Figure 2. Surficial geology of Mesopotamia and adjacent highlands (from Haghipour 2009).

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1 KUNJI CAVE Susiana Plain S. Mesopotamia Ram Hormuz Plain Kur River Valley Samples completed Samples in process Mamasani SE Iran Figure 1. Sources of Ceramic Samples

2 Figure 2. Surficial geology of Mesopotamia and adjacent highlands (from Haghipour 2009).

3 Mesopotamia Warka Akkad Open symbols indicate Open outliers symbols representing indicate outliers probable representing non-local samples. possible non-local samples. Tell Brak Susiana Figure 3. Mesopotamian ceramics including materials from the Warka (green) and Akkad (black) surveys. Ellipse represents 95% confidence interval for reference group membership. Solid symbols are group members; open symbols represent outliers that are possibly non-local.

4 Mesopotamia Tell Brak Tepe Godin Susiana Figure 4. Separation of reference groups for Mesopotamia, Susiana, Tell Brak, and Tepe Godin on the first two principle components. Ellipses represent 95% confidence intervals for group membership. Susiana and Tell Brak clearly separate on subsequent components.

5 Al Ca K Na Fe Ti Sc V Cr Mn Co Zn Rb Cs Ba As La Ce Sm Eu Tb Yb Lu Hf Ta Th U Tell Brak Tepe Godin Mesopotamia N. Susiana Figure 5. Comparison of ceramics from Mesopotamia with other regions along a mean profile of 27 elements. Mesopotamian ceramics are relatively high in the trace-metals Cr, Mn, and Co.

6 Mesopotamia Jebel Aruda Tell Brak Tepe Godin Susiana Figure 6. Distribution of Jebel Aruda sherds (dark green) relative to reference groups for Mesopotamia, Susiana, Tell Brak, and Tepe Godin. Note close agreement between Jebel Aruda and Mesopotamia. Open symbols indicate outliers at Jebel Aruda representing probable non-local samples.

7 Mesopotamia Tell Hadidi Tell Brak Tepe Godin Susiana Figure 7. Sherds from Tell Hadidi Area C relative to reference groups for Mesopotamia, Susiana, Tell Brak, and Tepe Godin. Area C includes apparent kiln debris dating from ca BCE. Note close agreement with Mesopotamia, suggesting strong similarities between Upper and Lower Euphrates clays.

8 Mesopotamia Tell Hadidi Tell Brak Tepe Godin Susiana Figure 8. Tell Hadidi 4 th M. sherds relative to reference groups for Mesopotamia, Susiana, Tell Brak, and Tepe Godin. Again, note close agreement with Mesopotamia.

9 Tell Hadidi Jebel Aruda Mesopotamia Al Ca K Na Fe Ti Sc V Cr Mn Co Zn Rb Cs Ba As La Ce Sm Eu Tb Yb Lu Hf Ta Th U Figure 9. Comparison of ceramics from Mesopotamia and sites on the Upper Euphrates along a mean profile of 27 elements. Only fairly minor differences are apparent in potassium, sodium, and arsenic content.

10 Abu Fanduweh Tepe Sharafabad Choga Mish Figure 10. Separation of ceramic sources within the Susiana Plain on a bivariate plot of tantalum and thorium.

11 Abu Fanduweh Tepe Sharafabad Choga Mish Al Ca K Na Fe Ti Sc V Cr Mn Co Zn Rb Cs Ba As La Ce Sm Eu Tb Yb Lu Hf Ta Th U Figure 11. Comparison of ceramics from Susiana sources along a profile of 27 elements.

12 Mesopotamia Tell Brak Tepe Godin Susiana Figure 12. Location of ceramic samples from Tell Brak on the first two principle component axes. The Tell Brak reference group overlaps with Susiana on these axes, but can be distinguished based on higher rare-earth element content.

13 Mesopotamia Tell Brak Tepe Godin Black = Local Chalcolithic material from Tell Brak Susiana Figure 12a. Location of ceramic samples from Tell Brak on the first two principle component axes. The Tell Brak reference group overlaps with Susiana on these axes, but can be distinguished based on higher rare-earth element content.

14 Local Tell Brak Uruk-style Tell Brak Al Ca K Na Fe Ti Sc V Cr Mn Co Zn Rb Cs Ba As La Ce Sm Eu Tb Yb Lu Hf Ta Th U Figure 12b. Comparison of Uruk-style and local (Chalcolithic) pottery from Tell Brak across a profile of 27 elements.

15 Godin-3 Outliers Godin Main Godin-2 Figure 13. Identification of preliminary groups at Godin Tepe, based on a bivariate scatter-plot of scandium and thorium. Open symbols are probable outliers of the Godin Main group.

16 Al Ca K Na Fe Ti Sc V Cr Mn Co Zn Rb Cs Ba As La Ce Sm Eu Tb Yb Lu Hf Ta Th U Tepe Godin Godin_2 Godin_3 Figure 14. Comparison of ceramic groups from Godin Tepe along a profile of 27 elements.

17 Abu Fanduweh Tell Brak Tepe Godin Mesopotamia N. Susiana Godin_2 Godin_ Al Ca K Na Fe Ti Sc V Cr Mn Co Zn Rb Cs Ba As La Ce Sm Eu Tb Yb Lu Hf Ta Th U Figure 15. Comparison of ceramic groups from Godin Tepe with other regional reference groups, along a profile of 27 elements. The main Godin group is distinctly high in Rb, Cs, and Th relative to other groups.

18 Mesopotamia Outliers Nineveh Tell Brak Tepe Godin Susiana Figure 16. Distribution of Nineveh sherds relative to reference groups for Mesopotamia, Susiana, Tell Brak, and Tepe Godin. Outliers are indicated in black; the remaining assemblage has a composition generally similar to that of Tell Brak.

19 Abu Fanduweh Tell Brak Mesopotamia N. Susiana Nineveh Al Ca K Na Fe Ti Sc V Cr Mn Co Zn Rb Cs Ba As La Ce Sm Eu Tb Yb Lu Hf Ta Th U Figure 17. Comparison of ceramics from Nineveh with other regional reference groups, along a profile of 27 elements. Note the close parallels with Tell Brak, with differences primarily in Cr content.

20 Figure 18. Separation of samples from Tal-e Geser into two composition groups, based on La:Mn ratios. Figure 19. Comparison of Tal-e Geser composition groups with Abu Fanduweh, N. Susiana, and Mesopotamia.

21 Yahya Chaff High Ca Yahya Grit High Co:Fe Yahya Chaff Low Ca Yahya Grit Low Co:Fe Figure 20A. Separation of chaff-tempered samples from Tepe Yahya into two main composition groups, based on Ca:Al ratios. Figure 20B. Separation of grit-tempered samples from Tepe Yahya into two main composition groups, based on Co:Fe ratios.

22 Yahya Grit High Co:Fe Yahya Grit Low Co:Fe High Ca High Ca Low Ca Low Ca Figure 21A. Subdivision of the Yahya Grit High Co:Fe group, based on Ca:Al ratios. Note that these groups closely approximate the Ca:Al subdivisions found in chaff-tempered ceramics (CI ellipses indicated in black). Figure 21B. Subdivision of the Yahya Grit Low Co:Fe group, based on Ca:Al ratios. Note that these groups are off-set from the Ca:Al subdivisions found in chaff-tempered ceramics (black) and High Co:Fe groups (blue).

23 Grit High Co:Fe High Ca Grit High Co:Fe Low Ca Grit Low Co:Fe High Ca Grit Low Co:Fe Low Ca Al Ca K Na Fe Ti Sc V Cr Mn Co Zn Rb Cs Ba As La Ce Sm Eu Tb Yb Lu Hf Ta Th U Figure 22. Comparison of ceramic groups from Tepe Yahya along a profile of 27 elements.

24 Godin Tepe TG Low Mn, Low Ca Tepe Yahya Main Tell Brak Abu Fanduweh N. Susiana Mesopotamia Figure 23. Provenance determination of non-local samples from Mesopotamia, as illustrated on the first two canonical variates. Five samples (shown in red) are securely assigned to Abu Fanduweh. One other outlier (URUK_040) shows similarities to Tal-e Geser.

25 Abu Fanduweh Mesopotamia URUK_079 URUK_080 URUK_085 URUK_087 URUK_089 N. Susiana Al Ca K Na Fe Ti Sc V Cr Mn Co Zn Rb Cs Ba As La Ce Sm Eu Tb Yb Lu Hf Ta Th U Figure 24. Comparison of Uruk outliers (shown in black) against Mesopotamia and possible matches along a profile of 27 elements. All have low but significant probabilities of belonging to Abu Fanduweh, but the match is not convincing. They are, however, clearly distinct from the average Mesopotamian profile (green).

26 URUK_079 (BRB) URUK_080 (BRB) URUK_085 (BRB) URUK_087 (BRB) URUK_089 (BRB) Fig. 25. Non-local vessels all bevel-rim bowls apparently imported from S. Susiana to S. Mesopotamia.

27 Mesopotamia TG Low Mn Yahya Main URUK_ Al Ca K Na Fe Ti Sc V Cr Mn Co Zn Rb Cs Ba As La Ce Sm Eu Tb Yb Lu Hf Ta Th U Figure 26. Comparison of outlier URUK_040 (shown in black) against Mesopotamia and possible matches along a profile of 27 elements. Relative to other Mesopotamian samples, URUK_040 is distinctively low in calcium and manganese, but higher in rubidium and cesium. It is closest in composition to Tal-e Geser (shown in pink) or possibly Tepe Yahya (shown in brown).

28 URUK_040 (OI A71346) Microphotograph of paste texture on fresh break Note fine texture and vitrification around voids, suggesting the inclusion of charcoal. Figure 27. Jar found in Mesopotamia, possibly imported from Ram Hormuz.

29 JEB_041 JEB_042 JEB_043 Figure 28. Non-local vessels from Jebel Aruda.

30 Abu Fanduweh Tell Brak Jebel Aruda N. Susiana JEB_41 JEB_42 JEB_ Al Ca K Na Fe Ti Sc V Cr Mn Co Zn Rb Cs Ba As La Ce Sm Eu Tb Yb Lu Hf Ta Th U Figure 29. Comparison of outliers from Jebel Aruda (shown in black) against reference groups from neighboring regions along a profile of 27 elements. Note that all three Jebel Aruda cases are extreme outliers on one or more elements.

31 Mesopotamia Tell Hadidi HDD-03 and HDD-024 were identified as local petrofabric, but are probable outliers. Other outliers were identified as non-local pastes by petrography. Tell Brak Tepe Godin Susiana Figure 30. Non-local material from Tel Hadidi on the first two principle components.

32 Abu Fanduweh Tell Brak Mesopotamia HP_5735 HP_ Al Ca K Na Fe Ti Sc V Cr Mn Co Zn Rb Cs Ba As La Ce Sm Eu Tb Yb Lu Hf Ta Th U Figure 31. Comparison of 4 th millennium outliers from Tell Hadidi (shown in black) against neighboring reference groups along a profile of 27 elements. Sun-dried tile or brick. Cooking pot.

33 Mesopotamia TBK_048 TBK_068 Tell Brak Al Ca K Na Fe Ti Sc V Cr Mn Co Zn Rb Cs Ba As La Ce Sm Eu Tb Yb Lu Hf Ta Th U Figure 32. Comparison of outliers from Tell Brak (shown in black) against the Mesopotamia and Tell Brak reference groups along a profile of 27 elements. The higher Cr content of these outliers links them to Mesopotamia.

34 TBK_048 TW2-1028:180 Cross-hatch band jar Microphotographs of paste texture showing typical Uruk-style grit temper. TBK_068 TW2-1044:167 Bottle base Figure 33. Possible Mesopotamian ceramic imports at Tell Brak.

35 Mesopotamia NIN_02 NIN_05 NIN_07 NIN_ Al Ca K Na Fe Ti Sc V Cr Mn Co Zn Rb Cs Ba As La Ce Sm Eu Tb Yb Lu Hf Ta Th U Figure 34. Comparison of four samples from Nineveh (shown in black) with significant probability of membership in the Mesopotamia reference group, as calculated along a profile of 27 elements. Other than arsenic, the samples show an acceptable match.

36 NIN_002 ( G) NIN_005 ( ) NIN_007 ( ) NIN_019 ( ) Figure 35. Four samples from Nineveh with significant probability of membership in the Mesopotamia reference group, as calculated along a profile of 27 elements.

37 Tell Brak NIN_13 NIN_15 NIN_ Al Ca K Na Fe Ti Sc V Cr Mn Co Zn Rb Cs Ba As La Ce Sm Eu Tb Yb Lu Hf Ta Th U Figure 36. Comparison of three samples from Nineveh (shown in black) with significant probability of membership in the Tell Brak reference group, as calculated along a profile of 27 elements. NIN_013 and NIN_015 show a strong match with Tell Brak, while the similarity for NIN_016 is less striking.

38 NIN_013 ( A) NIN_015 ( ) Figure 37. Three vessels from Nineveh that appear to match the chemical signature of Tell Brak. NIN_016 ( )

39 Al Ca K Na Fe Ti Sc V Cr Mn Co Zn Rb Cs Ba As La Ce Sm Eu Tb Yb Lu Hf Ta Th U Abu Fanduweh GOT_ Al Ca K Na Fe Ti Sc V Cr Mn Co Zn Rb Cs Ba As La Ce Sm Eu Tb Yb Lu Hf Ta Th U Tell Brak GOT_06 Figure 38. Possible matches for outliers found at Godin Tepe, based on multivariate probabilities of group membership as calculated across 27 elements.

40 Al Ca K Na Fe Ti Sc V Cr Mn Co Zn Rb Cs Ba As La Ce Sm Eu Tb Yb Lu Hf Ta Th U Mesopotamia TG-13 TG-27 TG-73 Figure 39A. Comparison of three samples from Tal-e Geser with significant probability of membership in the Mesopotamian reference group, as calculated along a profile of 27 elements N. Susiana TG-30 TG-39 TG Al Ca K Na Fe Ti Sc V Cr Mn Co Zn Rb Cs Ba As La Ce Sm Eu Tb Yb Lu Hf Ta Th U Figure 39B. Comparison of three samples from Tal-e Geser associated with the Susiana reference group, along a profile of 27 elements.

41 Imports from Mesopotamia TG_013 TG_027 TG_073 Import from N Susiana (Lath-like inclusions are mineral) TG_030 Figure 40. Pastes of non-local sherds from Tal-e Geser.

42 Al Ca K Na Fe Ti Sc V Cr Mn Co Zn Rb Cs Ba As La Ce Sm Eu Tb Yb Lu Hf Ta Th U Tepe Godin YAH-111 Figure 41. Comparison of outlier from Tepe Yahya with the Godin Tepe reference group, along a profile of 27 elements. Note the characteristic high Rb and Cs values, which are unusual within the region.