Fundamentals of. Steel Product. Graduate Institute of Ferrous Metallurgy
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1 Fundamentals of Steel Product Physical Metallurgy B.C. De Cooman Graduate Institute of Ferrous Metallurgy Pohang University of Science and Technology, South Korea J.G Speer Advanced Steel Products and Processing Research Center Colorado School of Mines, USA
2 Table of Contents 1. Introduction I 1.1 A definition of steel Steel production routes The uses of steel Steel and non-ferrous metals Steel and the lightweight materials challenge Fundamental Characteristics of Fe Nuclear properties of the Fe atom The allotropic transformations of pure Fe Electronic and magnetic properties of Fe Thermodynamics of the allotropic formations in pure Fe Point defects in the Fe lattice Mechanical effects Electronic effects Chemical effects Vacancies Substitutional and interstitial impurities Diffusion in Fe Interstitial diffusion of C in Fe Interstitial diffusion of H in a-fe Grain boundaries in pure Fe Grain boundary diffusion Grain boundary segregation Grain-related concepts Surface properties of pure Fe Surface structure and surface segregation Oxidation of Fe Fundamental Reactions in the Fe-C, Fe-C-X and Multicomponent Alloy Systems Basic thermodynamic principles The Fe-C alloy system Transformations in Fe-C binary alloys Isothermal transformation kinetics Nucleation kinetics Empirical methods The martensitic transformation kinetics Non-isothermal transformation kinetics TTT and CCT diagrams and their practical use The y-»a transformation Ferrite formation Cementite precipitation in a-fe Growth of Fe3C from C-supersaturated ferrite Carbon-dislocation interactions Eutectoid transformation y-kx+ Fe3C: Pearlite The y-»fe3c transformation Austenite Decomposition in Fe-C-X Alloy Systems The Fe-X alloy systems Effect of alloying elements on the y-»oc reaction in Fe-C-X alloys The effect of alloying elements on the y-»pearlite reaction in Fe-C-X alloys 142
3 4.4 Effect of alloying on the austenite decomposition Carbon ( mass %) Manganese (0.3%-2%) Silicon Chromium Molybdenum ( mass %) Boron Niobium Effect of austenite grain size Effect of strain on the y-cx transformation Solubility of MX compounds Martensite General characteristics ofthe tnartensitic transformation Kinetics of the Martensite transformation: athermal and isothermal martensite Martensite in the Fe-C system Martensite in the Fe-Ni system Transformation to e-fe The tempering of martensite Bainite The Mechanical Behavior of Fe and Steel The elastic properties of Fe The plasticity of pure Fe Theoretical strength of Fe Dislocations and plastic strain Dislocations in a-fe Dislocations in Y-Fe Flow stress in b.c.c. and f.c.c. ferrous alloys Twinning in Fe Stress field around dislocations Dislocation-dislocation interactions Interactions between dislocations and solute atoms Cottrell interaction Stored energy release Formation of crystallographic texture in Fe and steels Strengthening Mechanisms Lattice friction Fundamental equation for strengthening mechanisms Solid solution hardening Strain hardening Grain boundary strengthening Precipitation strengthening Examples of precipitation strengthening in steels Cu-bearing steel (Ti, Mo)C precipitation strengthened Microalloyed steel 293 steels Fe-18Ni maraging steels Precipitation hardened austenitic stainless steels Hi-Cr ferritic steels Temperature dependence of the strengthening mechanisms Strength of the constituents from the decomposition of austenite Strength of pearlite Strength of bainite and acicular ferrite Strength of martensite Stress-strain behavior of steel Stress-strain relationships for multiphase steels Anisotropy Practical aspects of the r-value, n-value and m-value 316
4 6.11 Hardness Post-uniform strain and fracture Ductile-to-brittle fracture transition Fatigue Low-Carbon Steel Formable low-carbon sheet steel BA AK steels CA AK steels Interstitial-free (IF) steels TiNb IF steels Bake hardenable steels Solid solution strengthened steels Formable high-strength low-carbon steels Precipitation strengthened high-strength microalloyed steels Dual-phase steels Transformation strengthened steels High-strength, bainitic, ferrite-bainite and complex phase steels High-strength quench hardenable CMnB steels High-strength martensitic steel Advanced high-strength sheet steel in the automotive industry Structural CMn Steel Strengthening of structural CMn steels Weathering steels Shipbuilding Linepipe steels Pressure vessels High-Strength Engineering Steels Steel hardenability The Grossman hardenability prediction method Jominy test hardness profile calculation Normalizing and spherodizing Hardening Austenitizing Quenching Tempering Steel for surface hardening Carburizing Nitriding Steels for carburizing Steels for nitriding Steels for surface quenching Applications Stainless Steel Introduction The production of stainless steels The binary Fe-Cr system The binary Fe-Ni system Effect of alloying on the Fe-Cr-C alloy system: the Schaeffler diagram Carbide and nitride precipitation in stainless steels M23C6, MC, M6C and M7C3 carbides Cr2N nitride 487
5 10.7 Intermetallics in stainless steels: o-phase FeCr and 7' Ni3(Al,Ti) Stainless steel standards Corrosion of stainless steels Pitting corrosion Intergranular corrosion Stress-corrosion cracking Corrosion resistance-based classification scheme Mechanical properties Martensitic stainless steels Austenitic stainless steels Ferritic stainless steels Duplex stainless steels Specialty Steels Electrical steels Properties of electrical sheet steel Non-oriented electrical steels: semi-processed and fully processed grades Grain-oriented electrical steels Classification of electrical sheet steel Steels for vitreous enameling Enameling processes Low-carbon steel grades for enameling Open coil annealed enameling grades Ti-stabilized IF grades for enameling: DC06EK (FeK6) Hot rolled grades for enameling Enameling steel standards Machinable steels High-C wire rod steel for springs and high-strength wires Bearing steels Concrete reinforcement bar steels Steels for low and cryogenic temperature applications Maraging steels Rail steel Steels for tools, dies and instruments High-speed tool steels Steels for hot deformation Steels for cold deformation Steels for measuring instruments and gauges Steels for heavy section parts Steels for elevated temperature and power generation applications Hadfield Mn steel Engine valve steels Coated Sheet Steel Coated products market Perforation and cosmetic corrosion suppression Metal coated sheet Electrolytic coatings Hot-dip galvanized sheet steel Organic coated steel sheet (OCS) or coil coated sheet steel Post-treatments for coated steel sheet Current production methods for coated sheet steel Electrogalvanizing Hot-dip galvanizing Coil coating Application performance ofcoated sheet Coating formability 617
6 Coating adhesion Friction Powdering and flaking Joinability Phosphating Electro-paintability Paint adhesion Visual appearance Standardization: Classification Schemes for Steels 623
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