EFFECT OF ( ) NANOFLUID ON HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS FOR CIRCULAR FINNED TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

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1 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 7, Issue 3, May June 2016, pp , Article ID: IJMET_07_03_008 Available online at Journal Impact Factor (2016): (Calculated by GISI) ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication EFFECT OF ( ) NANOFLUID ON HEAT TRANSFER CHARACTERISTICS FOR CIRCULAR FINNED TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER Dr. Qasim S. Mahdi Prof., Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Al Mustansiryah University, Baghdad Iraq Dr. Kamil Abdul_Hussein Asst. Prof., Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Wasit University, Kut Iraq Aghareed Mohammed Isfayh MS.c Candidate, Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Wasit University, Kut Iraq ABSTRACT In the present work Experimental investigation of heat transfer enhancement in double tube heat exchanger and circular finned double tube heat exchanger. Experimental work included to design heat exchanger and manufacture eight circular fins made of copper of (66mm) outer diameter, (22mm) inner diameter, (1mm) thickness and (111.11mm) distance between fins. Six double tube heat exchangers have been studies: Double tube heat exchanger consisted of annuli tube and straight copper tube. Double tube heat exchanger consisted of annuli tube and circular finned tube. Double tube heat exchanger consisted of annuli tube and circular finned tube with three circular perforations at (120 ) angle and diameter (10mm) and (14mm). Double tube heat exchanger consisted of annuli tube and circular finned tube with four circular perforations at (90 ) angle and diameter (10mm) and (14mm). The straight copper tube is of (1m) length, (19.9mm) inner diameter and (22.2mm) outer diameter. The inner tube is inserted inside the insulated PVC tube of (100mm) inner diameter. Sheet and roll insulation (arm flux) have been utilized to cover outer surface of PVC tube for reducing heat losses. Cold water at various mass flow rates (0.015 to 0.022) kg/sec flows through annuli and hot water at Reynold's 86 editor@iaeme.com

2 Effect of ( ) Nanofluid on Heat Transfer Characteristics For Circular Finned Tube Heat Exchange numbers ranging from (750 to 2060) flows through the inner tube. Experimental results showed (3.12 to 3.83) enhancement ratio when using circular finned tube heat exchanger with three perforated of diameter (14mm). Oxide Aluminum nanoparticle powder is dispersed in distilled water with different volume concentrations (0.4, 0.6, and 0.8) % by volume is used as nanofluid. The nanofluids were prepared by using ultrasonic cleaner with 10 hours of continuous sonication at 720 W (sonication power). The sedimentation in nanofluids was observed after about six hours. The experimental results showed an increase in convective heat transfer coefficient by increasing both volume concentration and Reynold's number. Heat transfer coefficient and thermal conductivity increase at 0.8% volume concentration by (19.9% and 3%) respectively when using alumina-nanofluid. Six empirical correlations have been developed to predict Nusselt number for double tube heat exchanger. GENERAL TERMS Q: Heat dissipation. (w), A : Area (m 2 ), h : Heat transfer coefficient (W/m 2. C), Nu : Nusselt number, Re : Reynold number, m. : Mass flow rate (kg/s), N f :Number of fins, n:number of perforations, T: Temperature ( C), Cp:, Specific heat of the fluid (J/kg. C), d: tube diameter (m), hi: inner side heat transfer coefficient (W/m2. C), ho: out side heat transfer coefficient (W/m2. C), L: length of tube (m)., Ts: surface temperature ( C), Tm: mean temperature ( C), Ui: inner side overall heat transfer coefficient (W/m2. C), Uo: air side overall heat transfer coefficient (W/m2. C), uw : velocity of water (m/s), ΔT: temperature difference ( C), ρw: density of water (Kg/m3), μw : visocity of water (kg/m.s). K nf : thermal conductivity of nanofluid (W/m. C), : thermal conductivity of water (W/m. C), : Nesselt number of nanofluid : thermal conductivity of nanoparticale(w/m. C), : visocity of nanofluid (kg/m.s), : visocity of water (kg/m.s). φ : volume fraction of nanoparticles Key words: Nanofluid, Nanoparticles Double tube heat exchanger, Circular finned tube with three and four perforations, Laminar flow, Counter flow, Heat transfer coefficient, Enhancement. Cite this Article Dr. Qasim S. Mahdi, Dr. Kamil Abdul_Hussein and Aghareed Mohammed Isfayh, Effect of ( ) Nanofluid on Heat Transfer Characteristics for Circular Finned Tube Heat Exchange. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 7(3), 2016, pp INTRODUCTION Nano technology is creation of functional materials, devices, and system by controlling matter at the nano scale level, and the exploitation of their novel properties and phenomena that emerge at that scale. Nanofluids have attracted attention as a new generation of heat transfer fluids with superior potential for enhancing the heat transfer performance of conventional fluids. These fluids are obtained by a stable colloidal suspension of low volume fraction of ultrafine solid particles in nanometric dimension dispersed in fluid, such as water, ethylene glycol or propylene glycol in order to enhance or improve its rheological, mechanical, optical, and thermal properties. Nanofluids consist of a base fluid and nanoparticles editor@iaeme.com

3 Dr. Qasim S. Mahdi, Dr. Kamil Abdul_Hussein and Aghareed Mohammed Isfayh Nanoparticles are particles which are between (1 and 100) nm in diameter. Nanofluids typically employ metal or metal oxide nanoparticles, such as copper and alumina, and the base fluid is usually a conductive fluid, such as water, ethylene glycol and others. Nanofluids are studied because of their heat transfer properties. They enhance the thermal conductivity and convective properties over the properties of the base fluid [1]. The convective heat transfer is very important for several industrial heating or cooling equipment. The technology of nanofluid may support the current industrial trend to components and system miniaturization by enabling design of smaller and lighter heat exchanger systems. Miniaturized systems may reduce the inventory of heat transfer fluid and can result in cost savings [2]. It represents the ratio of nanoparticle to the total volume of nanofluid. It has a very important effect on nanofluid properties as (thermal conductivity, specific heat, density and viscosity). Thus, it plays a crucial role in nanofluid applications. Nanofluids can be used to improve heat transfer and energy efficiency in a variety of thermal system. Nanofluids appear to be a very interesting alternative heat transfer fluids for many advanced thermal applications [3]. Heris et al.(2006) [4] studied experimentally nanofluids including (CuO and AL 2 O 3 ) nanoparticles in water as base fluid in different concentrations produced and laminar flow convection heat transfer during (1m ) length circular copper tube and with constant wall temperature boundary condition. Results indicate for using nanofluid systems heat transfer coefficient is enhanced ith increasing nanoparticles concentrations. The maximum enhancement is 29% and 23% for (AL 2 O 3 /water) and (CuO/water) respectively. In addition, an optimum concentration can be found for each nanofluid systems in which better enhancements are available. It was concluded that heat transfer enhancement by nanofluids depend on many factors including increment of thermal conductivity, fluctuation and interaction of nanoparticles. The experiment was performed by a widely range of Reynold number ( ) and for ( % Vol.) concentrations of (AL 2 O 3 and CuO) nanoparticles. Jung et al.(2006) [5] studied experimentally convective heat transfer for (water/al 2 O 3 ) nanofluid in a rectangular micro channel (50 x 50) µm 2 of laminar fluid flow conditions. The convected heat transfer coefficient can be increased larger than (32 %) for 1.8 vol % of nanoparticles in base fluids. Nusselt number increased with increase Reynolds number in this region (5 < Re < 300). Depended on the results, they suggested new correlation of convected heat transfer for nanofluids. Diameter with respect to each micro channel ranges from 60μm to 120μm, and the length of each segment is 800μm. Firas (2014), [6] performed an experimental and numerical investigation for heat exchanger with U-longitudinal finned tube to study its performance with water and with nanofluid. (Al 2 O 3 andtio 2 ) nanoparticles with nano concentrations (0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6% and 0.8%) were used to prepare nanofluid. For experimental results with nanofluid, the convective heat transfer coefficient was increased with increasing of both Reynold's number and nano concentration. At (0.8%) volume concentration, the heat transfer coefficient increase by (21%) and thermal conductivity increased by (5%), when using (Al 2 O 3 ) nanofluid. Also, the heat transfer coefficient increase by (16%) and thermal conductivity increased by (4.4%), when using (TiO 2 ) nanofluid editor@iaeme.com

4 Effect of ( ) Nanofluid on Heat Transfer Characteristics For Circular Finned Tube Heat Exchange Asmaa, et al (2015)[7]studied experimentally the enhancements of heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number in a heat exchanger system by using Titanium-dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanoparticles with an average diameter of (10 nanometer), experimental results show that the Nusselt number increased by (17%) as with respect to water at a (0.0192) m/s nanofluid velocity at inlet temperature of (60) o C. 2. PREPARATION OF NANOFLUID Two step methods have been used to prepare the nanofluid. The first step is Preparation of nanofluid by applying nanoparticles for enhancing the convective heat transfer performance of fluid. The nanofluid does not easily refer to a liquid solid mixture, but some special requirements are essentially, as even "suspension, stable suspension, durable suspension, low agglomeration of particles", and no change in chemical properties of fluid.this process is very difficult and complex and these nanoparticles are expensive and costly. The second step is dispersing the nanopowder in the base fluid Nanoparticles and Basefluid In the present study, the nanoparticles have been Utilized alumina Al 2 O 3, and distilled water is used to make Nanofluid. [8]. Table 1 Shows physical properties of nanoparticle (Al 2 O 3 ). Particle Mean diameter nm Density kg/ Thermal conductivity w/m. Specific heat J/kg. Al 2 O OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH 3.1. The Aims This study aims to enhance the heat transfer characteristics for heat exchanger with use of nanofluid as a working substance. 3.2 The Scope Design the test section counter flow heat exchanger to obtain the flow and heat transfer coefficient for smooth, circular finned tube and circular finned tube with perforations, investigate the effect of using ((Al 2 O 3 ) nanofluid instead of hot water on heat transfer characteristics of circular finned tube with three perforations will be carried out experimentally, develop empirical correlations for Nusselt number for inner side of as function of Reynold's number, Prandtl's number. and empirical correlations for hot water and nanofluid. 4. THEORITICAL EQUATIONS The heat transfer rate are computed by heat balance according to first law of thermodynami [9]: Q c= C pc ( ) (4-1) And: Q h = C p h ( ) (4-2) 89 editor@iaeme.com

5 Dr. Qasim S. Mahdi, Dr. Kamil Abdul_Hussein and Aghareed Mohammed Isfayh Figure 1 Temperature profiles in a counter-flow. In heat exchanger analysis, it is always convenient to share the product of the mass flow rate and the specific heat of a fluid into a single quantity. This quantity is named the heat capacity rate and is defined to the hot and cold fluid streams as: C c = C p c and C h= C p h (4-3) With the heat capacity rate, equations (3-1) and (3-2) can also be expressed as: Q c= C c ( ) and Q h = C h ( ) (4-4) The rate of heat transfer in a heat exchanger also can be showed in the following formula: (4-5) The correction factor can be taken (1). This is because of the counter flow arrangement within the present heat exchanger Logarithmic mean temperature difference is estimate from the relation [10]: Where: = (4-6) The overall heat transfer coefficient (U) for heat exchanger typically contains two flowing fluids separated by a solid wall (for counter flows) [11]. = (4-7) The calculation of inner side heat transfer coefficient (laminar flow) for hot water is achieved: Where: (4-8) the average surface temperature is calculated according to expression: 90 editor@iaeme.com

6 Effect of ( ) Nanofluid on Heat Transfer Characteristics For Circular Finned Tube Heat Exchange Then Nusselt's number in inner tube can be calculated as follows: (4-9) Reynold number for inner side: Re= (4-10) For smooth tube, (ho) can be calculated as: h o = 4-11) Reynold number can be calculated as: Re = (4-12) And the hydraulic diameter is: = - (4-13) For finned tube the hydrulic diameter is calculated according to expression: Where: And: (4-14) (4-15) The Nusselt's number of annuli side can be estimated as: Nu= (4-16) (4-17) Where: (4-18) Where: = (4-19) For finned tube with perforations the the hydrulic diameter is calculated according to expression: And: + (4-20) The Nusselt's number of annuli side can be estimated as: (4-21) Nu= (4-22) Where: (4-23) 91 editor@iaeme.com

7 Dr. Qasim S. Mahdi, Dr. Kamil Abdul_Hussein and Aghareed Mohammed Isfayh Where: = - (4-24) 4.1 Thermo-physical Properties of Nanofluid Volume Fraction. The volume fraction (φ) is the percentage of volume of nanoparticles to the mixture volume of base fluid (water) with nanoparticles Thermal Conductivity Many semi empirical correlations were reported to calculate the nanofluid effective thermal conductivity, Maxwell formulated the following expression [12]. (4-26) Densit The nanofluid density is calculated by (Pak and Cho) correlations, [13] Specific Heat The specific heat is calculated from Xuan and Roetzel as following, [14] Viscosity The viscosity of the nanofluid can be calculated using the Drew and Passman relation, [15] 5. EXPERIMENTAL SET UP 5.1. Preparation of ( ) Nanofluid The process of preparation of stable nanofluid with no agglomeration is the first step in the experimental procedure which uses the nanofluid in heat transfer enhancement. Nanoparticle that is using to preparation of nanofluid is expensive in price and dangerous in treatment. Two-step method is used in preparation of nanofluid in present work. This method requires produce nanoparticle, then the ultrasonic vibration homogenizer device is used for mixing with the base fluid. The ultrasonic device was filled with water to make sure no damage will happen to the device as recommended by the instructions of the supplier, and then the basket was put inside the bath. ( ) nanoparticles are mixed with distilled water after weighting it by electronic balance. A (3) liters of distilled water are used in all volume concentration. Four volume concentrations of ( ) nanofluid have been used in this study are shown with weights in table (6.1). The ultrasonic vibration homogenizer device is shown in figure (2) editor@iaeme.com

8 Effect of ( ) Nanofluid on Heat Transfer Characteristics For Circular Finned Tube Heat Exchange Table 2 Weight of ( ) nanoparticles with volume concentrations. Volume Concentrations (%) Weight of ( ) powder (grams) Figure 2 Photograph of ultrasonic vibration homogenizer device 5.2 Test section The test section consists of double tube configuration, where cold water flows in annuli side while hot water flows inside the tube. Annuli side was produced from PVC tube of (100mm) inner diameter, (1.52m) length and (5mm) thickness. It is insulated from outside by sheet and roll insulation (arm flux) which has (25.4mm) thickness, (0.036 ) thermal conductivity, to reduce heat losses to the minimum level as shown in figure (1). The annuli side was ended by two caps of (120 mm) out diameter made from PVC. These caps drilled in the center part to make a hole of (22mm) diameter. This hole allows to enter the copper tube through it. To prevent the water leakage from end of the annuli side silicone is used on both annuli side caps. The inner tube side is made of copper with or without circular copper fins. The smooth copper tube has (1.85m) long, (19.9mm) inner diameter and (22.2mm) outer diameter. Circular fins are manufactured from copper. Eight fins are fixed perfectly on the external surface of tube having (22mm) inner diameter, (66mm) outer diameter, (1mm) thickness and (111.1mm) distance between each two fins as shown in figure (2). Also manufactured fins with three perforations at an angle 120 degree and fins with four perforations at an angle 90 degree of (10mm) and (14mm) diameter as shown in figure (3).All these parts dimensions test rig appear in the schematic diagram in figure (4) editor@iaeme.com

9 Dr. Qasim S. Mahdi, Dr. Kamil Abdul_Hussein and Aghareed Mohammed Isfayh Figure 3 Experimental test rig Figure 3 Circular finned tube. Figure 4 Types of fin 94 editor@iaeme.com

10 Effect of ( ) Nanofluid on Heat Transfer Characteristics For Circular Finned Tube Heat Exchange Figure 5 Schematic diagram for test rig The hot and cold water cycles It includes cold water storage tank, main water heater, water pumps and pipes. Cold Water Storage Tank Cylindrical tank has capacity of (500 liter) that may be used for storage and supply system with cold water. Main Water Heater : Electric water heater has been used to heat water passing through heat exchanger. It was made of galvanized material and insulated by sheet and roll insulation (arm flux) which has (25.4mm) thickness, (0.036 ) thermal conductivity. Electric water heater is operated with 220V, 1 kw and capacity 20 liter. Water Pumps: Two type of water pumps were used to circulate water through experimental test rig.one type is called a centrifugal pump which is driven by electrical motor having (220V), (370 W) and it has a maximum volumetric flow rate (36 liter/minute) and a maximum head (33 m). It was used to pump the water in tubes of cold water cycle. Another type of pump is water pump with (220V). It has a maximum flow rate of (1000 liter/hr). Water pump is used for pumping hot water from water heater to inlet tube side. Fig. (5) show a schematic diagram of air supply system. 6. MEASUREMENT DEVICES The temperature measuring device used in the present work are: A 12- channel temperature recorder,type (K), range (-100 to 1300) C were used for measuring water temperature in test section and in the inlet and outlet of the test tube. Nine thermocouples are used during the experimental work. The other measurement devices are: [Temperature recorder, flow meter and pressure gauges]. Fig (5) shows the photography of 12- channel temperature recorder editor@iaeme.com

11 Dr. Qasim S. Mahdi, Dr. Kamil Abdul_Hussein and Aghareed Mohammed Isfayh Figure 6 Temperature recorder 7. UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS Random Error refers to the spread in the values of a physical quantity from one measurement of the quantity to the next, caused by random fluctuations in the measured value. The solution is to repeat the measurement several times ; this uncertainty analysis is based on the method is suggested by the reference [17]. The maximum measurement uncertainties were: the heat flux, while for the heat transfer coefficient, for the Nesselt number and for the vibrational Reynolds number. 8. RESULTS AND DISCUSIONS Figures (7, 8, 9 and 10) show properties after adding nanoparticles with concentrations of (0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%) to the distilled water. The thermal conductivity is the most important property, therefore, figure (7) shows increasing the thermal conductivity by increased the concentration of nanoparticles, the maximum increase is (3%) with volume fraction of (0.8%). The density increases by increasing volume fraction as shown in figure (8), the maximum increment in density is about (2.5%) at volume fraction of (0.8 %). Figure (9) shows decreasing of the specific heat with increasing the concentration of nanoparticles, maximum decrement is about (2.5%). The viscosity is increased by increasing, the maximum increment in vicosity is about (8.5%) at volume fraction of (0.8 %) the concentration of nanoparticles as shown in figure (10). Figure (11) clarify the variation of heat dissipation rate with water and different nano concentration for circural finned tube with three perforation of diameter (14mm) at different Reynold number. It's clear from these figures increasing of heat dissipation rate with increasing of ( ) nanoparticles in the nanofluid at similar boundary conditions. The maximum enhancement was (12.4%) occurs at nano concentration of (0.8%). Figure (12) reveal the variation of inner side heat transfer coefficient with different nano concentration for circular finned tube of diameter (14mm) at different Reynold number. These figures present the increasing of air side heat transfer 96 editor@iaeme.com

12 Effect of ( ) Nanofluid on Heat Transfer Characteristics For Circular Finned Tube Heat Exchange coefficient (hi) with increasing of ( ) nanoparticles in similar boundary conditions. The maximum enhancement of ( ) nanofluid was (19.24%) over the use of water. Figure (13) show the variation of inner side Nusselt's number with different nano concentration for circular finned tube with three perforations of diameter (14mm) at different Reynold number. These figures reveal the increasing of inner side Nusselt's number (Nu) with increasing of ( ) nanoparticles at similar boundary conditions. Nanofluid makes a maximum enhancement of (18%) over the water. 9. CONCLUSIONS The following comments could be concluded:- The heat dissipation rate (Q) are increase with the increase of nanoparticle concentration in the water, the maximum percentage of enhancement was (12.4%) over the base fluid, occurs at (0.8%) nanoparticle concentration. The inner side heat transfer coefficient are increase with the increase of nanoparticle concentration in the base fluid, for finned tube with nanofluid, The maximum percentage of enhancement was (19.24%) over the base fluid, occurs at (0.8 %) nanoparticle concentration. The inner side Nusselt's number are increase with the increase of nanoparticle concentration in the base fluid, The maximum percentage of enhancement was (18%) over the base fluid, occurs at (0.8%) nanoparticle concentration Increasing the nanoparticle concentration in the nanofluid have a substantial effect on enhancement of thermal conductivity and heat transfer coefficient, at the same time, it's increasing the density and viscosity, whereas decreasing the specific heat. Figure 7 Relation between ( ) at different volume concentration 97 editor@iaeme.com

13 Dr. Qasim S. Mahdi, Dr. Kamil Abdul_Hussein and Aghareed Mohammed Isfayh Figure 8 Relation between at different volume concentration Figure 9 Relation between ( ) at different volume concentration Figure 10 Relation between ( ) at different volume concentration editor@iaeme.com

14 Effect of ( ) Nanofluid on Heat Transfer Characteristics For Circular Finned Tube Heat Exchange Figure 11 Effect of volume concentration on heat dissipation at different Reynold number for alumina-nanofluid. Figure 12 Variation of inner heat transfer coefficient with volume concentrations of aluminananofluid at different Reynolds number. Figure 13 Variation of Nusselt number with different volume concentration for aluminananofluid at different Reynold number editor@iaeme.com

15 Dr. Qasim S. Mahdi, Dr. Kamil Abdul_Hussein and Aghareed Mohammed Isfayh ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my deep thanks and respect to Prof. Dr. Qasim S. Mahdi, Dr. Kamil Abdul Hussien and all members of the (College Of Engineering / Mechanical Engineering Department at the University of Wasit) for their cooperation. REFERENCES [1] Choi S.U.S, Lee S., Li S., Eastman J. A., Measuring Thermal Conductivity of Fluids Containing Oxide Nanoparticles, Journal of Heat Transfer, 121, pp , [2] Sumanta Samal, Production and dispersion stability of ultrafine Al, Cu and Al Cu particles in base fluid for heat transfer Applications, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela , [3] Saidur R., Leong K. Y., Mohammed H. A., A Review on Applications and Challenges of Nanofluids, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, pp , [4] Heris, S., Esfahany, M., Experimental investigation of oxide Nano fluids laminar flow Convective heat transfer. International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 33, pp , [5] Jung, J.Y., Oh H.S., Fluid flow and heat transfer in micro channels with rectangular cross section, proceeding of International Mechanical Engineering, Chicago, [6] Firas Abd Ali Abbas, Augmentation of Heat Transfer by Using Nanotechnology', M.Sc. Thesis, University of Al Mustansiriya, [7] Asmaa H.Dhiaa, Majid Abdulwahab, S.M.Thahab, Study The Convective Heat Transfer of TiO2/Water Nanofluid in Heat Exchanger System', Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Research Unit (NAMRU), College of Engineering, University of Kufa, Iraq, [8] Eiyad Abu-Nada, Applications of Nanofluids for Heat Transfer Enhancement of Separated Flows Encountered in A Backward Facing Step, International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 29, pp , [9] Incropera, Dewitt, Bergman and Lavine, Fundamentals of Heat and mass Transfer, Sixth Edition, [10] J.P. Holman, Heat Transfer, Sixth edition, McGraw-Hill Co, pp , [11] Ramesh K. Shah, and Dušan P. Sekulič, Fundamentals of Heat Exchanger Design, Jon Wiley & Sons, [12] Reza Aghayari, Heydar Maddah, Fatemeh Ashori, Afshin Hakiminejad, Mehdi Aghili, 'Effect of nanoparticles on heat transfer in mini double-pipe heat exchangers in turbulent flow', Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg [13] Jaafar Albadr, Satinder Tayal and Mushtaq Alasadi, 'Heat transfer through heat exchanger using Al2O3 nanofluid at different concentrations', Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, pp 38 44, [14] Sudarmadji Sudarmadji, Sudjito Soeparman, Slamet Wahyudi, Nurkholis Hamidy, Effects of Cooling Process of Al2O3- water Nanofluid on Convective Heat Transfer, FME Transactions, 42(2), pp ( ), [15] Mohd. Rehan Khan and Dr. Ajeet Kumar Rai, an Experimental Study of Exergy In A Corrugated Plate Heat Exchanger. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 6(11), 2015, pp editor@iaeme.com

16 Effect of ( ) Nanofluid on Heat Transfer Characteristics For Circular Finned Tube Heat Exchange [16] Ashish Kumar, Dr. Ajeet Kumar Rai and Vivek Sachan, An Experimental Study of Heat Transfer In A Corrugated Plate Heat Exchanger. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 5(9), 2014, pp [17] S. Bhanuteja and D.Azad, Thermal Performance and Flow Analysis of Nanofluids In A Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 4(6), 2013, pp [18] Masoud, Mohammad Reza and Somaye NASR, 'Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Heat Transfer of Zno/Water Nanofluid in the Concentric Tube and Plate Heat Exchangers, Thermal Science, 15, pp , [19] Measurement Uncertainty, International Atomic Energ Agency, IAEA-TECDOC- 1585, May, editor@iaeme.com