2.4 MANGANESE ORE. Al 2. : 7.5% (max) SiO 2. : 13% (max) 3. Ferro Manganese Mn : 38% (min) P : 0.2% (max) Mn : Fe ratio 2.5 : 1 (min), 7:1 (max)
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1 2.4 MANGANESE ORE Introduction Manganese ore is an indispensable raw material in the manufacture of steel where it is used in the form of ferro-manganese and also as a direct feed to the blast furnace. The important non-metallurgical uses of manganese ore are in the manufacture of dry battery and chemicals. In agriculture, it is used as a micronutrient for the plants. Manganese is also used in the manufacture of drier for paints and varnishes. It has important application in ceramic and glass industry as colouring agent. Manganese is also known for its decolorising properties. Chief manganese ore of commercial importance are (i) Pyrolusite (MnO 2, Mn 63.2%); (ii) Psilomalane (manganese oxide, containing water and varying amount of oxides of Ba, K and Na as impurities; Mn commonly 45-60%) (iii) Manganite (Mn 2 O 3 H 2 O, Mn 62.4%); and (iv) Braunite (3Mn 2 O 3, Mn SiO 3, Mn about 62% and SiO 2 about 10%). The important manganese ore deposits in India mainly occur as bedded sedimentary (metamorphosed) deposits associated with Gondite series (Archean) in Madhya Pradesh (Balaghat, Chhindwara, Jabalpur Jhabua and Katni districts), Maharashtra (Bhandara and Nagpur districts), Gujarat (Panchmahal and Chhota Udaipur districts), Odisha (Sundergarh district) and with Kodurite series (Archean) in Odisha(Koraput district), Andhra Pradesh (Srikakulam and Vizianagaram districts) and Telangana (Adilabad district). Manganese ore also occurs in the form of lateritoid deposits. These ores contain appreciable quantities of iron and vary from manganese ore to iron ores through every gradation. Such deposits occur in Jharkhand (Singhbhum West district), Karnataka (Belgaon, Bellary, Dawangere, Gadag, North Kanara, Tumkur, Chitradurga and Shimoga districts), Odisha (Keonjhar district), Rajasthan (Banswara and Jaipur districts) and West Bengal (Midnapur district). Goa also has important deposits of manganese ore. Basis of Grade Classification In the inventory as on resources of manganese ore have been classified into the following grades: 1. Battery/ MnO 2 : 72 % (min) Chemical grade Cu, Pb, Cr & Ni : in traces 2. Blast Furnace (BF) Mn : 25 to below 35% P : 0.2% (max) Al 2 O 3 : 7.5% (max) SiO 2 : 13% (max) 3. Ferro Manganese Mn : 38% (min) P : 0.2% (max) Mn : Fe ratio 2.5 : 1 (min), 7:1 (max) 4 Medium Grade Mn : 35 to 37% 5. Mixed Grade 6. Ferro-Manganese & Medium Mixed Grade 7. Medium & B.F. Mixed grade 8. Ferro -Manganese, Medium & B.F. Mixed grade. 9. Ferro-manganese & B.F Mixed Grade 10. Low Mn (+) 18% to (-) 25% 11. Beneficiable Mn : 10% (min.) 12. Others Estimation for marketable grades which could not be classified into above grades. 13. Unclassified The range of maximum and minimum value of chemical constituents is too wide to fit into any of the above grades. 14. Not known The information on chemical constituents are not available or potential/ actual use is not reported. Basis of Categorisation of Resources As per United Nations Framework Classification (UNFC), resources are broadly classified into 'reserves' and 'remaining resources'. According to the norms of this system, 'reserves' 1
2 of manganese ore have been placed under proved (111) and probable (121) & (122) categories. The 'remaining resources' have been placed under feasibility (211), pre-feasibility (221) & (222), measured (331), indicated (332), inferred (333) and reconnaissance (334) categories. Salient Features of the Inventory The total resources of manganese ore in the country as on are estimated at about 496 million tonnes, of these 93 million tonnes (19%) falls under 'reserve' category and 402 million tonnes (81%) are under 'remaining resource' category. Out of the total resources, about million tonnes (25%) have been placed in freehold, million tonnes (52%) in leasehold private and million tonnes (23%) in leasehold public areas. All India scenario of manganese ore reserves, remaining resources and total resources as on vis-a-vis have been given in Tables - 1 and 2. The tables give an idea about the significant changes in terms of increase and decrease of resources as per lease status, grade and states. In Table-3 district-wise reserves/ resources as on have been given. In the total resources, BF grade constitutes million tonnes (28%); Ferro manganese, medium and BF mixed grade million tonnes (16%); Medium grade million tonnes (11%); Medium and BF mixed grade million tonnes (10%); Ferro-manganese million tonnes(7%); Low grade (-25% Mn) million tonnes (6%); Ferro-manganese and BF mixed million tonnes (5%) and Mixed grade million tonnes (4%). About 42.6 million tonnes (8.6%) resources are placed under unclassified, not known and others grade, due to paucity of data for classifying these resources into any specific end use grade. A new grade namely Beneficiable was introduced in 2015 inventory and 19.4 million tonnes (4%) of resources are placed in this category. A meagre quantity of 0.2 million tonnes is placed under Battery/chemical grade. A comparison of grade wise resources as on vis-a-vis shows that there is an increase in resources in almost all grades except BF and Battery/ chemical grades (4% decrease) and unclassified and not known combined (32% decrease). Remarkeble increase in resources is recorded in Low grade (220%) and Ferro manganese, medium & BF mixed (21%) (Table -1). The state of Odisha has been endowed with the largest share of total resources of manganese ore in the country at 216 million tonnes (44%). These resources have mainly been distributed in 3 districts, namely Keonjhar (141 million tonnes), Sundergarh (72 million tonnes) and Bolangir (2 million tonnes). 2 Karnataka has 111 million tonnes (22%) resources estimated in nine districts, major being Chitradurga and North Kanara (29 million tonnes each), Bellary (25 million tonnes), Tumkur (19 million tonnes), Shimoga (4 million tonnes) and Belgaum district (3 million tonnes). Madhya Pradesh has 57.7 million tonnes (12%) resources mainly in Balaghat (41 million tonnes) and Jabalpur district (7.4 million tonnes). Maharashtra has 36.6 million tonnes (7%) resources estimated in Nagpur (20.5 million tonnes) and Bhandara (16 million tonnes) districts. Goa has 34.4 million tonnes (7%) of resources mostly found in South Goa (26.7 million tonnes). The balance 8% resources are accounted together by other states namely Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Rajasthan,Telangana and West Bengal. An increase of about million tonnes resources has been recorded in the inventory as on as compared to earlier inventory as on Of the total net increase of 26 million tonnes resources in Odisha, about 13.6 million tonnes have been accounted in Sundergarh district mainly due to addition of 6 new deposits (3 deposits each in leasehold private and freehold areas). In Keonjhar district, about 12.5 million tonnes resources increased due to addition of 1 leasehold (private) and 3 freehold deposits. In the state of Goa, an increase of 20.8 million tonnes of resources is reported from South Goa, due to addition of 5 new private leasehold deposits and reestimation of resources in 1 private leasehold deposit. In Karnataka, an addition of 14.9 million tonnes of resources is recorded. The increase is mainly due to reassessment of resources in one of the leasehold private deposit in Bellary district and addition of new leasehold private deposits, 4 in Chitradurga and 1 in Dawangere districts. In Maharashtra, a net increase of 2.5 million tonnes resources have been recorded mostly due to addition of one leasehold private and one freehold deposit in Nagpur district. In Madhya Pradesh, a net increase of 2 million tonnes resources have been recorded mostly due to addition of one leasehold public deposit in Balaghat district. The state of Telangana was carved out from Andhra Pradesh on 2nd June 2014, therefore when compared to 2010 resources, they are all additional resources for this state. Adilabad is the only district of Telangana reported manganese ore resources.
3 Table - 1 : Reserves/Resources of Manganese Ore as on (P) vis-à-vis (By Lease Status/Grade) (In '000 tonnes) Reserves Remaining resources Total resources Lease status/grade Net change Net change Net change All India : Total (-) (+) (+)65894 Battery/Chemical (-) (-) (-)1 85 Ferro-Manganese (-) (+) (+)1065 Medium (-) (+) (+)3955 BF (-) (+) (-)4 958 Mixed (-) (+) (+)7650 Medium & BF Mixed (-) (+) (+)3470 Medium & BF mixed (+) (+) (+)14020 Ferro Manganese & BF (+) (+) (+)9571 Low (-) 25 % Mn (+) (+) (+)20139 Others (+) (+) (+)3655 Unclassified (-) (+) (-)3 899 Not Known (-) (-) (-)7 938 Beneficiable (+) (+) (+)19351 Freehold : Total (-) (+) (+)10996 Battery/Chemical No change No change Ferro-Manganese (-) (-)1 704 Medium (-) (+) (+)116 BF (-) (+) (+)11824 Mixed No change No change Medium & BF Mixed (+) (+)22 Medium & BF mixed (+) (+)33 Ferro Manganese & BF No change No change Low (-) 25 % Mn (+) (+)193 Others (+) (+)344 (Contd.) 3
4 Table-1 (Concld.) Reserves Remaining resources Total resources Lease status/grade Net change Net change Net change Unclassified No change No change Not Known (+) (+)170 Leasehold (Private) (-) (+) (+)55422 Battery/Chemical (-) (-) (-)153 Ferro-Manganese (-) (+) (+)2137 Medium (-) (+) (+)4104 BF (-) (+) (+)1300 Mixed (-) (+) (+)9747 Medium & BF Mixed (-) (+) (+)10947 Medium & BF mixed (+) (+) (+)9970 Ferro Manganese & BF (+) (+) (+)9571 Low (-) 25 % Mn (+) (+) (+)6460 Others (+) (+) (+)3312 Unclassified (-) (+) (-)3863 Not Known (-) (-) (-)8107 Beneficiable (+) (+) (+)10002 Leasehold (Public) (-) (+) (-)523 Battery/Chemical (-) (+) (-)32 Ferro-Manganese (+) (+) (+)633 Medium (-) (+) (-)264 BF (-) (+) (-)18080 Mixed (-) (-) (-)2096 Medium & BF Mixed (-) (-) (-)7499 Medium & BF mixed (-) (+) (+)4017 Low (-) 25 % Mn (-) (+) (+)13486 Others No change No change Unclassified (-) (+) (-)36 Not Known No change No change Beneficiable (+) (+) (+)9349 figures rounded off. 4
5 The state of Jharkhand is the only state reported decrease of about 2 million tonnes of resources mainly due to reassessment of two leasehold public deposits and one leasehold private deposit in Singhbhum(W) district. Manganese resources are also reported from the states of Gujarat, Rajasthan and W. Bengal, where it shows no significant change in resources as compared to 2010 inventory. 25 new deposits were added during the five year span of National Mineral Inventory i.e. from to , which included 17 leasehold private, 7 freehold and 1 leasehold public deposits. This has resulted in cummulative addition of about 21 million tonnes of resources. A sizeable quantity of the total resources of manganese ore constituting about 153 million tonnes (31%), hasbeen estimated under inferred (333) and reconnaissance (334) categories. These resources are based on a very limited and preliminary exploration. A detailed exploration in these areas may improve the confidence level of resources. A total of 696 deposits have been covered in the inventory as on Out of this, 302 deposits are in freehold and 394 deposits in leasehold (361 leasehold - private and 33 leasehold - public). Table 2 : Total Resources of Manganese Ore as on (P) vis-à-vis (By States) (In '00 0 tonnes) Sta te Total Resources Net Change As on As on All India : To tal (+) Andhra Pradesh (+) 47 Goa (+) Gujarat (-) 66 Jharkhand (-) 2080 Karna ta k a (+) Madhya Pradesh (+) 1988 Maharashtra (+) 2466 Odisha (+) Ra jasthan (-) 83 Tela ngana (+) 1568 West Bengal No Change figures rounded off. 5
6 Table -3 : District-wise Reserves/Resources of Manganese Ore as on (P) (In '00 0 tonnes) State/ District Reserves Remaining Resources Total Resources All India : Total Andhra Pradesh Srikakulam Vizianagaram Goa North Goa South Goa Gujarat Panchmahals Chhota Udaipur Jharkhand Singhbhum (West) Karnataka Belgaum Bellary Chikmagalur Chitradurga Dawangere Gadag North Kanara Shimoga Tumkur Madhya Pradesh Balaghat Chhindwara Jabalpur Jhabua Katni Maharashtra Bhandara Nagpur O d is ha Bolangir Keonjhar Koraput Mayurbhanj Rayagada Sambalpur Sundergarh Rajasthan Banswara Udaipur Telangana Adilabad West Bengal Midnapur figures rounded off. 6
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