Modern Luminescence Spectroscopy of Minerals and Materials

Transcription

1 Modern Luminescence Spectroscopy of Minerals and Materials Bearbeitet von Michael Gaft, Renata Reisfeld, Gerard Panczer 1. Auflage Buch. xvi, 356 S. Hardcover ISBN Format (B x L): 15,5 x 23,5 cm Gewicht: 1550 g Weitere Fachgebiete > Geologie, Geographie, Klima, Umwelt > Geologie > Petrologie, Mineralogie schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, ebooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte.

2 Contents 1 Introduction 3 2 Theoretical Background The s, p, d, f Atomic Orbitals Point Group Symmetry Absorption of the Excitation Energy Optical Absorption Spectroscopy Luminescence Excitation Spectroscopy Selective Spectroscopy Two-Photon Absorption Spectroscopy Radiative Return to the Ground State Luminescence Ligand Field Theory The Concept of the Ligand Field Tanabe-Sugano Diagrams Configurational Coordinate Diagram Molecular Orbital Theory Discrete Variational Multi Electron Technique Luminescence Decay Radiative Decay Non-Radiative Decay Special Cases of Decay Luminescence in the Band Scheme Experimental Techniques Lasers The Basic Theory of Laser Action Short Description of the Lasers Used for Luminescence of Minerals Excitation Steady-State Luminescence Spectroscopy Experimental Apparatus Spectral Deconvolution Time-Resolved Luminescence Spectroscopy Other Laser Based Spectroscopic Techniques... 44

3 X Contents 4 LuminescentMinerals Calcium (Ca 2+ ) Bearing Minerals Apatite Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 (F, Cl, O, OH) Scheelite CaWO Fluorite CaF Calcite and Aragonite CaCO Danburite CaB 2 (SiO 4 ) Datolite CaB(SiO 4 )(OH) Anhydrite CaSO Apophyllite Ca 4 KF(Si 8 O 20 )x8h 2 O Hardystonite Ca 2 ZnSi 2 O Esperite Ca 3 PbZn 4 (SiO 4 ) Charoite K 2 NaCa 5 (Si 12 O 30 )Fx3H 2 O Prehnite Ca 2 Al 2 Si 3 O 10 (OH) Pectolite NaCa 2 Si 3 O 8 (OH) Pyrochlore (Ca,Na) 2 Nb 2 O 6 (OH,F) Leucophane NaCaBe(Si 2 O 6 )F Lead (Pb 2+ ) bearing minerals Pyromorphite Pb 5 (PO 4 ) 3 Cl Tin (Sn 4+ ) Bearing Minerals Cassiterite SnO Barium (Ba 2+ ) Bearing Minerals Barite BaSO Strontium (Sr 2+ ) Bearing Minerals Celestine SrSO Titanium (Ti 4+ ) Bearing Minerals Titanite CaTiSiO Benitoite BaTiSi 3 O Other Titanium Bearing Minerals Zinc (Zn 2+ ) Bearing Minerals Hydrozincite Zn 5 (CO 3 ) 2 (OH) Willemite Zn 2 SiO Zirconium (Zr 4+ ) Bearing Minerals Zircon ZrSiO Baddeleyite ZrO Silicon (Si 4+ ) Bearing Minerals Wollastonite CaSiO Feldspars Obsidian SiO Aluminum (Al 3+ ) Bearing Minerals Kyanite and Sillimanite Al 2 O[SiO 4 ] Topaz Al 2 SiO 4 F Corundum Al 2 O Spinel MgAl 2 O Beryl and Emerald Be 3 Al 2 Si 6 O Chrysoberyl and Alexandrite BeAl 2 O

4 Contents XI Garnet: Pyrope Mg 3 Al 2 (SiO 4 ) 3 and Grossular Ca 3 Al 2 (SiO 4 ) Tourmaline (Na,Ca)(Mg,Al,Li) 3 Al 6 x(bo 3 ) 3 Si 6 O 18 OH Epidote (Zoisite) Ca 2 AlAl 2 O(OH)(Si 2 O 7 )(SiO 4 ) Eosphorite AlPO 4 Mn(OH) 2 H 2 O Spodumen LiAlSi 2 O Boehmite and Diaspor AlOOH Chlorite (Mg,Al,Fe) 12 [(Si,Al) 8 O 20 ](OH) Sodium (Na + ) Bearing Minerals Sodalite Na 8 [Al 6 Si 6 O 24 ]Cl Silver (Ag + ) Minerals Chlorargyrite AgCl and Embolite Ag(Cl,Br) Manganese (Mn 2+ ) Bearing Minerals Rhodonite CaMn 4 Si 5 O 15 and Rhodochrosite MnCO Uranium (U 6+ ) Bearing Minerals Magnesium (Mg 2+ ) Bearing Minerals Forsterite Mg 2 SiO Rare-Earth Bearing Minerals Monazite (Ce,La)PO Thorite ThSiO Carbon Bearing Minerals Diamond C Interpretation of Luminescence Centers Rare-Earth Elements (REE) The Classical Treatment of Optical Properties of Trivalent RRE Theory of Optical Transitions in Trivalent REE Relaxation Processes in Trivalent REE Energy Transfer to the Trivalent REE The Treatment of Optical Properties of Divalent REE Rare-Earth Elements Luminescence in Minerals Ce Apatite Barite and Anhydrite Calcite Feldspars Danburite and Datolite Pyromorphite Esperite Other Minerals Pr Magmatic Apatite Sedimentary Apatite Scheelite Anhydrite

5 XII Contents Zircon Titanite Nd Apatite Scheelite Garnet Fluorite Barite Titanite Zircon, Anhydrite, Calcite, Rhodonite, Feldspars Sm 3+,Sm Apatite Fluorite Anhydrite Titanite Calcite, Feldspars, Hardystonite, Pyromorphite, Scheelite, Zircon, Baddeleyite Eu 3+,Eu Apatite Fluorite Zircon Baddeleyite Scheelite Barite and Anhydrite Calcite Danburite and Datolite Pyromorphite Feldspars Charoite Titanite Zoisite Leucophane Gd Tb Apatite Scheelite Anhydrite, Feldspars, Fluorite, Hardystonite, Zircon, Zoisite Dy Er Apatite Scheelite Zircon Titanite

6 Contents XIII Ho Tm Yb 3+,Yb Transition Metal Elements d 3 Elements Cr Cr 3+ -pairs Mn V d 2 Elements Cr Mn V Ti d 1 Elements Cr Mn Ti V d 8 Elements Ni d 6 Elements Fe d 5 Elements Mn Mn 2+ Clusters Fe s 2 Ions Bi 3+,Bi Barite Pb Calcite Hardystonite Hydrozincite Barite, Anhydrite and Celestine Minerals of Pb Pb Tl Sn Cassiterite Barite Sb d 10 -Ions Ag Barite

7 XIV Contents Ag Minerals Chlorargyrite, Bromargerite and Embolite Cu Barite d 0 Complex Ions Scheelite WO Pyromorphite VO Beryl VO Benitoite TiO Molecular Centers Uranyl (UO 2 ) Apatite Minerals of Uranyl U O 2,S 2 and F-Centers Radiation-Induced Centers Zircon Calcite Topaz Interstellar Matter Reabsorption Lines of Oxygen and Water Apatite-Luminescence Spectroscopy Apatite Photoacoustic Spectrophotometry Diamond Luminescence Centers in Diamonds N H3, H4, S2, S1 and S A-Band Unidentified Luminescence Centers Apatite Zircon Barite Calcite Applications of Laser-Induced Time-Resolved Spectroscopic Techniques Time-Resolved Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) Theory and Technique Quantitative Elemental Analysis LIBS in Geosciences Gated Raman Spectroscopy Theory and Technique Raman and Luminescence Raman in Geosciences Second Harmonic Generation (SHG)

8 Contents XV 7 Minerals Prospecting Earth Surface Geology Applications Anti-Terror Applications Earth Subsurface Other Planets LIBS System Raman System Combination of LIBS and Raman Systems Minerals Radiometric Sorting Laseroluminescent Sorting LIBS Sorting Combination of Sorting Techniques Diamonds Luminescence Sorting Raman Extracting Industrial Minerals Calcium Carbonates Datolite and Danburite Microcline and Plagioclase Silica Fluorite Barite and Gypsum Bauxite and Kaolinite Magnesium and Manganese Ores Chromite Phosphate with High Dolomite Content Base Metals Cassiterite Lead, Copper, Zinc Containing Minerals Non-Ferrous Metals Scheelite Zircon and Baddeleyite Eucryptite and Spodumen Precious Metals Gold Bearing Minerals Silver Bearing Minerals Fuel Minerals IdentificationofMinerals Luminescent Minerals Gemology Micro Photoluminescence Waste Storage Geomaterials 323

9 XVI Contents 11 Luminescent Bio-Minerals 327 Conclusions 329 References 333 Index 345