Manganese in Powder Metallurgy Steels
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1 Manganese in Powder Metallurgy Steels
2 Andrej Šalak Marcela Selecká Manganese in Powder Metallurgy Steels 123
3 Andrej Šalak Institute of Materials Research Slovak Academy of Sciences Kosice Slovakia Marcela Selecká Institute of Materials Research Slovak Academy of Sciences Kosice Slovakia ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Cambridge International Science Publishing Ltd Library of Congress Control Number: Ó Cambridge International Science Publishing 2012 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (
4 Contents 1 Introduction 1 Part I 2 Thermodynamic conditions for the Mn O system in sintering of manganese steels Manganese in steelmaking Basic thermodynamic characteristics of protective atmospheres for sintering steels alloyed with manganese and other elements Influence of protective atmospheres on proper sintering of carbon containing steels 19 3 Alloying and sintering of manganese steels in terms of high manganese vapour pressure Vapour pressure of elements Basic formulas characterising the sublimation of manganese from solid manganese Effect of manganese vapour in laboratory sintering of Fe Mn C samples Manganese sublimation and condensation in free space Reaction of manganese vapour with porcelain Summary 37 4 Alloying and sintering of manganese steels by manganese vapour Microstructure formation Conventional radiation sintering Induction sintering Nucleation of new grains in base iron powders in Fe Mn materials Sintering and alloying of manganese steels analysed by the dilatometric tests Effect of base materials and processing variables 54 v
5 vi Contents Effect of manganese on isothermal sintering and cooling process according to the dilatometric graphs Enhancing effect of manganese in solid-state sintering Effect of cooling rate on the transformation of austenite in sintered steels as indicated by dilatometric graphs 70 5 Effect of base materials and of various processing methods on mechanical and some special properties of manganese steels Electrolytic manganese and ferromanganese grades - physical metallurgical and technical characteristics Ferromanganese grades As milled characteristics of manganese carriers Low-carbon low-alloy sintered steel Mechanical properties Microstructure and fracture Properties of induction sintered and upset-forged manganese steels Mechanical properties of induction sintered Fe 4.5Mn 0.33C steel Microstructure Mechanical properties of induction sintered and upset-forged Fe 4.5Mn 0.33C steel prepared on the basis of both iron powder grades Effect of various material and processing conditions on mechanical and some specific properties of manganese steels Effect of iron powder grades of markedly different structural activity and manganese addition on properties of sintered manganese steel Effect of various hot forming processes on mechanical properties of manganese steels Effect of manganese addition and of iron powder grade on friction properties Friction and mechanical properties of sintered steels of various composition Industrially sintered prototype structural parts prepared from manganese steel Effect of additional elements on the properties of manganese steels Effect of molybdenum Properties of Fe Mn C steels with molybdenum addition 131
6 Contents vii Manganizing of powder steels combined with sintering Sintering of Fe Mn C and Fe Mn Mo C steels in α-region and at 1120 C Effect of sintering temperature on properties of Fe Mn C, Fe Cr C and Fe Mo C steels Effect of liquid phase forming elements on properties of Fe Mn C steels Effect of copper Effect of tin Effect of phosphorus Effect of boron Effect of boron addition on properties of Fe Mn C steel Effect of boron addition on tribological properties of Fe Mn C steels Effect of boron addition on mixed low-alloyed Fe Mn Cr Mo C steels Effect of boron addition on properties of Fe Cr Mo V (Mn) sintered steels Manganese-assisted pack boriding of sintered steels Sintering and pack boriding two-stage process Properties of sintered and powder forged steels based on prealloyed powders Properties of sintered and powder forged steels based on prealloyed Fe Cr Mn Mo (V) powders with high oxygen content Mechanical properties Properties of powder forged steels based on idustrially produced chromium- and manganese-prealloyed powders of high oxygen content Properties of powder forged steels based on commercial prealloyed Fe Cr Mn Mo V powders Density and mechanical properties Density Development and manufacturing of roliing bearing rings by powder forging of steels based on prealloyed Fe Ni Mo and Fe Cr Mn Mo powders Mechanical properties of powder forged steels based on prealloyed powders Mechanical properties of PF steel based on Astaloy A powder Contact fatigue endurance of powder forged steels based on prealloyed powders Processing conditions and base characteristics of powder
7 viii Contents forged rolling bearing rings and their properties Examination of powder forged bearing rings properties Experimental equipment for atomisation of prealloyed Fe Cr Mn Mo powders with low oxygen content Processing and properties of hybrid Fe (Cr) xmn (Mo) (V) steels Properties of hybrid steels based on prealloyed Fe Cr Mo V powders Mechanical and toughness properties and microstructure Fractures of Fe Cr Mo V Mn V steels Processing and properties of hybrid Fe Cr Mo xmn C steels Properties of Fe 3Cr 0.5Mo steel with manganese addition Effect of manganese carrier on properties of hybrid Fe Cr Mo xmn steels Mechanical properties Sintering at 1180 C Sintered and sinter hardened hybrid steels As sintered properties Basic characteristics As sinter hardened properties Properties of hybrid Fe Cr 0.5Mo xmn C steels sintered under industrial conditions Basic characteristics Mechanical properties Microstructure and fracture Microstructure Effect of industrial sintering conditions on properties and microstructures of hybrid Fe 3Cr 0.5Mo Mn C steels Properties of hybrid Fe (0.85, 1.5)Mo Mn C steels Properties of Fe 0.85Mo xmn 0.3C steels Properties of Fe 0.85Mo Mn 0.5C steel Mechanical properties after sintering at 1150 C Properties of Fe 0.85Mo xmn 0.6C steel Properties of industrially sintered mixed and hybrid Fe 0.85Mo xmn C steels Properties of sintered hybrid Fe (1.5, 0.85)Mo Mn 0.5C steels 259 Part II 9 Basic characteristics of manganese steels from the year Thermodynamic and physical characteristics of chromium
8 Contents ix and manganese as alloying elements in powder metallurgy Properties of sintered manganese steels studied in the initial stage Starting knowledge about sintered manganese steels with high manganese and carbon contents Processing conditions and properties of sintered austenitic manganese steels High-alloyed sintered manganese steels Alloying of manganese steels with master alloys Alloying of manganese steels by master alloys in carbide form composed from elements with high oxygen affinity Alloying of manganese steels by Fe Mn Si C master alloy Alloying of manganese steels by master alloys containing Cr and Mn Liquid phase sintering of Fe Mn steels Liquid phase sintering of Fe Mn steels through low-melting alloys Alloying of manganese steels with atomised Mn Cu and Mn Ni master alloys Effect of variable processing conditions and materials on properties of sintered Mn C steels Alloying with low-melting elements and sintering in high-purity atmospheres Alloying with low-melting elements Sintering of Fe Mn C steels in high-purity atmospheres Effect of processing conditions on properties of manganese steels Effect of iron powder and ferromanganese grades Effect of sintering conditions Effect of base powder grades Effect of some processing conditions and of different materials Effect of cooling rate Effect of sintering conditions Hardenability study Effect of manganese on hardenability of prealloyed powders Effect of tempering temperature Sintering in semi-closed containers Effect of manganese on microstructure formation Dimensional changes of Fe Mn C steels Effect of different processing variables on properties of Fe Mn C steels 340
9 x Contents Processing conditions and properties of sintered manganese steel for structural parts Preparation of gear steel Innovative processing of manganese steel gears Mechanical properties of sintered manganese steel gears Effect of Mn addition on strain micromechanism in as sintered 316L steel Effect of processing conditions and materials on properties of sintered Fe, Cr, Mo, C steels containing manganese Effect of different addition mode of molybdenum on properties of manganese steel Effect of cooling rates on properties of Fe Mn Mo C steels Dimensional changes of the compacts based on plain iron powders with addition of prealloyed molybdenum powders and of manganese tested by dilatometry Properties of diffusion-alloyed steels affected by manganese Properties of industrially sintered Fe Mn Mo C steels Processing and properties of sintered Mn Cr Mo C steels Sinterability and hardenability of Mn Cr Mo steels Processing and properties of hybrid sintered Mn Cr Mo C steels Properties of sintered 3Cr 0.5Mo steel promoted by manganese in form of liquid phase Properties of hybrid Mn Cr Mo steels coated with hydrocarbons Properties of sintered steels based on prealloyed Cr Mo Mn powders Properties of high temperature sintered steels based on prealloyed Cr Mo Mn powders Influence of sintering temperature on the properties of prealloyed PM steel containing Cr, Mo and Mn Properties of manganese steels based on CrL and CrM prealloyed powders Properties of sintered steels based on Cr and Cr Mn prealloyed powders with various Cr and Mn content 419 Part III 12 Sintering of manganese steels in low- and high-purity atmospheres: Results and evaluation Basic thermodynamic and physical characteristics of
10 Contents xi manganese in term of its use for alloying of sintered steels Chemistry and mechanical properties of manganese containing steels sintered in H/N atmospheres with different dew points Sintering of manganese steels in atmospheres with different ratios of H and N with dew points up to 60 C Industrially sintered prototype structural parts prepared from manganese steel Explanation of the sintering processes of manganese steels occurring in atmospheres with different partial pressure of oxygen Crucial results Overview of materials and processes for preparation of manganese-alloyed steels with the highest strength properties Materials and processing conditions Highest tensile (UTS) and transverse rupture strength (TRS) values of manganese-containing steels attained under corresponding conditions 453 References 458 Index 475
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