Carbon Corrosion Effects in Fuel Cells

Transcription

1 Gordon Research Conference on Fuel Cells July 22-27, 27, 2007 Bryant University, Smithfield, RI, USA Carbon Corrosion Effects in Fuel Cells Paolina Atanassova,, Gordon Rice, Jian-Ping Shen, Yipeng Sun Cabot Fuel Cells, Albuquerque, NM Madhusudhana Dowlapalli, Plamen Atanassov Department of Chemical & Nuclear Engineering University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM

2 Carbon Corrosion Effects in Fuel Cells Impact of carbon corrosion on catalysts/mea durability Corrosion resistant carbon (CRC) supports Fundamentals of carbon black supports Requirements for carbon as support for FC electrocatalysts Structural and oxidation resistance test methods Performance and durability of alloy electrocatalysts based on CRC supports Hydrogen-air FC materials solutions

3 Cabot Fuel Cell Materials Development Performance mw/cm 2 Cost gpt/kw; $/kw Durability 5000 h Low Precious Metal Alloy Electrocatalysts Advanced Carbon Supports Optimized Electrode Layers and MEA Structures Tailored to FC operating conditions

4 Cabot Fuel Cell Materials Development Combination of durable Pt alloy catalysts with corrosion resistant carbon supports is a viable way for next generation automotive fuel f cell materials Alloy Electrocatalysts: Two fold mass activity improvement by Pt-alloy catalysts High absolute performance combined with low precious metal loadings in a single cell and short stack Significant durability improvement under cycling protocols Advanced Carbon Supports: Surface modification of carbon supports effectively enhances carbon corrosion resistance and enables operation at low relative humidity operating conditions No performance loss after 120 hours of standard corrosion protocol (1.2 V) without sacrificing initial performance

5 Impact of Carbon Corrosion on Catalyst/MEA Durability Carbon support durability is considered to be a major barrier for commercialization of automotive fuel cells Electrochemical oxidation of carbon in acid occurs by at least two anodic reaction pathways Carbon surface groups CO 2 Carbon CO CO 2 Carbon corrosion is accelerated: during start/ stop cycles at high voltage,ocv at high temperature operating conditions at low humidity operating conditions

6 Impact of Carbon Corrosion on Catalyst/MEA Durability Type of Catalyst/MEA performance losses related to carbon corrosion Pt sintering due to loss of active phase/support interaction Oxidation of carbon surface leads to layer flooding effects Break down in carbon/carbon interface Formation of reactive species affecting membrane durability

7 Long Term Performance Losses Related to Carbon Corrosion ~ OH OH OH Loss of interaction between Pt particles and carbon surface (undercutting) Sintering, loss of active area Surface groups are formed during corrosion Hydrophilic in nature Flooding of electrodes

8 Long Term Performance Losses Related to Carbon Corrosion Nafion Nafion Nafion Nafion Percolation effects in conductivity/connectivity of porous matrixes

9 Carbon Corrosion Effects in Fuel Cells Impact of carbon corrosion on catalysts/mea durability Corrosion resistant carbon (CRC) supports Fundamentals of carbon black supports Requirements for carbon as support for FC electrocatalysts Structural and oxidation resistance test methods Performance and durability of alloy electrocatalysts based on CRC supports Hydrogen-air FC materials solutions

10 Fundamentals of Carbon Blacks Mostly Carbon Graphitic crystallites or amorphous Defects, dislocations, and discontinuities at the edges of layer planes Variable amount of disorganized tetrahedrally bonded carbon can often be found cross-linking different layers. Total oxygen content usually less than 1% Phenols, ketones,, acids, etc. Hydrogen content ~ 0.2% The carbon surface is essentially inert to most organic reaction chemistry

11 Fundamentals of Carbon Blacks CB is homologous to graphite. ca. 18 x 24 Å sheets. 3-4 parallel layers Separation of layers: Å for CB 3.35 Å for graphite Disordered layers - Turbostratic Structure Form primary particles

12 Fundamentals of Carbon Blacks D pp Dagg D pp = nm D agg = nm Aggregates consist of fused primary particles The primary particle size, aggregate size, surface area and structure are controlled during CB production Agglomerates consist of aggregates held together with Van der Waals forces Surface area: m 2 /g D agglomerate = nm

13 Fundamentals of Carbon Blacks Low Structure, Large Particle Size High Structure, Large Particle Size Low Structure, Small Particle Size High Structure, Small Particle Size Vulcan XC 72 Ketjen Black

14 Ability to Control Carbon Support Properties Combination of morphology control and surface modification allows for rational design of carbon materials Particle Size Carbon black morphology can be controlled to design the length scale of gas and water transport channels Various degrees of carbon support graphitization can be achieved Carbon support surface chemistry can be modified Structure Surface Chemistry Carbon Black + N N + Y Diazonium Salt Modified Carbon Black

15 Carbon Corrosion Effects in Fuel Cells Impact of carbon corrosion on catalysts/mea durability Corrosion resistant carbon (CRC) supports Fundamentals of carbon black supports Requirements for carbon as support for FC electrocatalysts Structural and oxidation resistance test methods Performance and durability of alloy electrocatalysts based on CRC supports Hydrogen-air FC materials solutions

16 Desirable Properties of EC Supports Surface area Min m 2 /g Preferably higher, m 2 /g Porosity Minimal micro - porosity, less than 1 nm Meso - porosity preferred, 10 nm nm pore size Stable in acidic media Low solubility at ph 1-2 Related to impurities and effect to proton conductor poisoning Stable to corrosion under electrochemical conditions Graphitization level Passivation surface chemistry Suppression of hydrogen peroxide formation Electronic conductivity

17 Importance of Carbon Purity estimate Considered to be a factor for long term stability, various opinions, no solid proof Metal cations can be leached out and end up in the membrane decreasing proton conductivity Calculations on the level of impurities that can negatively affect the membrane conductivity Nafion 112 membrane Iononomer in the electrocatalyst layers order of magnitude less proton sides, even easier to poison by impurities Conclusion: metal impurities of typical carbon grades show that carbon purity is sufficient

18 Carbon Corrosion Root Cause Electrochemical oxidation of carbon in acid occurs by several reaction pathways Carbon hydroxyl, keto, carboxilyc CO 2 Carbon CO 2 Active sites for carbon corrosion are associated with carbon atoms at edges, defects, dislocations and single-layer layer planes (amorphous). ~ OH O OH O O C OH CO 2 Removal, reduction and inhibition of those active sites in carbon n is expected to slow down carbon corrosion Conventional approaches for improving carbon durability lead to trade offs between durability, absolute performance and catalyst ink properties

19 Approaches to Durable EC Supports Conventional approaches used to reduce/avoid carbon corrosion issue Graphite supports Graphitization of carbon blacks Addition of dopants (B) in carbon Radically different non-carbon supports Nitrides, carbides, or metal oxides that are: Stable in acidic conditions High surface area Electrically conductive Cabot s approach to corrosion resistant carbon (CRC) Carbon blacks treatment to adjust graphitization level and morphology Surface modification to adjust surface properties Combined with spray-conversion method for EC manufacturing Tailored to FC OEM operating conditions

20 Carbon Corrosion Effects in Fuel Cells Impact of carbon corrosion on catalysts/mea durability Corrosion resistant carbon (CRC) supports Fundamentals of carbon black supports Requirements for carbon as support for FC electrocatalysts Structural and oxidation resistance test methods Performance and durability of alloy electrocatalysts based on CRC supports Hydrogen-air FC materials solutions

21 Characterization of Corrosion Resistant Carbons Matrix of carbon blacks treatment and surface modification conditions Structural characterization BET, pore volume and pore size distribution XRD for crystallinity/graphitization evaluation Ex-situ electrochemical measurements High voltage test in MEA Performance, ECSA CO/CO 2 measurements

22 X-Ray Diffraction (002) Lc/2 La (10) The smaller d (002) space (ideally nm), the higher the level of graphitization of carbon blacks, and the better the carbon corrosion resistance The presence of (110) also indicative of carbon corrosion resistance (004) (110)

23 Graphitization Lin (Counts) BET SA (m^2/g) (002) Characterization of Conventional Graphitized Carbons (10) Theta - Scale (004) HT-1800C, 2hrs HT-1200C, 2hrs KB EC 600 C File: C 3293.RAW - Type: PSD fast-scan - Start: End: Step: Step time: 0.1 s - Temp.: 25 C (Room) - Time Started: 0 s - 2-Theta: C File: C 3379.RAW - Type: PSD fast-scan - Start: End: Step: Step time: 0.1 s - Temp.: 25 C (Room) - Time Started: 0 s - 2-Theta: C File: C RAW - Type: PSD fast-scan - Start: End: Step: Step time: 0.1 s - Temp.: 25 C (Room) - Time Started: 0 s - 2-Theta: Surface area Ketjen Black EC600 Temperature, time HT-1200C, 6hr HT-1200C, 2hr HT-1500C, 2hr HT-1800C, 2hr HT-2100C, 2hr HT-2400C, 2hr (110) Pore Voume (5nm~100nm) (%) Graphitized carbons can meet the corrosion requirements but the obtained carbon through high temperature treatment will not be suitable for making high performance catalyst due to: Low surface area.. Most of graphitized carbons do not have sufficient surface area for making highly dispersed catalysts. Inert carbon surface.. Low surface energy is mostly responsible for forming larger precious metal particles,easier metal sintering, etc

24 Ex-situ Electrochemical Measurements Gas Diffusion Electrode Half Cell Set up Room Temp, 2M H 2 SO 4 Hg/HgSO 4 reference electrode Cathode GDE c Reference Electrode Port Anode GDE (full cell) or Counter Electrode (Half cell) c c c Oxygen Chamber Electrolyte Chamber Fuel Chamber (for full cell) 1. Three Electrode System 2. Air Breathing Gas-Diffusion Electrode 3. Teflonized Carbon Backing 24

25 Carbon Blacks Corrosion Measurements: Carbon Layer on Gas-Diffusion Electrode 500mg of Teflonized carbon Gas Diffusion Layer press 65mg of carbon black + 35 mg Teflonized carbon black Current Collector Carbon black matrix press Active Layer press Carbon Blacks are mixed with Nafion and Teflon

26 Corrosion Resistance of Carbon Blacks Carbon Black + N N + Y Diazonium Salt Modified Carbon Black

27 Corrosion Resistance of EC and Carbon Blacks Pt/Carbon Black electrocatalysts express higher corrosion currents than the support itself.

28 Corrosion Resistance of Carbon Blacks

29 Ex-Situ Electrochemical Testing Delivers valuable information on corrosion resistance of carbon blacks and electrocatalysts Quantitative analysis can be based on: Normalized current (per m 2 of support or catalyst) for similar surface area catalysts Total current for fixed amount of support or catalyst Protocol modified to potentiostatic test at conditions similar to high voltage test in MEA 0.8 V,1.0 V, 1.2 V, 1.4 V, 1.5 V Potentiostatic and galvanostatic protocols deliver identical results when test is performed below 1.2 V

30 Ex-situ Electrochemical Measurement of Carbon Corrosion at Various Voltages At 0.8V Current, ma C2610-KB KB EC 600 Vulcan C2547-VXC72 72 Graphite C3071-Timcal HT KB C3625-KB-2700 Cabot C3625-L4CRC Time, sec Under the same voltage,the lower current (ma) means the carbon is less corrosive

31 Ex-situ Electrochemical Measurement of Carbon Corrosion at Various Voltages At 1.0V Current, ma C2610-KB KB EC 600 Vulcan C2547-VXC72 72 Graphite C3071-Timcal HT KB C3625-KB-2700 C3625-L4 Cabot CRC Time, sec

32 Ex-situ Electrochemical Measurement of Carbon Corrosion at Various Voltages At 1.2V C2610-KB EC 600 Current, ma Time, sec Vulcan C2547-VXC72 C3071-Timcal Graphite C3625-KB-2700 HT C3625-L4 Cabot CRC

33 Ex-situ Electrochemical Measurement of Carbon Corrosion at Various Voltages At 1.4V C2610-KB EC 600 Vulcan C2547-VXC C3071-Timcal Graphite C3625-KB-2700 HT C3625-L4 Cabot CRC Current, ma Time, sec

34 Ex-situ Electrochemical Measurement of Carbon Corrosion at Various Voltages At 1.5V C2610-KB EC 600 Current, ma Vulcan C2547-VXC72 C3071-Timcal Graphite C3625-KB-2700 HT C3625-L4 Cabot CRC Time, sec

35 Summary Combination of physical and electrochemical ex-situ characterization allows for pre - screening of carbon supports based on selection criteria Cabot CR carbons exhibit corrosion currents as low as or lower than traditionally graphitized carbons and commercial high surface area graphite while maintaining greater than 2x advantage in BET surface area Down selected carbon supports are used as catalyst supports and Pt and Pt-alloy based catalysts are manufactured Active phase loading and spray processing conditions are varied to ensure optimized active phase dispersion CRC based catalyst are tested in MEA configuration: Initial performance High voltage test Load cycling Intermediate evaluation of performance, ECSA Final performance

36 Carbon Corrosion Effects in Fuel Cells Impact of carbon corrosion on catalysts/mea durability Corrosion resistant carbon (CRC) supports Fundamentals of carbon black supports Requirements for carbon as support for FC electrocatalysts Structural and oxidation resistance test methods Performance and durability of alloy electrocatalysts based on CRC supports Hydrogen-air FC materials solutions

37 Electrocatalyst Corrosion at High Voltage Test in MEA Start-up Cell Conditioning (12 to 16 hours) Measure Polarization Curves Apply 1.2V - 100% RH H 2 /N 2 for 15 hours Investigate and evaluate the corrosive behavior of catalysts in single MEA fuel cell Corrosion resistance evaluation protocol adopted from GM/DOE Polarization curves test conditions 80 C, stoich flows A/C = 3/3, 50% RH, 7 psig Measure Polarization Curves Apply 1.2V - 100% RH H 2 /N 2 for 5-15 hours Yes t <100 hours? No Shutdown Cell Study the effect of platinum loading, surface modification and morphology of the carbon blacks on the corrosive behavior of electrocatalysts. Goal less than 30 mv loss at 1 A/cm 2 after 100 hrs corrosion test at 1.2V, 80 C

38 Severe Corrosion Losses with Standard Supports Voltage (V) % Pt / Ketjen Black 0hr 15hr 20hr 25hr 30hr 35hr 40hr 45hr Polarization curves test conditions: 80/80/80 C, stoich flows A/C = 3/3, 50% RH, 7 psig Current Density (A/cm2) > 100mV loss at 1A/cm 2 only after 15h > 50% Loss in ECSA after 45h of standard corrosion protocol

39 Long Term Performance Losses Related to Carbon Corrosion ~ OH OH OH Loss of interaction between Pt particles and carbon surface (undercutting) Sintering, loss of active area Surface groups are formed during corrosion Hydrophilic in nature Flooding of electrodes

40 Long Term Performance Losses Related to Carbon Corrosion Nafion Nafion Nafion Nafion Percolation effects in conductivity/connectivity of porous matrixes

41 Severe Corrosion Losses with Standard Supports Current Density (A/m2) % Pt / Ketjen Black At 0.5V At 0.7V At 0.85V % Loss 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% %Loss Mass transport regime %Loss Ohmic regime %Loss Kinetic regime %Loss EC Area Time (hrs) 0% Time (Hrs) > % Losses in kinetic, ohmic and mass transport regime > 50% Loss in ECSA after 45 h of standard corrosion protocol

42 Surface Modification Effectively Enhances Carbon Corrosion Resistance 60% Pt / Modified Carbon Black (MCB) Voltage (V) hr 15hr 20hr 25hr 30hr 35hr 40hr 45hr 50hr Polarization curves test conditions: 80 C, stoich flows A/C = 3/3, 50% RH, 7 psig > 100mV Loss at 1A/cm 2 after 50h, ~3 fold improvement Improvement is related to the coverage of functional groups on carbon surface Functional groups stabilize the carbon surface Current Density (A/cm2)

43 Current Density (A/m2) Surface Modification Effectively Enhances Carbon Corrosion Resistance At 0.5V At 0.7V At 0.85V 60% Pt / Modified Carbon Black (MCB) Time (hrs) % Loss 100% 90% %Loss Mass transport regime 80% %Loss Ohmic regime 70% %Loss Kinetic regime 60% %Loss EC Area 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Time (Hrs) < 35 % Losses in kinetic, ohmic and mass transport regimes < 60% Loss in EC Area after 50 h of standard corrosion protocol Performance loss observed is relatively low compared to loss in EC Area

44 Voltage (V) Current Density (A/m2) Superior Corrosion Resistance with Cabot CRC Support At 0.5V At 0.7V At 0.85V Current Density (A/cm2) Time (hrs) 0hr 15hr 20hr 25hr 28hr 33hr 45hr % Loss 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% ~ No Loss at 1A/cm 2 after 45hrs < 10 % change in performance in kinetic, ohmic and mass transport regimes A maximum of 25% loss in EC area is observed after 45 hours. Relative performance loss observed is very low compared to loss in EC Area %Loss Mass transport regime %Loss Ohmic regime %Loss Kinetic regime %Loss EC Area Time (Hrs)

45 Voltage (V) Significant Improvement in Durability with no Performance Trade Offs Current Density (A/cm2) 60% Pt / Corrosion Resistant Carbon (CRC) 0hr 15hr 30hr 45hr 60hr 75hr 90hr 105hr 120hr Both MCB and CRC supports show significant improvement in carbon durability CRC materials exhibit no performance loss at 120 hrs after high voltage test at 1.2 V

46 Carbon Loss during FC testing The higher corrosion resistance carbon release less carbon spices (CO/CO 2 ) direct measurement in FC Paul T. Yu, Wenbin Gu, Hubert A. Frederick T. Wagner, GM, ECS meeting, Cancun, Oct-Nov 2006

47 Cabot Fuel Cell Materials Development Performance mw/cm 2 Cost gpt/kw; $/kw Durability 5000 h Low Precious Metal Alloy Electrocatalysts Advanced Carbon Supports Optimized Electrode Layers and MEA Structures Tailored to FC operating conditions

48 Cabot Electrocatalyst Platform Gas feed Effluent gas Liquid delivery Atomization Gas Phase processing Collection Product

49 Process in Motion

50 1 PtCoCu 2 PtCoFe 3 PtFeCu 4 PtNiCu 5 PtNiFe 6 PtPdCu 7 PtPdCo 8 PtPdFe 9 PtMnFe 10 PtPdMn 11 PtNiCo 12 PtCoAg 13 PtFeAg 14 PtNiAg 15 PtPdNiCo Two Fold Mass Activity Improvement Demonstrated by Ternary Pt- Alloy Supported Catalysts Cell Voltage (V) % PtCoCu/C 20% PtNiCo/C % PtCo/C 20% PtNiFe/C % Pt/C 20% PtNi/C A/mg Pt cathode Best Pt alloy compositions show up to 2 fold mass activity improvement in hydrogen air fuel cell Test Conditions: Non IR corrected, 50 cm 2 MEA, Nafion TM 112 Loadings: Cathode: 0.2 mgm/cm 2, Anode: 0.05 mgpt/cm 2 80ºC, 1.5 H 2 /2.5 air at 1A/cm 2, 100% RH, 30 psig, 10min/point

51 MEA Performance at Low Precious Metal Loadings 1.0 Highly Dispersed Alloy Catalysts Cell Voltage (V) V, 0.6 g Pt/kW 0.75 V, 0.4 g Pt/kW 0.7 V, 0.3 g Pt/kW Current Density (A/m 2 ) Pt (111): (2θ); a: 3.87 Å MEA loadings: 0.15 mg Pt/cm 2 total loading Cathode: 0.1 mg Pt/cm 2 ; Anode: 0.05 mg Pt/cm 2 Test Conditions: 50 cm 2, Nafion TM C, 1.5 H 2 /2.5 air at 1A/cm 2, 100% RH, 30 psig, 10 min/point, Non IR corrected 3-5 nm 20 nm 2-3 nm Control of crystallite size 10 nm

52 High Absolute Performance Combined with Low Precious Metal Loadings Cell Voltage (V) A: 0.3 mgpt/cm 2, Pt alloy/kb B: 0.5 mgpt/cm2, 50 wt.% Pt/KB Current Density (A/cm 2 ) 2006 High Metal Loading Catalyst on High Surface Area Carbon Support Identical performance at approximately half of the Pt content Test Conditions: Non IR corrected 50 cm 2, Nafion TM 112, cathode: as listed; anode: 0.05 mgpt/cm 2, 80 C, 1.5 H 2 /2.5 air at 1A/cm 2, 100% RH, 30 psig, 10 min/point At 0.8 V a power density of 0.32 W/cm 2 was achieved At 0.7 V approximately 0.56 W/cm 2 (total PM loading, anode plus cathode of 0.35 mgpt/cm 2 ), which corresponds to approximately 0.6 gpt/kw.

53 Long-Term Durability Under Cycling Protocols 100 Specific Surface Area [% of initial] 120% 100% Norm olized Specifc Surface Area vs. CV Cycle 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Test Conditions: Pt/C Pt alloy/c initial 15 K cycles 30 K cycles 50 cm 2 MEA, cycling under H 2 /air at 80 C and 100% RH between 0.7 and 0.9 V IR-free voltage (30 s hold at each potential) combined with periodical evaluation of the Pt surface area using cyclic voltammetry and performance. Normalized Pt ECSA (%) Number of Cycles Pt alloy catalyst shows 30% loss of surface area after 20 K cycles and no further loss is observed until 30K cycles

54 Performance After Cycling Protocols Voltage (V) Voltage loss (mv) 0 cycle 3840 cycles cycles cycles ma/cm ma/cm 2 13 Test conditions: Current Density (A/cm2) Single MEA 50 cm 2 test cell, Nafion 112, Cell temperature 80 C Anode/cathode constant flow rates = 510/2060 ml/min H 2 /air (1.5H 2 / 2.5 air stoich at 1 A/cm 2 ) 30 psig pressure on both anode and cathode, 100% humidification of gases, 80C dew point

55 Corrosion Resistant Supports Combined with Pt Alloys Voltage (V) Pt/CRC PtCo/CRC 0.50 Standard Polarization Curves Test Conditions: 80C, constant 0.45 flow - 520/2040 ml/min A/C, 100% RH, 30 psig Current Density (A/cm2) 1.00 By combining alloy catalysts with Corrosion Resistant Carbons, Cabot is able to make materials with the same resistance towards electrochemical oxidation while increasing the overall performance Even for the alloy electrocatalysts the hydrophobic nature of the CRC supports pose challenges for low RH operation.

56 Carbon Corrosion Effects in Fuel Cells Impact of carbon corrosion on catalysts/mea durability Corrosion resistant carbon (CRC) supports Fundamentals of carbon black supports Requirements for carbon as support for FC electrocatalysts Structural and oxidation resistance test methods Performance and durability of alloy electrocatalysts based on CRC supports Hydrogen-air FC materials solutions

57 Cabot Fuel Cell Materials Development Performance mw/cm 2 Cost gpt/kw; $/kw Durability 5000 h Low Precious Metal Alloy Electrocatalysts Advanced Carbon Supports Optimized Electrode Layers and MEA Structures Tailored to FC operating conditions

58 Surface Modification Enables Operation at Low Relative Humidity Conditions Voltage (V) % relative humidity 50% relative humidity Current Density (A/cm2) 100 % relative humidity test: flow stoich = 2.0 (A/C), cell temperature 80 C back pressure =10 psig ( A/C), RH=100% (A/C) 50 % relative humidity test: flow stoich = 2.0 (A/C), cell temperature 80 C back pressure =10 psig ( A/C), RH=50%/50% (A/C)

59 Qualitative Test on Hydrophobic Character Traditional Partially Graphitized Carbon Black Cabot Treated Carbon L 1 Cabot Treated Carbon L 2 Cabot Treated Carbon L 3 Wetted by water Floats on Water Along with the increased durability towards electrochemical oxidation, the Cabot treatment also alleviates the problem of high hydrophobic character of traditionally graphitized carbons

60 Summary Cabot has developed a series of moderately high surface area carbons which have equivalent durability towards electrochemical oxidation as traditionally graphitized carbons and commercial high surface area graphites Unlike traditionally graphitized carbons, Cabot s carbons do not suffer from high levels of hydrophobic character which can create problems with active phase dispersion and ink formulations Further integration with alloys active phase and manufacturing optimization is in progress

61 1.6 Status and Future Work High Voltage Test, V Cabot CRC Gen 2 Cabot CRC Gen 1 Future generations combined with HT membrane FC Operating Temperature, o C

62 Gordon Research Conference on Fuel Cells July 22-27, 27, 2007 Bryant University, Smithfield, RI, USA Thank you for your attention! Questions? Cabot Facility in Albuquerque, NM