM A 710 Grade
More informationSTRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF ALUMINUM ALLOYS WITH ADDITIONS OF TRANSITION METALS PRODUCED VIA COUPLED RAPID SOLIDIFICATION AND HOT EXTRUSION
STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF ALUMINUM ALLOYS WITH ADDITIONS OF TRANSITION METALS PRODUCED VIA COUPLED RAPID SOLIDIFICATION AND HOT EXTRUSION KULA Anna 1, BLAZ Ludwik 1 1 AGH University of Science and Technology,
More informationHeat treatment and effects of Cr and Ni in low alloy steel
Bull. Mater. Sci., Vol. 34, No. 7, December 2011, pp. 1439 1445. Indian Academy of Sciences. Heat treatment and effects of Cr and Ni in low alloy steel MOHAMMAD ABDUR RAZZAK Materials and Metallurgical
More informationEffects of Wavy Roll-Forming on Textures in AZ31B Magnesium Alloy
Materials Transactions, Vol. 49, No. 5 (8) pp. 995 to 999 Special Issue on Platform Science and Technology for Advanced Magnesium Alloys, IV #8 The Japan Institute of Metals Effects of Wavy Roll-Forming
More informationInfluence of Phosphorus on Deformation Mechanism and Mechanical Properties of IN718 Alloy
Superalloys 718, 625, 706 and Derivatives 2005 Edited by E.A. Loria TMS (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society), 2005 Influence of Phosphorus on Deformation Mechanism and Mechanical Properties of IN718
More informationUniversity of Pretoria Z Tang (2006) Chapter 8 Studies of acicular ferrite by thin foil TEM CHAPTER 8 STUDIES OF ACICULAR FERRITE BY THIN FOIL TEM
CHAPTER 8 STUDIES OF ACICULAR FERRITE BY THIN FOIL TEM 8.1 Acicular ferrite morphology in experimental alloys The optical micrographs in figure 7.29 for the alloys after rapid cooling at a rate of 47 ºCs
More informationEvaluation of a New High Temperature Cast Aluminum for Cylinder Head Applications
2018 AFS Proceedings of the 122nd Metalcasting Congress, Fort Worth, Texas Paper 18-034 (7 pages) Page 1 Evaluation of a New High Temperature Cast Aluminum for Cylinder Head Applications Qigui Wang, Devin
More informationDiffusional Transformations in Solids
Diffusional Transformations in Solids The majority of phase transformations that occur in the solid state take place by thermally activated atomic movements. The transformations that will be dealt with
More informationGROWTH BEHAVIOR OF GH720LI ALLOY
THE EFFECT OF PRIMARY γ DISTRIBUTION ON GRAIN GROWTH BEHAVIOR OF GH720LI ALLOY Maicang Zhang, Jianxin Dong, Zhongnan Bi, Qiuying Yu University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P R China
More informationChemical Processing Equipment. Distillation Towers. Oil Refineries
410S STAINLESS STEEL Chemical Processing Equipment Distillation Towers Oil Refineries Trays TYPE 410S is a low-carbon, non-hardening ferritic stainless steel. The ability to cool from elevated temperatures
More informationRecrystallization behavior of in-situ synthesized MgAl 2 O 4 whiskers reinforced 6061 aluminum alloy composites
Recrystallization behavior of in-situ synsized MgAl 2 O 4 whiskers reinforced 6061 aluminum alloy composites Geng Hao, Chunsheng Shi, Naiqin Zhao Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials,
More information