CONTENTS. CHAPTER I Up-to Day Methods of the Non-Destructive Inspection of Pipelines Systems

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1 CONTENTS CHAPTER I Up-to Day Methods of the Non-Destructive Inspection of Pipelines Systems 1. Standard non-destructive inspection methods used for revealing, locating, identifying and assessing flaws in seabed pipelines, offshore platforms and equipment 2. Requirements to improved QAE NDI technology CHAPTER II Quantitative Acoustic Emission Non-Destructive Inspection Method and it Different Applications 2. Electrochemical corrosion, accumulation of pitting and inclusions 3. Technical advantages and cost efficiency of QAE NDI 4. Conclusion CHAPTER III Investigation Interdependence Between Acoustic Emission and Mechanical Power for Different Steels Underwent Age Related Degradation, Creep, Stress Corrosion Cracking, and Hydrogen Embrittlement by Quantitative Acoustic Emission NDI Method 2. Test method. Mechanical and AE examination of specimens 3. Interdependence between acoustic emission and mechanical power during fracture toughness investigation. Material in original condition and undergoing degradation 4. Revealing, recognizing, assessing, and monitoring flaws in operated high energy piping by QAE NDI method under strong background noise condition 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Specifics revealing flaws that have low J-integral values. Acoustic emission associated with creep development and current possibilities 4.3 Revealing specific acoustic emission indications associated with creep laboratory development experiments 4.4 Revealing, identifying and assessing flaws in operating high energy piping. Field tests 4.5 Verification test. Revealing, identification and assessing flaws by local NDI 4.6 Conclusion and comments CHAPTER IV Revealing, Recognizing, Assessing, and Monitoring of Non- and- Hardly Predictable Flaws by QAE NDI Method 2. QAE NDI Technology as a tool for revealing, recognizing and assessing flaws with low and high stress intensity in operational high energy equipment and piping 3. Revealing, recognizing, assessing, and monitoring hydrogen-induced damage by the QAE NDI method 3.1 Hydrogen-induced degradation and cracking 3.2 Hydrogen induced blistering 3.3 Precipitation of internal hydrogen 1

2 4. Revealing, recognizing, assessing, and monitoring stress corrosion cracking and microbiological corrosion in operational or pressurized equipment and piping by the QAE NDI method 4.1. Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) 4.2. Hydrogenation initiated by micro-organic activity, micro-biological corrosion or microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) 5. An application of QAE NDI method in refinery plant for revealing, typifying, assessing, and monitoring stress corrosion cracking and biological corrosion 5.1 CO-CO 2 -H 2 O stress corrosion cracking of carbon steel 5.2 Test method 5.3 OAE NDI operated line 5.4 Results and conclusion 5.5 Recommendations 5.6 Comments CHAPTER V Evaluating the Remain Lifetime of Tubes Undergone Ageing Related Degradation and Stress Corrosion Cracking by Quantitative Acoustic Emission NDI and Numerical Methods 2. Procedures and Techniques 3. Results and discussion 3.1 Tests of the specimens that had undergone age related degradation 3.2 Tests of the specimens that had undergone age related degradation and SCC 3.3 Fatigue test of the specimens that had undergone age related degradation 3.4 Fatigue test of the specimens that had undergone age related degradation and SCC 4. Evaluating the Remain Lifetime of Tubes with flaws operating under variable load 4.1 General 4.2 Determination of fatigue crack elongation Δ l vs. J-integral value 4.3 Correlation between the number of fatigue crack jumps revealed by electron fractography and data extracted from QAE NDI 4.4 Method used for evaluating the remaining lifetime of a tube with an individual crack 4.5 Results of lifetime evaluation for a tube with an individual crack 4.6 Remaining lifetime evaluation for a tube that had undergone SCC 4.7 Results and conclusions 5. Revealing, typifying, assessing, and monitoring stress corrosion cracking by QAE NDI in operated nuclear reactors 5.1 General information 5.2 Methods for evaluating remaining lifetime of tubes with flaws operating under variable load 5.3 Procedures and techniques 5.4 Results and conclusions 6. Evaluating the remaining lifetime of tubes 6.1 General 6.2 Determination of fatigue crack elongation Δ l vs. J-integral value 6.3 Correlation between the numbers of fatigue crack jumps revealed by electron fractography and data extracted from QAE NDI 6.4 Method used for evaluating the remaining lifetime of a tube with an individual crack 6.5 Results of lifetime evaluation for a tube with an individual crack 2

3 6.6 Remaining lifetime evaluation for a tube that had undergone SCC 6.7 Revealing, typifying and assessing flaw danger level and remaining lifetime tubes that had undergone SCC during break down 6.8 Results and conclusions CHAPTER VI Revealing, Recognizing, Assessing, and Monitoring Unexpected and Difficult Predicable Failures in Operated or Pressurizes Equipment and Piping by the Quantitative Acoustic Emission Non- Destructive Inspection Method 2. Examples of Unexpected and Difficult Predicable Failures in Operated or Pressurizes Equipment and Piping by the QAE NDI Method 2.1 Main steam (MS) and hot reheat (HRH) piping of fossil power plants 2.2 Cold re-heat (CRH) piping of fossil power plants 2.3 Steam piping of chemical plants 2.4 Piping of chemical reactors 2.5 Technological piping of chemical plants 3. Conclusion CHAPTER VII QAE NDI Operating Steam Piping for Detection and Assessment of Caustic Corrosion Cracking 2. QAE inspection of operating steam piping subjected to caustic corrosion 2.1 Specifics of QAE NDI of caustic corrosion flaws 2.2 What do we do for detection, recognition and assessment of stress corrosion flaws? 3. Laboratory experiments, Revealing specific acoustic emission indications associated with caustic corrosion development 3.1 Test procedures 3.2 Investigation of caustic corrosion cracking and interdependence between AE and mechanical characteristics of steel in original condition and steel that had been subjected to caustic corrosion attack 3.3 Interdependence between AE characteristics and fracture criteria. AE database creation for specimens from steel in original condition and steel attacked by caustic corrosion 3.4 Specific AE characteristics associated with flaw development in weld joints. Specimens from steel in original condition and from steel that had been attacked by caustic corrosion 4. QAE inspection of operating steam piping subjected to caustic corrosion. Field tests 3

4 CHAPTER VIII Revealing, Identifying and Assessing "Non-Predictable Flaws" Crack Type IV by Quantitative Acoustic Emission Non-Destructive Inspection Method 2. Experimental procedures 3. Results and discussion 3.1 Crack mode I. Photo-elastic examinations 3.2 Crack mode II. Photo-elastic examinations 3.3 Mode I and II Cracks, QAE NDI Data 3.4 Metallurgical & Fractography Investigations 4. Conclusion CHAPTER IX Revealing, Identifying, Assessing, and Monitoring Condition of Reinforced Concrete and Metal Structures Underwent Fires or / and Explosion by the QAE NDI Method 1. General information 2. Investigation of AE characteristics associated with physical-mechanical properties of concrete 2.1 Introduction 2.2 AE as a tool for revealing concrete structural integrity transformation 2.3 The Kaizer effect as a tool for revealing concrete structural integrity transformation after extreme influence 3. Inspection of concrete and reinforced concrete structures underwent fire and / or explosions 3.1 Concrete degradation due to fire 3.2 Express assessment of concrete condition after the fire and data base formation 4. Quantitative acoustic emission non-destructive inspection of metal structures, equipment and piping underwent fire and / or explosions 4.1 General 4.2 Fire in chemical plants 4.3 Fire in power plants 4.4. Investigation of temperature distribution in fired zones of steel structures 4.5. Fire effect and steel structures CHAPTER X State and Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Structures, Influence of Landscape Activity and Earthquakes: Diagnostics, Assessment and Monitoring by the QAE NDI Method 1. Diagnostics of corrosion damage in reinforced concrete structures 1.1 General 1.2 The "Saratov-Engels" bridge over the Volga River and another pre-stressed bridges of similar design 1.3 Inspection and assessment condition of reinforced concrete foundation of offshore platform Generator 2. Stress measuring in concrete and reinforced concrete structures 3. Revealing, recognizing, assessing, and monitoring offshore and bridge support's instability 4

5 3.1 General 3.2 Determining zones with non-uniform strength and/or poor quality of concrete 3.3 Determination of crack positions, limits of damage zones and variable load influence on crack development 4. Landscape activity and earthquakes 4.1 Buildings in landslide active zone 4.2 Bridges in landslide active zone CONCLUSION REFERENCES 5