COMPARISON OF ELEMENT CONTENT DISTRIBUTION IN MOSS, GRASS AND SPRUCE NEEDLES IN CONIFEROUS FORESTS IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC IN

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1 COMPARISON OF ELEMENT CONTENT DISTRIBUTION IN MOSS, GRASS AND SPRUCE NEEDLES IN CONIFEROUS FORESTS IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC IN Sucharová J. 1, Holá M. 1, Suchara I. 1, Reimann C. 2, Boyd R. 2, Havlíček M. 1 1 Silva Tarouca Research Institute for Landscape and Ornamental Gardening, CZ Průhonice, Czech Republic 2 Geological Survey of Norway, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway

2 Goals of the Czech bio-monitoring campaigns To contribute to a better understandingof biogeochemistry of forest ecosystems in the Czech Republic. To determine distribution of elements in compartments of coniferous forests with special reference to moss bio-indicators at the CZ permanent monitoring plots. To provide the CZ data about current element content distribution in moss fora UNECE ICP-Vegetation database(hm in mosses). To gather recent data about important site factors controlling the distribution of the elements in the bio-indicators and operating mainly at the permanent monitoring plots. At discoveredsites of accumulation or deficiency of biologically active elements evaluate potential ecological and health threats.

3 Since 1995 about 25 permanent monitoring plots in CZ D N PL D A SK

4 Integrated monitoring Elements in moss: National campaigns 1991 (13 elements); 1995 (14); 2 (36); 25 (37) and special territorial campaigns (Hg, REEs.). Elements in forest floor humus: 1995 (14 elements, ph H2O, ph KCl, LOI, 137 Cs). Spruce bark parameters: 1995, 25 (e.g., ph, E.C., SO 4 2-, NO 3-, Cl -, F -, NH 4+, C,N, S, 21 Pb, 137 Cs, 238 Pu). CZECH REPUBLIC Spruce bark acidification ph CZECH REPUBLIC Spruce bark acidification - 25 ph Cs

5 ProjectCZ74 (28-211) -Analyses of forest indicators Approximately 25 of the permanent monitoring plots were used in CZ74. Samples of selected indicators (grass, spruce needles, fern, forest floor humus,b e andb i soilhorizons)werecollected. About 37 4 elements (Ag, Al, As, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Ga,Ge,Hg,K,La,Li,Mg,Mn,Mo,Na,Nd,Ni,Pb,Pr,Rb,S,Sb,Se,Sn,Sr,Th, Tl,U,V,Y,Zn;C,N,S,someisotopes)havebeendetermined. The content of elements in the bioindicators and soil covers, bioavailability of these elements and their accumulation in the investigated materials is being evaluated. Maps of the element distribution in the bioindicators in CZ are available.

6 Moss - Pleurozium schreberi Pleurozium schreberi and Scleropodium purum (95 % of the monitoring plots). Indication mainly of atmospheric deposition rates of elements (Assessment of a current input of the elements into forest ecosystems). Element content = trapped surface contamination + adsorbed elements on extracellularpectin(adsorptionupto15meq.1g -1 )andcellularstructures moss = ± passive bio-adsorbent Pleurozium schreberi

7 Wavy hairgrass Deschampsia flexuosa Uppermost organic soil layers contain long-term accumulated elements from atmospheric deposition loads, (adsorption capacity up to 5 meq.1g -1 ), the substrate dries up easily. Difficulties with bioavailability of elements and water peinomorphosis. Besides taking elements by roots also partial uptake and surface contamination of elements from atmospheric deposition rates. Element content = (Un)controlled uptake of available elements from humus + from atmospheric deposition loads + leaf surface pollution. Deschampsia flexuosa

8 Norway spruce (Picea abies) annual and biennial needles Intake of elements from mineral soil (frequently mesic conditions), small portion of elements from atmospheric pollution (surface wax) and surface contamination. Available data about nutrient status and re-translocation of elements in differently old needles. Indication of bioavailability of elements from soil at given stands and biological accumulation and redistribution of elements + surface pollution.

9 Other indicators 1. Ladyfern (Athyrium filix-femia): an indicator of easily available elements from soil water and a hyperaccumulator of As, REEs. 2. Forest floor humus Oh: an integrator of long-term atmospheric deposition loads (difficult bio-desorption) and mineral soil (bio-turbation) 3. Mineral soil Be + Bi: total contents, maximal amounts of elements (potential capacity of elements)

10 Accumulation of the elements in the bio-indicators I. Content of the elements in moss > grass > biennial needles > annual needles: (Ag), Al, As, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, Ge, Hg, K, La, Li, Mg, Na, Nd, Ni, Pb, Pr, S, Sb, Se, Sn,Th, Tl, U, V, Y, Zn. II. Content of elements in grass > moss: Cs, Mo, Rb. III. Content of elements in needles > moss: Ba, Cs, Mn, (Rb), Sr. IV. Content in: biennial needles > annual needles: Al, As. Zn annual needles > biennial needles: Cs, Cu, K, Mo, Ni, Rb annual biennial needles: Ag, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, S, Zn.

11 Relative content of elements (Ag-Li) in the bioindicators moss grass needles1y needles2y Ag Al As Ba Be Bi Cd Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Hg La Li

12 Relative content of elements (Mn-Zn) in the bioindicators moss grass needles1y needles2y Mn Mo Nd Ni Pb Pr Rb S Sb Se Sn Sr Th Tl U V Y Zn

13 Relative content of elements (Ag-Mg) in spruce needles needles1y needles2y 1.5 Ag Al As Ba Be Bi Ca Cd Ce Co Cr Cs Cu Fe Ga Hg K La Li Mg

14 Relative content of elements (Mn-Zn) in spruce needles needles1y needles2y 1.5 Mn Mo Na Nd Ni Pb Pr Rb S Sb Se Sn Sr Th Tl U V Y Zn

15 The element distribution patterns I. Similar element distribution patterns for all bio-indicators: Bi, Co, Cs, Fe, Mo, Pb, Rb, Sb, Se, U. Hot spots - anthropogenic and lithogenic sources of elements. II. Greates differences in element distribution in the bio-indicators: Cr, Cu, Mn, S, Zn. Biogenic elements, concentration maintained by each species differently. III. Distribution of elements in biennial needles is more resemble to the remaining bio-indicators than element distribution in annual needles.

16 Arsenic in the bio-indicators Moss Grass µ g/g (ppm) As max = 1.82 min =.13 µg/g (ppm) As max =.544 min =.11 Picea abies annual Picea abies biennial µ g/g (ppm) As max =.299 min =.11 µ g/g (ppm) As max =.319 min =.14

17 Chromium in the bio-indicators Moss Grass µ g/g (ppm) Cr max = 4.54 min =.51 µ g/g (ppm) Cr max =.537 min =.72 Picea abies annual Picea abies biennial µ g/g (ppm) Cr max =.391 min =.39 µ g/g (ppm) Cr max =.513 min =.36

18 Rubidium in the bio-indicators Moss Grass µ g/g (ppm) Rb max = 11 min = 2.95 µ g/g (ppm) Rb max = 369 min = 2.1 Pice abies annual Picea abies biennial µ g/g (ppm) Rb max = 152 min =.467 µ g/g (ppm) Rb max = 66. min =.258

19 Sulphur in the bio-indicators Moss Grass µ g/g (ppm) S max = 197 min = 756 µ g/g (ppm) S max = 241 min = 827 Picea abies annual Picea abies biennial µ g/g (ppm) S max = 2995 min = 621 µ g/g (ppm) S max = 2 min = 589

20 Copper in the bio-indicators Moss Grass µ g/g (ppm) Cu max = 1.5 min = 3.29 µ g/g (ppm) Cu max = 9.31 min = 1.93 Picea abies annual Picea abies biennial µ g/g (ppm) Cu max = 6.4 min = 1.74 µ g/g (ppm) Cu max = 3.95 min = 1.55

21 Conclusions important for moss surveys Pleurozium schreberi accumulates 2-3 orders of magnitude higher concentrations of most of the investigated elements than grass and biennial spruce needles. Litter of Deschampsia flexuosa can considerably increase content of Cs, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, (S) in moss. Litter of spruce needles (usually 4 7 years old) can contaminate moss mainly by Ba, Mn and Sr.