SUBJECT INDEX. Calcium, ductility, I 24 hot-shortness, 136, 137 Capacity of electric furnace, I, 5,8,9, 15, 16, 17,

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1 Acid furnace, oxygen use, 314, 315 Alloy steel ingot, production, 32, 33, 34 illphatron gauge for gases, 182 Alumina linings, ladles, vs ganister, Alumina-lime slag, 14 illuminum, deoxidation, 244 hot-shortness, 131, 132, 137, 138 inclusions, 127, 128, 131 segregation, 101 solidification, 74, 75, 79 Analysis of Variance, 203, 204 Annual dinner, address, men money and machines, opening remarks, 328 reply by outgoing chairman, 328, 329 toastmaster's introductions, 329, 330 Arc furnace vs open hearth, 300 Argon, flush degassing, 172, 173 Basic furnace, use of ore, Boiled ingots, hydrogen, 29 Brass, solidiiication, 76, 79 Broad view of electric furnace steelmaking, 5-46 Bronze, solidification, 76, 79, 86, 87 Busbar, seal, 35 C Calcium, ductility, I 24 hot-shortness, 136, 137 Capacity of electric furnace, I, 5,8,9, 15, 16, 17, 19 Carbon, effect on solidification, 65-68, 234, 235, 243 hot tearing, 243 segregation, 98 Carbon steel, electric furnace production, Casting, vacuum, 12, 13 Castings, green-sand, 171 SUBJECT INDEX Castings technical session, hot tearing ant1 ladle refractories, operations-bull session, Cerium, hot-shortness, 135, 136 Charge, grade B, 317, 318 preheater, Charpy impact test, 159, , Chart techniques for quality control, 202, 203 Chills, , 242 Chrome ore, cleanliness of stainless, 29 Chrome-nickel stainless ingots, inclusions, 96, '05 macrosegregation, microstructure, 96, 99, 100, split ingot structures, Chromium, recovery from slag, residual, 11 Chromium stainless ingots, inclusions, 96, 105 macrosegregation, microstructure, 96, 99, 100, split ingot structures, Cleanliness vs inclusions, 244, 245 Cold cracks, 221 Computing equipment, 205, 206 Cone forgeability test, 125 Control of quality and interpretation of results,.. hydrogen analysis, Converter, I 2 Copper, residual, I I solidification, 76, 79 Cost, fume control, 274 scrap, Cracks, 221 Cristobalite, expansion, 246 Crucible furnaces, 29 Degassing, inert flush, 172 vacuum, 12, 13, 19, 171 Density, killed steel, Deoxidation, FeO, 234, 235 hot-shortness, I type, 310,

2 Dolomite, 8 Ductility, deoxidizers, duplex structures, I 23, 124 hot, hot tearing, hot tensile test, 124, transverse, Duplex, Europe, 12 Dust and fume control, Dy-Chek, 93, 94, 96, 112 Electric furnace. See Furnace Electrode, 26 amorphous carbon, 10 consumption, I 2, 15 control, six, 24, 30 Soderberg type, 10 Electromagnetic stirring, I 2 Etching, high-strength steel, 150 stainless ingots, 93-97, , 1 I 7 European furnace melting, xothermic hot-top linings, Experimental design, care in planning needed, 204 FeO, deoxidation, Feedex exothermic hot top, Ferrochromium, 119, 141 Ferromolybdenum, 119, 141 Ferrotitaniurn, I 19 Ferrux exothermic hot top compound, 188, 189 Fiat steelworks, 15 Firebrick hot top, 90 Flow lines, definition, 221 L'oundry characteristics, Freezing characteristics, relationship to hot tearing and deoxidation, Fume control, Furnace, capacity, 5, 8, 9, 15, 16, 17, 19, 27 cost of scrap, electrodes, 10, 15, 17, 26, 36 six, 24,30 European, 6-20 Furnace, hearth, 8 lining, 8, 29 power, 10, 13, 14, '5, 19 progress, ZG-30 roof, 7, 8, 9, 15, 19, 24, 26 shell, 26 stirring, 12, 17, 27 time, 12, 17, 20 transformer, 34 Ganister ladle lining vs high-alumina, Gas cleaning, electric furnace, 263 Gas problems in solidificaiion, Gating, 226, 227, 228 General Session, 1-4 Grain size, stainless, I I Graphite electrodes, 10 Gray iron soliiification, 68-72, 87 Green-sand castings, I 71 H-iron, 285, 299 Heads, Heat of reaction, 317 Heat-transfer efficiency, High-strength steel, transverse ductility, 147- I59 Hot-ductility of type 310, Hot metal, cost, 299 Hot tearing problems, freezing characteristics, Hot tensile test, 124, Hot top, exothermic linings, firebrick, 91 top covering, 189, 190 Hot-shortness, cone forgeability, 12 j deoxidizers, duplex structures, 123, 124 hot tensile test, 124, hot twist test, 125. stainless, Hot twist test, 125 Hunt medal award, 19 Hydrogen, alphatron gauge, 182 analysis, rapid, boiled ingots, 29 solubility,

3 SUBJECT INDEX Inclusions, alumina, 127, 128, 131 calcium, 137 chromite, 126, 127 hot-shortness, I 24 silicate, 126, 127, 128, 133, 147 stainless, 92, 96, 105, 124 titanium nitride, 133 transverse ductility, 147 vanadium chromite, I 27 X-ray analysis, 105-IIO zirconium nitride, 133 Induction furnace, oxygen lance, 324 Induction stirring, 27 Ingot solidification, freezing, gray and nodular iron, hot tearing, nonferrous, sand molds, 60-68, 79 split structures, 92-96, I stainless, steel, 48-60, 195, 196 technical session, , wild, 29 Ingot structure, 221 transverse ductility, Ingot technical session, control of quality, fume control and scrap sources, Iron ore, 281, 282 Joint ~echnical session, broad view of electric furnace steelmaking, 5-46 solidification of electric furnace steels, 47- '73 Ladle refractories, alumina linings, bull ladle, cost, 249, ganister, silica, 246 zircon lining, zirconite linings, jo Lance, oxygen, 12, 29, 30 Lead, hot-shortness, 123 solidification, 74, 75, 77, 79 Liberian ore, 294 Lime, wet causes hydrogen problem, 29 Magnesia, 8 Manganese, hot ductility, 128, 130 Mathematics, analysis of variance, 203, 204 computing equipment, 205, 206 multiple correlation, 204, 205 trend analysis, cost of scrap, production, Melting practice, hot-shortness, Men, money and machines, Microstructure, hot-shortness, 123, 124 hot tearing, Moisture, adsorbed on samples, 183 Mold design, steel quality, 216, 21 7 Mold solidification, chill mold, feeding, freezing, sand, shapes, Mold volume, 146 Monel, solidification, 77, 79 Mu1 tiple correlation, 204, 205 Nickel, I 19 Nitrile rubber gasket, 3 j Nitrogen, solubility, Nodular iron solidification, 68-72, 89 Nonferrous solidification, Nucleation rate, stainless, I 16, I Officers, 1-4 Open hearth vs arc furnace, 300 Ore, 281, 282 additions, 214 basic furnace, heat of reaction, 317 Liberian, 294 phosphorous, I I pyrite ashes, 13 taconite pellets, 294 Oxidation metal loss, 31 I Oxygen, 29, 30, benefits in acid shop, 31 5, 3 20 carbon elimination, 214 consumption, I 2, 315

4 344 SUBJECT INDEX Oxygen, deoxidation, heat of reaction, 317 hot-shortness, 124, 128, 130 lance, 12 process converier, refining, '4, 3'4, 3'5, 3'6 solubility, storage, 314 vacuum degassing, I 71 Phosphorus, iron ore, I I segregation, 98, 99 Pig iron, 281, 282 charcoal, 286 desiliconized, Pinholes in castings, 171 Pipe, 220 Plant trips, I, 4 Plumbago crucible, 29 Porosity, 157,.158, , 244 stainless ingots, 93, 94 Power, 10, 13, 14, 15, 19, 319 Preheater, scrap, Produciion, European, 6-20 growth, 5-7 trend analysis, United States, 27 Progress in arc furnaces, Pyrite ashes, ore, 13 Pyrometer, immersion, 12. radiation, 302 Quality control, electric furnace shop, 212-2;s statistical methods and machines, Rammer, 256 Rare earths, cerium, 135, 136 hot-shortness, 124, 135, 136 Reducing slag, effect on quality, 216 Refractories, alumina, cost, 249, 253, 259, 260 ganister, ladle, silica, 246 zircon, zirconite, Residuals, I I Roof, 7, 8, 26 life, 15, 324, 325 suspended, g swing type, 19 Sampling, adsorbed moisture, 183 molten steel, 178, 179 refrigeration of samples, 183 solid materials, 179, 180 Sand mold, shapes, solidification, 60-68, 79 Scrap, cost, 299 price cycles, preheater, stainless, I 2 Thomas steel, I 2 virgin melting stock, Segregation, stainless, 92 macrosegregation, 94-10' Shell, 26 Shrinkage, 221 freezing characteristics, killed steel, outside shell, 142, 144 pipe cavity, , 220 Sievert law of solubility, 160 Significance tests, 203 Silica, 8 crucible, 29 expansion, 246 Silicon, deoxidation, , 244 hot-shortness, 124, , 137, 138 hot tearing, inclusions, 127, 128, 133, 147 pig iron, segregation, IOI Sillimanite, 8 Silver, hot-shortness, 123 Slag, alumina-lime, 14 basic chromium recovery, double, 12, 14 reducing, effect on quality, 216 single, 12, 14 Smoke and fume control, Soderberg-type electrodes, 10 Solidification, chrome nickel and siraight chrome, electric furnace steels, 47-91

5 SUBJECT INDEX 345 Solidification, freezing characteristics, Temperature measurement, immersion pyromgas problems, eter, 12 in ingot and sand molds, radiation pyrometer, 302 shrinkage and density, , 221 Termi steelworks, 15 stainless ingots, Thermal efficiency, 18 transverse ductility, Thermocouples, solidification rates, 49 Solubility of gas in metal, Spectrograph, 12 Split ingot structures, Sponge iron, 18, Thomas steel, I z Time, heat, 17, 20 tap, 12 Tin, hot-shortness, I 23 Stainless steel, growth rate, 116 residual, I I solidification of ingots, Titanium, hot-shortness, 124, 132, 133, 137, 138 type 310, deoxidation ant1 hot-ductility, inclusions, 132: 133, Training skilled workers, Statistical methods and machines, Transformer, cooling pump, 35 analysis of variance, 203, 204 development, 36 chart techniques, 202, 203, 213, 214 future needs, 34 computing equipment, 205, 206 Trend analysis, production, designed experiment, 204 multiple correlation, 204, 205 signscance tests, 203 Steel, killed, density, Steel production, growth, 5-7 trends, Stirring, electromagnetic, I 2 induction, 27 Sulphur, I I, I 2 hot metal, 294 hot tearing, 243 iron sulphide, 234, , 244 segregation, 98, 99 Supercooling, 93, 94 aconite pellets, 294 scrap cost, Vacuum'degassing, 12, 13, 19, 171 Vanadium, hot-shortness, 130, 13 I oxide on cleanliness, 29 Variance, quality, analysis, 203, 204 Virgin melting stock, Tap, changers, 26 temperature, 118 time, 12 Zirconite ladle linings, Temperature measurement, chromel-alumel Zirconium, hot-shortness, 134, 135 thermocouple, 49, 305 inclusions, 133, 134 A- X-ray, inclusion analysis, Yield, Europe, I 2 stainless, 92 Y