Lecture 25 November 9, 2009 Introduction to Aqueous Solutions

Transcription

1 Welcome to Lecture 25 November 9, 2009 Introduction to Aqueous Solutions

2 Figure 1.11 * Chemical methods of separation include electrolysis. Physical methods of separation include filtration, distillation, and crystallization. Matter Occupies space and possesses mass; may exist as solid, liquid, or gas Pure substance Matter having an invariant chemical composition and distinct properties occurs in nature as Mixture Matter consisting of two or more pure substances that retain their individual identities and can be separated by physical methods may be may be Element Fundamental substance; cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical methods Compound Substance composed of two or more elements in fixed proportions; can be separated into simpler substances and elements only by chemical methods* Homogeneous Mixture having a uniform composition and properties throughout (also called a solution) Heterogeneous Mixture not uniform in composition and properties throughout Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

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8 Solubility Rules for Ionic Compounds in Water Soluble Ionic Compounds The Na +, K +, and NH + 4 ions form soluble ionic compounds. Thus, NaCI, KNO 3, and (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 are soluble ionic compounds. _ The nitrate ion (NO 3 ) forms soluble ionic compounds. Thus, Cu(NO3 ) 2 and Fe(NO 3 ) 3 are soluble. The chloride (Cl _ ), bromide (Br _ ), and iodide (I _ ) ions usually form soluble ionic compounds. Exceptions include ionic compounds of the Pb 2+, Hg 2+ 2, Ag +, and Cu + ions. CuBr 2 is soluble, but CuBr is not. The sulfate ion (SO2 _ 4 ) usually forms soluble ionic compounds. Exceptions include BaSO 4, SrSO 4, and PbSO 4, which are insoluble, and Ag 2 SO 4, CaSO 4, and Hg 2 SO 4, which are slightly soluble. Insoluble Ionic Compounds Sulfides (S 2_ ) are usually insoluble. Exceptions include Na 2 S, K 2 S, (NH 4 ) 2 S, MgS, CaS, SrS, and BaS. Oxides (O 2_ ) are usually insoluble. Exceptions include Na 2 O, K 2 O, SrO, and BaO, which are soluble, and CaO, which is slightly soluble. Hydroxides (OH _ ) are usually insoluble. Exceptions include NaOH, KOH, Sr(OH) 2, and Ba(OH) 2, which are soluble, and Ca(OH) 2, which is slightly soluble. Chromates (CrO 2 4 ), phosphates (PO 3 4 ), and carbonates (CO 2 3 ) are usually insoluble. Exceptions include ionic compounds of the Na +, K +, and NH + 4 ions, such as Na 2 CrO 4, K 3 PO 4, and (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3. Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. After Spencer, Bodner, and Rickard, Chemistry: Structure and Dynamics.

9 H O H Na + Cl NaCl dissolving in water Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

10 Courtesy of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Used with permission. Source: Spencer, J. N., G. M. Bodner, and L. H. Rickard. Chemistry: Structure and Dynamics. 2nd edition. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 2003.

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12 Newpaper article removed due to copyright restrictions. Chang, Kenneth. "The Nature of Glass Remains Anything but Clear." The New York Times, July 29, 2008.

13 Image removed due to copyright restrictions. Graphic of the molecular structure of glass, accompanying Chang, Kenneth. "The Nature of Glass Remains Anything but Clear." The New York Times, July 29, 2008.

14 bulk metallic glasses Source: Telford, M. "The Case for Bulk Metallic Glass." Materials Today 7, no. 3 (2004): Courtesy Elsevier, Inc., Used with permission.

15 bulk metallic glasses Source: Telford, M. "The Case for Bulk Metallic Glass." Materials Today 7, no. 3 (2004): Courtesy Elsevier, Inc., Used with permission.

16 bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) Vitreloy1: Zr41.2Ti13.8Cu12.5Ni10.0Be s 1 Hydrogen [He]2s 1 Lithium [Ne]3s 1 Sodium [Ar]4s 1 Potassium [Kr]5s 1 Rubidium [Xe]6s 1 Cesium ( ) [Rn]7s 1 Francium 1 H 1 3 Li 1 11 Na 1 19 K 1 37 Rb 1 55 Cs 1 87 Fr [He]2s 2 Beryllium [Ne]3s 2 Magnesium [Ar]4s 2 Calcium [Kr]5s 2 Strontium [Xe]6s 2 Barium ( ) 700 < [Rn]7s 2 Radium 4 Be 2 12 Mg 2 20 Ca 2 38 Sr 2 56 Ba 2 88 Ra 2 4, atm He 1s 2 Helium TP SP B 3 2, O F , 3,4, C N Ne [He]2s 2p1 [He]2s 2p2 [He]2s 2p3 [He]2s 2p4 [He]2s 2p5 [He]2s 2p6 Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Al Si ,4, P 2,4, S 1,3,5, Cl Ar [Ne]3s 2p1 [Ne]3s 2p2 [Ne]3s 2p3 [Ne]3s 2p4 [Ne]3s 2p5 [Ne]3s 2p6 Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon TP SP % o C Sc 3 Ti 3,4 2,3,4,5 2,3,6 2,3,4,6,7 V Cr Mn Fe 2,3 Co 2,3 Ni 2,3 Cu 1,2 Zn 2 Ga 3 Ge 4 As 3,5 Se 2,4,6 Br 1,5 Kr [Ar]3d 14s2 [Ar]3d 24s2 [Ar]3d 34s2 [Ar]3d 54s1 [Ar]3d 54s2 [Ar]3d 64s2 [Ar]3d 74s2 [Ar]3d 84s2 [Ar]3d 104s1 [Ar]3d 104s2 [Ar]3d 104s2p1 [Ar]3d 104s2p2 [Ar]3d 104s2p3 [Ar]3d 104s2p4 [Ar]3d 104s2p3 [Ar]3d 104s2p5 Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton ( ) o C Y 3 Zr 4 Nb 3,5 2,3,4,5,6 Mo Tc 7 2,3,4,6,8 Ru Rh 2,3,4 Pd 2,4 Ag 1 Cd 2 In 3 Sn 2,4 Sb 3,5 Te 2,4,6 1,5,7 I Xe [Kr]4d 15s2 [Kr]4d 25s2 [Kr]4d 45s1 [Kr]4d 55s1 [Kr]4d 55s2 [Kr]4d 75s1 [Kr]4d 85s1 [Kr]4d 10 [Kr]4d 105s1 [Kr]4d 105s2 [Kr]4d 105s2p1 [Kr]4d 105s2p2 [Kr]4d 105s2p3 [Kr]4d 105s2p4 [Kr]4d 105s2p5 [Kr]4d 105s2p6 Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon ( ) ( ) ( ) * La 3 Hf 4 Ta 5 2,3,4,5,6 1,2,4,6,7 2,3,4,6,8 2,3,4,6 W Re Os Ir Pt 2,4 Au 1,3 Hg 1,2 Tl 1,3 Pb 2,4 Bi 3,5 Po 2,4 1,3,5,7 At Rn [Xe]5d 16s2 [Xe]4f 145d26s2 [Xe]4f 145d36s2 [Xe]4f 145d46s2 [Xe]4f 145d56s2 [Xe]4f 145d66s2 [Xe]4f 145d76s2 [Xe]4f 145d96s1 [Xe]4f 145d106s1 [Xe]4f 145d106s2 [Xe]4f 145d106s2p1 [Xe]4f 145d106s2p2 [Xe]4f 145d106s2p3 [Xe]4f 145d106s2p4 [Xe]4f 145d106s2p5 [Xe]4f 145d106s2p6 Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon ( ) (261) (262) (263) (262) 107 (265) 108 (266) 109 (269) (272) 111 (277) (285) (289) (293) Bh Hs Mt Uuu Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Ac 3 Rf 4 Db Sg ** Uun 6.9 [Rn]6d 17s2 [Rn]5f 146d27s2 [Rn]5f 146d37s2 [Rn]5f 146d47s2 [Rn]5f 146d57s2 [Rn]5f 146d57s2 [Rn]5f 146d77s2 [Rn]5f 146d97s1 [Rn]5f 146d107s1 [Rn]5f 146d107s2 [Rn]5f 146d107s27p2 [Rn]5f 146d107s27p4 [Rn]5f 146d107s27p6 Actinium Rutherfordium** Dubnium** Seaborgium** Bohrium** Hassium** Meitnerium** Ununnilium Unununium Ununbium Ununtrium Ununquadium Ununpentium Ununhexium Ununseptium Ununoctium Uuo Source: Telford, M. "The Case for Bulk Metallic Glass." Materials Today 7, no. 3 (2004): Courtesy Elsevier, Inc., Used with permission. Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.

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