2.3.3 Plasma Sulphurizing Restriction of Plasma Nitriding Development of Plasma Nitriding in China References...

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1 Contents 1 Introduction Engineering Materials and Its Surface Surface Engineering and Its Classification Concept of Surface Engineering Surface Hardening Technology Surface Covering Technology Surface Alloying/Metallurgy Technology Classification Table Existing Surface Alloying Technology Conventional Surface Alloying Technology Modern Surface Alloying Technology Concept of Plasma Surface Metallurgy Glow Discharge and Plasma Nitriding History of Glow Discharge Concept of Plasma Advent of Plasma Nitriding in Germany References Plasma Nitriding Glow Discharge and Its Characteristics Characteristics of Glow Discharge Stratified Phenomenon Interactions Between Ions and Material Surface Plasma Nitriding Process Basic Principle Advantages Industrial Applications Other Plasma Surface Alloying Technology Plasma Carburizing Plasma Nitro-Carburizing xiii

2 xiv Contents Plasma Sulphurizing Restriction of Plasma Nitriding Development of Plasma Nitriding in China References Double Glow Discharge Phenomenon and Its Applications What Is Double Glow Discharge Phenomenon? Discovery of Double Glow Discharge Double Glow Discharge Modes Independent Discharge Mode Dependent Discharge Mode Pulse Discharge Mode Other Discharge Mode Double Glow Hollow Cathode Discharge (DG-HCD) Hollow Cathode Discharge (HCD) Concept of DG-HCD Current Amplification Effect of DG-HCD Advent of Double Glow Plasma Surface Alloying/Metallurgy (Xu-Tec Process) First Experimental Device First Microstructure of Tungsten Surface Alloy Other Considerations References Double Glow Plasma Surface Alloying/Metallurgy Technology Introduction Basic Principle Diffusion Mechanism Process Operation Configuration of Working-Piece and Source Electrode Plate Type Cave Type Deep Well Type Technological Parameters Measurable Parameters Typical Process Parameters Nonmeasurable Parameters Arc Discharge Micro-Arc Discharge Macro Arc Discharge Harmfulness of Arc Discharge Reasons of Arc Discharge... 51

3 Contents xv 4.8 Cathode Power Transmission Device and Gap Protection Requirements of Cathode Transmission Device Principle of Gap Protection Example of Cathode Transmission Device Advantages of Xu-Tec Process Requirements for Operators Xu-Tec Process in USA Xu-Tec Process in China Summary and Outlook References Physical Basis of Plasma Surface Metallurgy Glow Discharge and its Discharge Characteristics Gas Discharge Glow Discharge Process Stratification Phenomenon Glow Discharge Characteristics Low-Temperature Plasma Plasma and Its Generation Characteristics of Double Glow Discharge Plasma Ion Bombardment and Sputtering General Description of Sputtering Process Preferential Sputtering Alloy Sputtering Propagation of Glow Discharges Ionization Degree and Mean Free Path Propagation of Plasma in Double Glow Discharges Diffusion Process Under Ion Bombardment Diffusion Model Diffusion Mechanism Prospect References Plasma Surface Metallurgy of Iron and Steel Introduction Plasma Surface Alloying and Alloying Element Interaction of Alloying Element with Fe and C Single-Element Plasma Surface Metallurgy Plasma Surface W Alloying Plasma Surface Ti Alloying Plasma Surface Cr Alloying Plasma Surface Al Alloying Plasma Surface Mo Alloying Plasma Surface Ta Alloying... 97

4 xvi Contents 6.3 Multiple-Element Plasma Surface Metallurgy Plasma Surface W Mo Alloying Plasma Surface Ni Cr Alloying Plasma Surface Cr Mo Alloying Plasma Surface Metallurgy Superalloys Superalloy Plasma Surface Ni Cr Mo Nb Superalloys Plasma Surface Ni Cr Mo Cu Superalloys Plasma Surface Metallurgy Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steels Plasma Surface Alloying Process Age Hardening Process Corrosion and Wear Tests Plasma Surface Metallurgy Antibacterial Stainless Steels Cu-Antibacterial Stainless Steel Ag-Antibacterial Stainless Steel Ag Cu Antibacterial Stainless Steel Plasma Composite Treatment Plasma Titanium and Titanium Nitrogen Alloying Brush Plating and Plasma Surface Alloying Summary References Plasma Surface Metallurgy High-Speed Steel High-Speed Steels (HSS) Conventional Metallurgy HSS Powder Metallurgy HSS Plasma Surface Metallurgy HSS Plasma Surface Metallurgy W Mo HSS Plasma Surface W Mo Alloying Carburizing, Quenching and Tempering Plasma Surface Metallurgy Aging Hardening HSS Aging Hardening HSS and Its Excellent Cutting Performance Plasma Surface W Mo Co Alloying Decarburization and Its Effect on Microstructure Solid Solution and Aging Treatment Plasma Surface Metallurgy W Mo C HSS Plasma Surface Metallurgy W Mo Ti HSS Plasma W Mo Ti Alloying Carburizing Quenching and Tempering

5 Contents xvii 7.6 Plasma Surface Metallurgy Mo Cr Low Alloy HSS Conclusion and Prospects References Plasma Surface Metallurgy of Titanium and Titanium Alloys Introduction to Titanium and Titanium Alloys Classification and Properties Effect of Alloying Elements Optimal Alloying Parameters Plasma Surface Metallurgy Wear-Resistant Alloys Double Glow Plasma Molybdenizing Double Glow Plasma Molybdennitriding Plasma Surface Metallurgy Flame-Resistant Alloys Method for Protecting Titanium Alloy from Titanium Fire Plasma Surface Metallurgy Ti Cu Flame-Resistant Alloy Plasma Surface Metallurgy Ti Cr Flame-Resistant Alloy Plasma Surface Metallurgy Ti Mo Flame-Resistant Alloy Plasma Surface Metallurgy Ti Nb Flame-Resistant Alloy Plasma Surface Metallurgy Ti Pd Corrosion-Resistant Alloy Overview of Corrosion-Resistant Titanium Alloys Plasma Surface Metallurgy Ti Pd Alloy Corrosion Resistance of Plasma Surface Ti Pd Alloy Plasma Surface Metallurgy Ti Nb Corrosion-Resistant Alloy Plasma Surface Carburizing Without Hydrogen Plasma Carburizing with no Hydrogen Microstructure and Composition of Carburized Layer Tribological Properties Applications Prospect References Plasma Surface Metallurgy of Intermetallic Compounds Background Intermetallic Compound and Its Classification Conventional Surface Treatment

6 xviii Contents 9.2 Plasma Surface Metallurgy of TiAl Plasma Surface Metallurgy Nb-Alloy Plasma Surface Metallurgy Mo-Alloy Plasma Surface Metallurgy Cr-Alloy Plasma Surface Metallurgy Ni Cr Mo Nb Alloy Plasma Surface Metallurgy of Ti 2 AlNb Plasma Surface Metallurgy Cr-Alloy Plasma Surface Metallurgy Mo-Alloy Prospect References Plasma Surface Metallurgy of Other Materials Plasma Surface Metallurgy of Copper and Copper Alloys Plasma Surface Metallurgy Ti Alloy Plasma Surface Metallurgy Ni Alloy Plasma Surface Metallurgy of Niobium Alloy Plasma Surface Metallurgy Ir Alloy Plasma Surface Metallurgy Mo Alloy Plasma Surface Metallurgy Fe Cr Mo Si Alloy Plasma Surface Metallurgy of Molybdenum Plasma Surface Metallurgy of Tungsten Plasma Surface Metallurgy of C/C Composite Plasma Surface Metallurgy Ta Alloy Plasma Surface Metallurgy Fe Al Cr Alloy Prospect References Gradient Ceramization of Metal Surface and Metallization of Ceramic Surface Ceramization of Carbon Steels Plasma Surface Metallurgy TiN Ceramic Plasma Surface Metallurgy WC Ceramic Plasma Surface Metallurgy TiC Ceramic Plasma Surface Metallurgy Ti(CN) Ceramics Metallization of Ceramics Metallization of TiSi 30 Ceramic Metallization of Si 3 N 4 Ceramic Plasma Surface Metallurgy Ta C on Diamond and Cemented Carbide Surface Metallization of Diamond Films Plasma Surface Metallurgy Gradient-Function Luminescent Ceramics Er ZrO 2 on Ti6Al4V

7 Contents xix Zirconia Functional Ceramics Material Preparation and Processing Parameters Microstructure Analysis Friction and Wear Properties Special Gradient Luminescent Properties Prospect References Industrial Applications and Equipment Scaling-Ups of Xu-Tec Process Xu-Tec High-Speed Steel (HSS) Handsaw Blade Xu-Tec HSS Process Working-piece-Source Structure for Xu-Tec Handsaw Blade Production Processes Microstructure and Composition Cutting Performance Industrialization Xu-Tec HSS Treatment of Colloid Mill Introduction Process of Xu-Tec HSS Colloid Mill Workpiece-Source Configuration Setup for Colloid Mill Surface Alloying, Carburizing, Quenching, and Tempering Assessment and Economic Benefits Plasma Surface Metallurgy Ni Cr Corrosion Resistant Alloy Plate Plasma Surface Ni Cr Alloying Workpiece-Source Setup for Steel Plate Alloying Corrosion Resistance Test The Most Important Industry Application Plasma Surface Metallurgy Chemical Valves and Flanges Xu-Tec Equipment Diagram of Xu-Tec Industrial Furnace Existing Furnaces and Its Applications Composition and Function of Each Part Technical Specifications Differences Between Xu-Tec Furnace and Plasma Nitriding Equipment Prospect and Outlook References

8 xx Contents 13 Other Technologies by Double Glow Discharge Plasma Phenomenon Arc Plasma Added Double Glow Surface Alloying Technology Double Glow Plasma Brazing Technology Double Glow Plasma Sintering Technology Double Glow Plasma Nano-Powder Technology Double Glow Plasma Thin Diamond Film Technology Double Glow Plasma Sputter Cleaning Technology Double Glow Plasma Chemistry Prospect References Closing Remarks

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