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1 NRC Publications Archive Archives des publications du CNRC Thermal properties of building materials at elevated temperatures Hu, X. F.; Lie, T. T.; Polomark, G. M.; MacLaurin, J. W. For the publisher s version, please access the DOI link below./ Pour consulter la version de l éditeur, utilisez le lien DOI ci-dessous. Publisher s version / Version de l'éditeur: Internal Report (National Research Council Canada. Institute for Research in Construction), NRC Publications Record / Notice d'archives des publications de CNRC: Access and use of this website and the material on it are subject to the Terms and Conditions set forth at READ THESE TERMS AND CONDITIONS CAREFULLY BEFORE USING THIS WEBSITE. L accès à ce site Web et l utilisation de son contenu sont assujettis aux conditions présentées dans le site LISEZ CES CONDITIONS ATTENTIVEMENT AVANT D UTILISER CE SITE WEB. Questions? Contact the NRC Publications Archive team at PublicationsArchive-ArchivesPublications@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca. If you wish to the authors directly, please see the first page of the publication for their contact information. Vous avez des questions? Nous pouvons vous aider. Pour communiquer directement avec un auteur, consultez la première page de la revue dans laquelle son article a été publié afin de trouver ses coordonnées. Si vous n arrivez pas à les repérer, communiquez avec nous à PublicationsArchive-ArchivesPublications@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca.

2 I! i...: 1,,: c-. _ &,..?-: i...<., ' * National Research Conseil national 1 1 Council Canada de recherches Canada I t.,t er r;a:i i-@por. B~..,::. <.rcigl?tut-$. Institute for lnstitut de pi,a r.?: t, Research in recherche en.i.-,-.-,.l =I :<A Construction construction AMALYLEB P: Qi2.i ties cz;j43 t : i n5t i t!-!>,z ;'a: Thermal Properties &Building Materials at Elevated Temperatures by X.F. Hu, T.T. Lie, G.M. Polomark and J.W. MacLaurin Internal Report No. 643 Date of issue: March 1993 C!*.I-. 4=.t :-,; '33 Kecri.>,ed "t?' -2., repo.k-t xt,stiki~.te.i t.: 7 :. UT - - *-. i I z. ~.. ~ for Research i7 -.. i~,2t15~ruc-i.nt~ ~...-i~ad" This is an internal report of the lnstitute for Research in Construction. Although not intended for general distribution, it may be cited as a reference in other publications

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4 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF BUILDING MATERIALS AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES ABSTRACT The results of measurements of thermal properties at elevated temperatures of construction materials, commonly used in China, are given. Tabulated values, graphs and equations are given for the specific heat, mass loss, thermal conductivity and thermal expansion of the materials as a function of temperature, up to 1000 C.

5 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF BUILDING MATERIALS AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES 1 INTRODUCTION Numerous mathematical models for the calculation of the fire resistance of structural members have been developed in recent years. To be able to calculate and vredict the behaviour of these members during fire exposure, it & essential to know, at elevated terdperatures, the fundamental thermal and mechanical properties of which the members are composed. For more than twenty years, the National Fire Laboratory of the Institute for Research in Construction, National Research Council of Canada has been engaged in research to predict the fire resistance of structural members. As a part of this research, measurements were made of the thermal properties of various building materials [I]. Rapid advances in facilities and techniques for measuring thermal properties of building materials have made it possible to improve the precision and increase the tem~erature ranee of the measurements. In this bauer, the tesimethods -md the results of measuremeits on 30 segcted. A - construction materials, commonly used in China, are described. These materials are listed in Table I. The measurements were made with the objective of providing data for a joint Sino-Canada research project on fire resistance evaluation. The data can be used as input for existing computer programs for the calculation of the fire resistance of the members being investigated in this project In addition, the data can also be used in programs under development for the calculation of the f ~ resistance e of various building members, such as columns, walls, floors and beams. 2 METHODS AND INSTRUMENTS The following methods and instruments were used to measure the thermal properties of the selected building mate& 2.1 Specific Heat (Cp) The specific heat of a material is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one unit mass of a material 1 C. In this study, the specific heat will be expressed in J/kg C. Usually, the specific heat of a material is temperature-dependent. If, in addition, the material becomes unstable, i.e., undergoes a "reaction", which can be decomposition or transition, etc., the heat necessary to raise the temperature of the material is affected by the heat contributed by the reaction, which results in a peak in the curve of specific heat vs temperature. In this report, the specific heat at constant pressure (Cp) was measured using a DuPont Differential Scanning for temperatures up to 6W C. The DSC measurements were carried out with a scanning rate of 10 Clmin and a sample size of mg in a nitrogen atmosphere. For measuring the specific heat at temperatures up to 1000 C, a DuPont 1600 C high temperature Differential Thermal was used. For materials that do not undergo reactions, the specific heat was measured by carrying out two runs; namely, one with powdered sapphire (AkO3) as the calibration material and one with the sample. A stepwise heating program (namely, a period of constant material temperature followed by a period of temperature rise, which is followed again by a period of constant material

6 temperature, etc.), through the temperature range from 400 C to 1000 C, was used during the measurements. Since, in this case, the specifc heat of the materials is proportional to the temperature difference measured by the DTA, the specific heat of the samples was calculated by comparing the temperature difference (Wmg) obtained during the test with the samples in the temperature range between 600 C and 1000 C with that obtained during the test with powdered sapphire (A1203). For materials that undergo reactions, as well as carrying out the stepwise DTA runs for the Cn measurements mentioned above, the heat of fusion of the materials was taken into account in tlk specific heat calculation. ~easkments of the heat of fusion of the materials were carried out according to the method described in Reference [6]. A heating rate of 10 Umin was used in the DTA measurements, unless otherwise specified. Heating rates of SOUmin and 20 Umin were also used to compare the effect of the heating rate on the specific heat The results of carbonate aggregate concrete measurements show that the curves shifted to the left by about 20 to 25OC when the rate was decreased from 1O0Umin to SoUmin and shiffed to the right by about 25OC when the rate was increased from 1O0Umin to 20 Umin. The results also showed that the peak areas increase with decreasing rate of heating, Figures 1 through 12 show the linear fits of the Specific Heat versus Temperature. The Figures also include the raw data in tabular form. 2.2 Mass Loss Mass loss of materials was measured by a DuPont 951 Thermogravimetric Analyzer. A scanning rate of 20 Umin in a nitrogen atmosphere was used and specimens weighed between 30 and 40 mg. Figures 13 to 24 show the results of the mass loss measurements. 2.3 Thermal Conductivity The thermal conductivity of the materials was measured using a TC-31 Thermal Conductivity Meter made by Kyoto Electronics. Results of the tl~ermal conductivity measurements are shown in Figures 25 to Thermal Expansion The thermal expansion curve was produced by a Theta Dilatory Apparatus with a computercontrolled program. The specimens tested were 30 to 40 mm long and 10 to 12 rnm square in cross-section. The rate of heating was 10Wmin in static air from room temperature to 1000 C for inorganic materials and to 200 C for organic materials. Results of the thermal expansion tests are shown in Figures 37 to RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Since the measurement of specific heat of materials at high temperatures (over 700 C) is stilt a subject to be explored by thermal analysts, data on the specific heat of materials at elevated temperatures is rarely found in the literature. The method for measuring the specific heat at high temperatures used in this report has not yet been found in the literature. The specific heats of two types of concrete, i.e., siliceous and carbonate aggregate, measured in this project have been used as data input for the calculation of the fire resistance of building components. Results of these calculations show that they agree well with experimental observations [7].

7 4 MATERIALS DESCRIPTION Most of the building materials selected and measured in this paper are commonly used in and commercially available in China (Table 1). The identification of the materials is given below where that information is available. The descriptions of the materials are listed in the same order given in the figures section. Figure 1 Name of Material: Carbonate Aggregate Concrete Material Identification: Composed of M25 Portland Cement, Sand, Carbonate Rock and Water. Batch Ingredients (by weight): M25 Portland Cement 1 Sand 2.6 Rock (egg size) 4.16 Water 0.56 Density: 2443 kg/m3 Figure 2 Name of Materiak Siliceous Aggregate Concrete Material Identification: Composed of #425 Portland Cement, Sand, Siliceous Rock and Water. Batch Ingredientsmy weight): M25 Portland Cement 1 Sand 2.6 Siliceous Rock 4.16 Water 0.56 Density: 2365 kg/m3 Figure 3 Name of Material: Material Identification: #525 Ordinary Portland Cement Concrete Composed of #525 Ordinary Portland Cement, Sea Sand medium size), Carbonate Rock (5-20 mm continues particles) and Water... Batch Ingredients (by weight): #525 Ordinary Poatand Cement 1 Sea Sand 2.12 Carbonate Rock 3.75 Water 0.24 Figure 4 Name of Materiak Material IdenWlcation: M25 Portland Blast Furnace Cement Concrete Composed of #425 Portland Blast Furnace Cement (#300), Sea Sand, Carbonate Rock (5-20 mm continues particles) and Water. Figure 5 Name of Materiak Fire Brick Material Identillcation: Composed of Aluminous Clinker, Clay and Water. Batch Ingredients: Aluminous Clinker 50% clay 50% Water 8% Baking Temperature: 1300 C

8 Figure 6 Name of Material: Material Identification: Batch Ingredients: Density: Figure 7 Name of Material: Material Identification: Figure 8 Name of Materiat Material Identillcation: Figure 9 Name of Material: Material Identification: Figure 10 Name of Material: Supplier: Figure 11 Name of Material. Material Identjfication: Density Figure 12 Name of Material: Material Identification: Standard Clay Brick Composed of Clay, Furnace Ash, Coal Stone, etc. clay 4 Furnace Ash 1 Coal Stone (fine powder) Baking Temperature: C kglm3 Gypsum Board Composed of CaSOz, 2H20, CaSOa MgC03, R203, K20, Fe203, Al203, paper powder and starch. Fire Retardant Gypsum Board Composed of Case, 2H20, CaS04, MgCO3, R203, K20, Fe203, N203. fire retarding agent, paper powder and starch. Light Heat-Insulating Brick Composed of SiOz (70), A1203 (151, Fez03 (5.5), CaO (3). MgO (2), R2O (4.5). Grdnite (nalural) Zibo Granite Factory, Shandong Province, China. Glass Fibre Reinforced Inorganic Board Glass Fibre Reiiorced Ma~nesium Oxvchloride Cement Fire Retardant Glass Fibre-Reinforced Polyester Board Glass Fibre Reinforced Polyester with Al(OH)3 as Filler.

9 TABLE 1. LIST OF TESTED MATERIALS AND FIGURES 1. Carbonate Aggregate Concrete: Figures 1,13,25,37 2. Siliceous Aggregate Concrete: Figures 2, 14,26,38 3. #525 Ordinary Portland Cement Concrete: Figures 3,15,27,39 4. #425 Portland Blast Furnace Cement: Figures 4, 16,28,40 5. Fire Brick: Figures 5, 17,29,41 6. Standard Clay Brick: Figures 6,18,30,42 7. Gypsum Board: Figures 7, 19,31,43 8. Fire Retarding Gypsum Board: Figures 8,20,32,44 9. Light Heat-Insulating Brick: Figures 9,21,33, Granite: Figures 10,22,34, Glass Fibre Reinforced Inorganic Board: Figures 11,23,35, Fire Retarding Glass Fibre Reinforced Polyester Board: Figures 12,24,36,48

10 REFERENCES Harmathy,T.Z., Properties of Building Materiats at Elevated Temperatures, DBR Paper No. 1080, National Research Council of Canada, NRCC 20956, Ottawa, March Lie, T.T., Calculation of the Fire Resistance of Composite Concrete Floor and Roof Slabs, Fire Technology, Vol. 14, No. 1, Sultan, M.A., Lie, T.T. and Lin, J., Heat Transfer Analysis for Fire-Exposed Concrete Slab-Beam Assemblies, IRC Internal Report No. 605, National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Research in Construction, Ottawa, Ontario, Lie, T.T. and Irwin, RJ., Evaluation of the Fire Resistance of Reinforced Concrete Columns with Rectangular Cross-Section, IRC Internal Report No. 601, National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Research in Construction, Ottawa, Ontario, DuPont Co., DSC Heat Capacity Data Analysis Program Manual, Version 1.0 for use with the Thermal Analyst 2000/2100, Issued January Miller, G.W. and Wood, J.L., Journal of Thermal Analysis, Vol. 2, 1970, pp Zhu, J.L. and Lie, T.T., Fire Resistance Evaluation of Reinforced Concrete Columns, IRC Internal Report, National Research Council of Canada, Institute for Research in Construction, Ottawa, Ontario, in preparation.

11 Temperature "C Specific Heat J/kg"C lo Figure 1 Specific Heat of Carbonate Aggregate Concrete as a Function of Temperature

12 1400- u & 600- V) o Temperature, "C Temperature "C Specific Heat J/kg0C Figure 2 Specific Heat of Siliceous Ag,gegate Concrete as a Function of Temperature

13 Temperature. "C Figure 3 Specific Heat of #525 Ordinary Poaland Cement Concrete as a Function

14 Temperature, OC Figure 4 Specific Heat of #425 Portland Blast Furnace Cement Concrete as a ~Lction of Temperature

15 l Temperature, O C Figure 5 Specific Heat of Fire Brick as a Function of Temperature

16 Figure 6 Specific Heat of Standard Clay Brick as a Function of Temperature

17 Temperature, "c Figure 7 Specific Heat of Regular Gypsum Board as a Function of Temperature

18 Temperature, "C Figure 8 Specific Heat of Fire Retardant Gypsum Board as a Function of Temperature

19 1000-5' 800-3' k J x 1 rn Temperature, Figure 9 Specific Heat of Light Heat-Insulating Brick as a Function of Temperature

20 1600~ P M 24 CI d a s ' CA Temperature, "C Figure 10 Specific Heat of Granite as a Function of Temperature

21 Temperature, "C / Temperature / Specific Heat I Figure 11 Specific Heat of Glass Fibre Reinforced Inorganic Board as a Function of Temperature

22 Temperature, "C O C< T 900 C Cp = T 200 c< T asooc cp = ~ 280 C< T OIO C. Cp = T 310 C< T 5600 C 'Cp = T Figure 12 Specific Heat of Fire Retardant Glass Fibre Reinforced-Polyester Board as a Function of Temperature

23 Figure 13 Mass Loss of Carbonate Aggregate Concrete as a Function of Temperature

24 Figure 14 Mass Loss of Siliceous Aggregate C one as a Function of Temperature

25 O CS T S520 C MlMo = T 520 C~ T 59oOoC M/Mo = T 900 Cc T S1OOO C MlMo = T Figure 15 Mass Loss of #525 Ordinary Portland Cement Concrete as a Function of Temperature

26 Figure 16 Mass Loss of #425 Portland Blast Furnace Cement Concrete as a Function of Temperature

27 Temperature, OC Figure 17 Mass Loss of Fire Brick as a Function of Temperahue

28 rp g 95- z loo0 Temperature, T Figure 18 Mass Loss of Standard Clay Brick as a Function of Temperatwe

29 Figure 19 Mass Loss of Gypsum Board as a Function of Temperature

30 75-1 I lo00 Temperature. "C Figure 20 Mass Loss of Fire Retardant Gypsum Board as a Function of Temperature

31 Temperature, OC Figure 21 Mass Loss of Light Heat-Insulating Brick as a Function of Temperature

32 Figure 22 Mass Loss of Granite as a Function of Temperature

33 Figure- 23 Mass Loss of Glass Fibre Reinforced Inorganic Board as a Function of Temperature

34 Temperature, OC Figure 24 Mass Loss of Fire Retardant GFR-Polyester Board as a Function of Temperature

35 Temperature, OC Figure25 Thermal Conductivity of Carbonate Aggregate Conmte as a Function

36 Figure 26 Thermal Conductivity of ~liceous Aggregate Concrete as a Function of Temperature

37 Figure 27 Thermal Conductivity of #525 Ordinary Portland Cement Concrete as a Function of Temperature.

38 Temperature, "C Figun: 28 Thermal Conductivity of #425 Portland Blast Furnace Cement Concrete as a Function of Temperature

39 Temperature. "c Figure 29 Thermal Conductivity of Fire Brick as a Function of Temperature

40 Figure 30 Thermal Conductivity of Standard Clay Brick as a Function of Temperature

41 Figure 3 1 Thermal Conductivity of Gypsum Board as a Function of Temperature

42 Temperature, "C Figure 32 Thennal Conductivity of Fi Retarding Gypsum Board as a Function of Temperature

43 r lo00 Temperature, "C Figure 33 Thermal Conductivity of Light Heat-Insulating Brick as a Function of Temperature

44 Figure 34 Thermal Conductivity of Granite as a Function of Tempe-

45 Temperature, "C Temperature "C Thermal Conductivity Wlm C Figure 35 Thermal Conductivity of Glass Fibre Reinforced Inorganic Board as a Function of Temperature

46 Temperature, "C Temperature OC Thermal Conductivity Wlm"C Figure 36 Thermal Conductivity of Fire Retardant GFR-Polyester Board as a Function of Temperature

47 Temperature, "C Figure 37 Thermal Expansion of Carbonate Aggregate Concrete as a Function of Temperature

48 Temperature, "C Figure 38 Thermal Expansion of Siliceous Aggregate Concrete as a Function of Temperature

49 Temperature, OC o0a T ~1000~~ &ilo = T Figure 39 Thermal Exuansion of #525 Ordinary Portland Cement Concrete as a Function of~emperature

50 Temperature. "C Figure 40 Thermal Expansion of #425 Portland Blast Furnace Cement Concrete as a Function of Temperature

51 Figure 41 Thermal Expansion of Fire Brick as a Function of Temperature

52 . Temperature. "C o0e T ~1000 C. ALL0 = T Figure 42 Thermal Expansion of Standard Clay Brick as a Function of Temperature

53 Temperature, "C Figure 43 Thermal Expansion of Gypsum Board as a Function of Temperature

54 0- * -2- s Temperature, OC Figure 44 Thermal Expansion of Fire Retardaat Gypsum Board as a Function of Temperature

55 Figure 45 Thermal Expansion of Light Heat-Insulating Brick as a Function

56 Temperature, "C Figure 46 Thermal Expansion of Granite as a Function of Temperature

57 Temperature, O C Figure 47 Thermal Expansion of Glass Fibre Reinforced Inorganic Board as a Function of Temperature

58 Temperature, "C Figure 48 Thermal Expansion of Fire Retardant GFR-Polyester Board as a Function of Temperature