Saechtling. International. Plastics. Handbook. for the Technologist, Engineer and User. Third Edition by Wilbrand Woebcken

Transcription

1 Saechtling International Plastics Handbook for the Technologist, Engineer and User Third Edition by Wilbrand Woebcken Translated and edited by John Haim and David Hyatt Hanser Publishers, Munich Vienna New York Hanser/Gardner Publications, Inc., Cincinnati

2 III Abbreviations XI A. Country of origin of trade names XI B. Abbreviations for homopolymers, copolymers, intermediates and rubbers. XI C. Abbreviations for rubbers XVI D. Abbreviations for plasticizers XVI Conversion formulae XVI 1. Plastics Technology General Concepts 1 Thermoplastics, thermosets, reactive resins - Rigid, semirigid, nonrigid plastics 1.2. Polymers for Plastics Polymer Modifikation 5 Inter- and intra-molecular combined polymers - Polymer composites 1.4. Polymer Flow and Elasticity Molecular Arrangements and Service Temperatures 9 The glassy State of rigid plastics made from amorphous polymers - Partially crystalline thermoplastics - The rubber-like State - Viscous melts 1.6. Properties of Plastics 13 Range of strength and stiffness - Density - Insulating and construction materials for electrical and electronics engineering - Environmental corrosion resistance - Thermal conductivity and thermal expansion - Combustibility - Design of plastics products - Mass production 1.7. Types of Plastics Development Trends 18 World production and consumption - Materials developments 2. Literature on Plastics Technology 27 Journals (English and other languages) - Books on plastics technology (Reference books, handbooks, encyclopedias, polymer science textbooks, engineering, processing, material properties, design, polymer science, polymer analysis, dictionaries) 3. Polymer Syntheses; Plastics Processing and Finishing Polymers and Compounds Polymerization 42 Double-bond polymerization - Condensation polymerization - Rearrangement polymerization Characteristic Values for Polymers and Plastics Auxiliaries and Additives for Plastics 47 Lubricants or parting agents - Stabilizers - Antistatic agents and conducting additives - Flame retardants - Colorants - Flexibilizers - Coupling agents - Fillers, enhancers and reinforcements - Blowing agents Plastics Compounding 54 Thermoplastic Compounds - Thermosetting Compounds Expanded Plastics 55 Some generalities on cellular plastics Foam-plastic Manufacturing 56 High and low pressure blowing - Physical and chemical blowing agents - Nucleating agents and pore size regulators - Manufacturing Information

3 IV 3.2. No-Pressure and Low-Pressure Molding Processes Dipped and Powder-Coated Articles Casting and Spraying of Preproducts Rotation Molding and Centrifugal Casting Low-Pressure Processes for GRP Moldings Compression, Injection and Blow Molding Introduction 71 High-pressure molding techniques - Designing plastics parts - Shrinkage and tolerances Injection-Molding Machines 76 Assembly and working cycle - Elements of the injection unit - Elements of the locking unit - The injection-molding process - Ejection of moldings and their aftertreatment - Automation of the injection molding factory Presses and Ancillary Equipment 85 Types of molding presses - Metering and preheating equipment - Arrangements for finishing moldings Automated and Large Area Presses Molding Tools 89 Materials and production process - Injection molds and gating Systems - Compression and transfer molding tools Molding Techniques for Thermoplastic Materials 95 General injection technique - Injection molding of filled Compounds - Multi-component injection molding - Structural foam and controlled internal pressure molding - Transfer-injection Stretch molding - Resistance sintering of extremely viscous melts - Blow molding Molding Techniques for Thermosets and Elastomers Production of Semifinished Thermosets Casting Laminating Extrusion and Pultrusion Semifinished Thermoplastics: Older Processes Celluloid" Process Astralon" Process Pressing Sheets and Blocks Casting Films Extrusion of Semifinished Thermoplastics General Construction and Operation of Screw Extruders 123 Types and sizes - Extruder Components - Auxiliary parts between clamp and die - Extruder operating parameters - Processing faults and their causes Single-Screw Extruders 125 General - Extruders with a forced conveying feed section - Special types of construction Multi-screw Extruders Extrusion Plant for Various Products 132 Pipes and hollow sections - Solid profiles - Foamed profiles - Bristles, filaments and nets - Wire and cable covering - Blown films from annular dies - Sheets, films and coatings with slot dies - Stretch process for flat films - Multi-layer and multi-colored extrusion - Filaments and fibers from films 3.7. Webs Made of Thermoplastics Films made from Solutions Extrusion of Webs 141

4 V Calendering of Plastic Film Multilayered Webs 142 Bonding several layers - Spreading, coating and laminating 3.8. Forming and Joining Semifinished Plastics Forming Techniques for Thermoplastics 144 Temperature ranges - Embossing, stretching, roll mill pressing, shrinking, annealing Cold-Forming Thermoplastics Hand-Fabricating Thermoforming Industrial Stretch Thermoforming 148 Principles of thermoforming by machines - Areas of application - Thermoforming machines - Laminating, skin packaging and blister packaging Forming Materials Other Than Thermoplastics Welding of Thermoplastics 151 Shop and field welding techniques - Industrial welding techniques Bonding of Plastics Screw, Rivet, Snap-in joints Other Fabrication Processes Cutting, Punching and Separating Machining Surface Treatment The Individual Plastics Thermoplastics: Raw Materials and Molding Compounds Preproducts and Special Products Monomer reaction resins 165 Styrene - Vinyl carbazole - Methacrylates - Caprolactam - Methyl-2-cyano acrylate - Triallyl cyanurate Olefin polymers 167 Ethylene (co-)polymers and chlorinated products - Atactic polypropylene (APP) and other a-olefin polymers - Polyisobutylene (PIB) - Ethylene copolymer + Bitumen blends (ECB) Styrene copolymers Vinyl Chloride (co-)polymers Vinyl acetate (co-)polymers and their derivatives 170 PVAC and copolymers - PVAL - Butyral PVB, Formal PVFM Polyvinyl ethers Polyacrylate resins Polyamide copolymers and polyamine products Natural product derivatives 172 Rubber conversion products - Cellulose conversion products Dispersions Water-soluble polymers 175 ( Thermoplastics for Molding, Extrusion and Calendering) Polyolefins Polyethylene 176 Product groups - Processes for synthesis - Commercial types and trade names - Properties - Processing and application Cross-linked Polyethylene (PE-X) PE-C and chlorinated thermoplastic elastomers Ethylene copolymers 191

5 VI E/VA, E/VAC; E/VOH, E/VAL - (E/EA, E/MA, E/AA etc. - Ionomer resins - Copolymers with tetrafluoroethylene Olefinic thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) Polypropylene (PP) and copolymers Polybut-l-ene(PB) Polymethylpentene (PMP) Styrene-Based Polymers Homopolymers, copolymers and alloys 202 Structures, properties and polymerization techniques - Products and trade names - General properties - Processing techniques - Fields of application Styrene polymers for foam processes Vinyl Chloride Polymers 211 ( VC-polymer raw materials) Syntheses and delivery forms Molecular weight and field of application Homopolymers, copolymers and blends Stabilizer Systems and fillers PVC-U Compounds PVC primary and secondary plasticizers PVC-P Compounds Special grades for insulation and coverings PVC pastes (plastisols) ' Foamable rigid and plasticized PVC Fluorine-Containing Polymers 234 PTFE - FEP - PFA, TFA, EPE, TFB - ETFE - PVDF - PVF - E/CTFE - Cross-linkable fluoroelastomers Methylmethacrylate Polymers MMA polymers PMMA Standard molding Compounds Copolymers and blends Polymethacrylimide (PMI) molding Compounds Polyacetals or Polyoxymethylenes (POM) Polyamides (PA, Nylons) and Thermoplastic Polyurethanes (TPU) Crystallizing PA molding Compounds Amorphous polyamides Flexible and thermoplastic elastomeric PA copolymers andpeba 260 PA 12 copolymers - Polyethyer-block amides (PEBA) Thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers (TPU) Linear (Semi-)Aromatic Polyesters Polycarbonates (PC) Polycarbonate + styrene component blends Polyalkylene terephthalates (PTP) Thermoplastic po!y(ether)ester elastomers Amorphous polyarylates Self-reinforced crystalline polyarylates (LCP) Linear Polyarylene Ethers (Oxides), Ether ketones, Sulfides and Sulfones 278 PPE or PPO" - PEK and PAEK - PPS - PSU, PES Linear Modified Polyimides 284 PMMI - PAI - PEI - PI-PPS - Malecca Cellulosics Cellulose esters (CA, CAB, CP) 287

6 VII Ethyl cellulose Thermoplastic Composites Molding materials Glass mat reinforced thermoplastic prepregs (GMT) Reclaiming, Reprocessing, Recycling Mechanical Separation Chemical and thermal process Processing of mixed plastics Degradable Plastics Photodegradable plastics Biodegradable plastics 295 Semi-finished Thermoplastic Material Standardized and Hallmarked Piping Material Polyolefins Pipes Sheets and sheeting Films Fleeces and Hat filaments Foams Styrene Polymers 304 Standard polystyrene - SAN, SB and ABS sheet - ABS pipe - EPS boards and sheeting Vinyl Chloride Polymers Rigid PVC, unplasticized (PVC-U) 306 Pipes - Chemical engineering - Structural engineering - Consumables, office, drawing, measuring and graphics equipment - Other applications of thermoformable sheet materials - Packaging sheeting and film - Thermally treated PVC-E film - Furniture foils - Blown film Plasticized PVC (PVC-P) 308 Tubes and profiles - Sheets, webs and band for technical and packaging applications - Flooring, wall and table coverings - Artificial leather and films for welded articles PVC foams PVC-coated metal sheets Fluoropolymers Methylmethacrylate polymers, PMI foams Manufacture of acrylic sheet Properties of PMMA semi-finished products Forms of delivery and applications of acrylic sheet Acrylic foil, manufacture, forms of delivery, applications Polymethacrylimide (PMI) rigid foam Engineering Thermoplastics Thermoplastic Polyesters Polycarbonate (PC) Polyethylene glycol terephthalate (PETP) Mixed terephthalate-isophthalate polyesters Cellulose Esters Celluloid and related semi-finished goods Extruded products from cellulose ester Compounds Cast films for electrotechnical applications 326 Electrical Insulation Films and Packaging Materials Characteristics and Properties Multilayer Packaging Film and Packages 329

7 VIII Extruded multilayer composite materials Coatings, laminates Special products Regenerated Cellulose Cellophane Foamed Products Vulcanized Fiber (VF) Artificial Hörn Casein Plastics (CS) Thermosetting Plastics; Raw Materials, Molding Compounds and Semi-finished Products Curable Engineering Resins Phenol (PF), cresol (CF), xylenol and resorcinol formaldehyde resins Urea (UF) and melamine (MF) resins Furane resins Reactive resins and reactants for casting and lowpressure processing Unsaturated polyesters (UP) Epoxy resins (Epoxies, EP) Special casting resins Polyurethanes (PU): preproducts and products 356 Chemistry of the polyisocyanates - Processing and application, product-systems - Semi-rigid large RIM moldings - Rigid integral foam RIM-systems - Semi-flexible integral foam RIM Systems - PU casting resins - Polymer binder resins - Rigid PU and PU-PIR foams - Flexible molded and block foams Thermosetting Molding Compounds General characteristics Phenolic (PF) molding Compounds Aminoplastic molding Compounds Polyester (UP) resin Compounds Epoxy resin Compounds Diallyl phthalate (DAP) molding Compounds Silicone resin molding Compounds Further high-temperature-resistant thermoset molding Compounds Semifinisheds from Thermosetting Plastics Cast resin products Extruded profiles from PF Compounds Drawn fiber reinforced profiles Wound fiber reinforded profiles Laminates 384 Industrial and decorative laminates GRP sheets and Sandwiches Reinforced thermosetting resin pipes (RTRP) Foams (Summary) Concepts Foam Principles Blowing Agents Properties Advanced High-Temperture Plastics General Limits to Heat Resistance New Routes to High-Temperature Polymers 402

8 Linear Polyarylenes Polyarylene Amides, Aryl Esters and Ethers Bismaleimide-triazine Resins Polyimides Advanced Heterocyclic Aromatic Polymers Highly Temperature-Resistant and Carbonized Fibers Related Topics Natural and Synthetic Rubber Silanes and Silicones (SI) Standardization International and National Organizations for Standardization The International Standardization Organisation ISO National Standards Institutes Fields of Standardization Terminology Standardized Test Methods The Standardization of Plastics Raw and Molding Materials National and International Standardization of Semi-finished Products Tests and Their Signiflcance 430 Testing areas - Computer aided data bases 7.1. Fundamental and Processing Data Analytical Chemical Methods Data on Flow Behavior of Thermoplastics That Are Dependent of Degree of Polymerization Processing Data General Physical Properties Test Methods for Measuring the Influence of Temperature The Torsional Pendulum Test Thermal Analytical Methods (DIN 51005) Conventional Single-Value Tests Temperature-Time Limits Reaction to Fire Tests Resistance to Environmental Effects General Environmental Conditions Water Absorption Light and Weathering Resistance Resistance to Fungi, Bacteria and Animals Resistance to Chemicals Resistance to High-Energy Radiation Resistance to Mechanical Wear, Friction and Sliding Migration and Permeation General Remarks Gas Transmission Water Vapor Transmission Mechanical Properties Specimen Preparation Stress-Strain Properties under Static Load Short-term tests 460 IX

9 X Creep rupture tests Long-Term Behavior under Dynamic Stress (Fatigue Tests) Impact Resistance Tests Hardness Tests Some Formulas for the Calculation of Strength Computer Aided Design and Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) Trade Names for Plastics as Raw Materials and Semifinished Goods Characteristics of the Register Arrangement of the Register Ist Category: Resins nd Category: Forms of Delivery Trade Names 487 Subject Index 635