The information provided in this presentation is to be considered Law Enforcement Sensitive

Transcription

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2 The information provided in this presentation is to be considered Law Enforcement Sensitive

3 DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY BUREAU OF ALCOHOL, TOBACCO AND FIREARMS Office of Training & Professional Development Arson & Explosives Training Branch presents

4 Introduction to Explosive Recognition and Safety for On-Scene Coordinators TYPES OF EXPLOSIVES & EXPLOSIVE EFFECTS

5 Objectives Recognize types of explosives Familiarization of explosive materials Understand explosive effects Identify explosives material hazards Recognize the dynamics of explosive injuries 5

6 Types of Explosions Nuclear Mechanical Chemical 6

7 Nuclear Explosions Fission Splitting of the nucleus of atoms Fusion Joining together under great force the nuclei of atoms 7

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9 Mechanical Explosions Conversion of a substance such as water into a gas, in the form of steam. Not the conversion of a substance to a different composition, as in a chemical explosion. 9

10 Chemical Explosions Rapid conversion of a substance, solid or liquid, into a gas 10

11 Effects of an Explosion Blast pressure Thermal/incendiary Fragmentation 11

12 Blast Pressure Two Phases 12

13 Primary Blast Pressure POSITIVE PRESSURE 13

14 Primary Blast Pressure NEGATIVE PRESSURE 14

15 Primary Blast Wave 15

16 Primary Blast Wave 16

17 Thermal / Incendiary Effects Measured by both length of burn and intensity Intense heat is given off by the rapid expansion of gases 17

18 Fragmentation Effects Blast breaks the material around the explosive charge into pieces and projects them at high velocities 18

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20 Fragmentation & Shrapnel 20

21 Categories of Explosives Low Explosives High Explosives Blasting Agents 21

22 Low Explosives Deflagrate A rapid exothermic, self propagating chemical reaction through unreacted material Velocity - less than the speed of sound 22

23 Low Explosives When confined, may explode at near detonation velocity Usually consist of free flowing powders Black powder Smokeless powder Display fireworks are low explosives 23

24 Low Explosives Smokeless & Black Powders 24

25 Low Explosives Black Powder and Smokeless Powder Subject to initiation by friction, impact, heat, flame, spark and static electricity 25

26 High Explosives Detonate Instantaneous consumption of the explosive The speed that shock wave passes through unreacted material is the detonation velocity Designed to shatter & destroy 26

27 High Explosives 27

28 Primary High Explosives Extremely sensitive to initiation by heat, friction, static electricity, shock or a combination of these Detonators Primers Used in small quantities 28

29 Primary High Explosives Lead Azide, Mercury Fulminate, etc. Subject to initiation by friction, impact, heat, flame, spark and static electricity May be toxic if not handled properly Used in making detonators and firearms primers, as well as military and industrial applications 29

30 Detonating Cap 30

31 Primary High Explosives Detonators (Blasting Caps) Fuse type Extremely sensitive to initiation by friction, impact, heat, flame, spark and static electricity Electrical type Extremely sensitive to shock, impact, or heat, and static electricity Gas type - Extremely sensitive to initiation by friction, impact, heat, flame, spark and static electricity 31

32 Secondary High Explosives Dynamite C-4 TNT Emulsions Cast Boosters Slurries Det Cord Relatively insensitive to heat, friction, shock, flame or static electricity Usually require the help of a primary high explosive to begin the detonation process 32

33 Dynamite is generic term Straight nitroglycerin dynamite Gelatin and semigelatin dynamite Ammonia and sodium dynamites Dynamite 33

34 Dynamite 34

35 Dynamite (NOTE: Blasting Cap Wires, on the left) 35

36 Dynamite Nitroglycerin-based products Subject to initiation by friction, impact, heat, flame, spark and static electricity. Can cause extreme headaches through skin absorption when handled or fumes are present Long periods of improper storage or varying climatic conditions can cause crystallization of the NG 36

37 Flash Powder Possibly the most dangerous explosives A mixture of potassium perchlorate, aluminum and sulfur 37

38 Flash Powder 38

39 Flash Powder Photoflash Powder (Perchlorate Explosive Mixture) Used in fireworks and theatrical effects Subject to initiation by friction, impact, heat, flame, spark and static electricity 39

40 Flash Powder Can explode when unconfined under its own weight! 40

41 Cast Boosters 41

42 Cast Boosters Primers and Boosters Relatively insensitive 42

43 Emulsions Explosive materials emulsified in oil 43

44 Slurries Water base with ammonia or sodium nitrate 44

45 Detonating Cord Military High Explosives Designed to be relatively safe in handling Detonating Code Primer Cord Relatively insensitive 45

46 Any explosive material, intended for blasting, which cannot be detonated by a #8 detonator when unconfined. Ammonium nitrate and fuel oil (ANFO) Some water gels Blasting Agents 46

47 ANFO 47

48 Blasting Agents Non-cap sensitive ANFO, water gels, emulsions and slurries Usually very safe 48

49 Binary Explosives Two part explosives Oxidizer Fuel Not an explosive until mixed 49

50 Specialty Explosives Jet tappers and oil well tools containing shape charges Relatively insensitive Binary explosives when mixed are same as dynamite for sensitivity. Flexible charges (deta sheet, etc.) 50

51 Explosives Effects Injuries 51

52 The degree of injuries received as a result of an explosion / blast are directly affected by the following: Overpressure Fragmentation Impact Thermal effect 52

53 Overpressure Injuries Severity of injuries caused by overpressure will directly depend upon distance/proximity to explosion and the strength of the blast wave. 53

54 Fragmentation Injuries Caused by device fragmentation, shrapnel, or other objects / secondary fragmentation which penetrate the body. 54

55 Impact Injuries Acceleration Injuries Caused by blunt trauma from projectiles or fragments which impact with body. AND The blast pressure wave colliding with body forcing the body to accelerate. 55

56 Impact Injuries Deceleration Injures Caused by body impacting a rigid surface after the explosion and acceleration is slowed or terminated. 56

57 Thermal Injuries Burns caused by the explosive thermal effect. 57

58 If you have any questions regarding explosives or handling of explosive materials, please contact The Public Safety Branch The Explosives Technology Branch