Copy the ques,on below and write down an answer. Make a list of characteristics you can use to describe the minerals in these pictures.

Transcription

1 Copy the ques,on below and write down an answer Make a list of characteristics you can use to describe the minerals in these pictures. Do Now

2 Minerals and Rocks

3 Defini,on of a Mineral A mineral is a naturally occurring homogeneous solid, inorganically formed, with a definite chemical composi,on and a crystalline structure (ordered atomic arrangement). Naturally occurring Solid Inorganic Chemical composi,on Crystal structure

4 Defini,on of a Mineral Naturally Occurring: not made by man or animals Solid: Has definite size, shape and volume Inorganic: the material is not formed from living things Chemical Composi:on: ex.: quartz = SiO 2 Crystal Structure: atoms arranged in geometric paoerns

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6 Mineral Iden,fica,on Factors you must know: Cleavage or fracture Streak: Light or Dark Hardness: can it scratch glass? Yes or no Luster: metallic or non-metallic Reference Table

7 Cleavage Vs. Fracture the mineral breaks in a predictable pattern because of its arrangement of atoms the mineral breaks randomly

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10 Luster how light reflects off a mineral metallic looks like a metal non-metallic looks earthy, waxy, greasy or bright

11 Streak The color of a mineral in powder form

12 Hardness Is it hard or soft? If it can scratch glass it is HARD If it cannot scratch glass its SOFT

13 Hardness metallic non-metallic Cleavage Fracture Streak

14 Do Now Go to page 16 of the ESRT. List the following informa,on on the mineral Graphite: 1. What is the luster? 2. What is the hardness? 3. Does the mineral have cleavage or fracture?

15 HARD- COMMON DISTINGUISHING LUSTER NESS COLORS CHARACTERISTICS USE(S) COMPOSITION* MINERAL NAME Metallic luster Either Nonmetallic luster or 1 CLEAVAGE FRACTURE silver to gray metallic silver black to silver brassy yellow metallic silver or earthy red white to green yellow to amber white to pink or gray colorless to yellow colorless to white black to dark brown colorless or variable colorless or variable colorless or variable black to dark green black to dark green white to pink white to gray green to gray or brown colorless or variable dark red to green black streak, greasy feel gray-black streak, cubic cleavage, density = 7.6 g/cm 3 black streak, magnetic green-black streak, (fool s gold) red-brown streak greasy feel pencil lead, lubricants ore of lead, batteries ore of iron, steel ore of sulfur ore of iron, jewelry ceramics, paper C PbS Fe 3 O 4 FeS 2 Fe 2 O 3 Mg 3 Si 4 O 10 (OH) 2 Graphite Galena Magnetite Pyrite Hematite white-yellow streak sulfuric acid S Sulfur easily scratched by fingernail flexible in thin sheets cubic cleavage, salty taste flexible in thin sheets bubbles with acid, rhombohedral cleavage bubbles with acid when powdered cleaves in 4 directions cleaves in 2 directions at 90 cleaves at 56 and 124 cleaves in 2 directions at 90 cleaves in 2 directions, striations visible commonly light green and granular glassy luster, may form hexagonal crystals often seen as red glassy grains in NYS metamorphic rocks plaster of paris, drywall CaSO 4 2H 2 O Talc Selenite gypsum paint, roofing KAl 3 Si 3 O 10 (OH) 2 Muscovite mica food additive, melts ice construction materials cement, lime building stones hydrofluoric acid mineral collections, jewelry mineral collections, jewelry ceramics, glass ceramics, glass furnace bricks, jewelry glass, jewelry, electronics jewelry (NYS gem), abrasives NaCl K(Mg,Fe) 3 AlSi 3 O 10 (OH) 2 CaCO 3 CaMg(CO 3 ) 2 CaF 2 (Ca,Na) (Mg,Fe,Al) (Si,Al) 2 O 6 CaNa(Mg,Fe) 4 (Al,Fe,Ti) 3 Si 6 O 22 (O,OH) 2 KAlSi 3 O 8 (Na,Ca)AlSi 3 O 8 (Fe,Mg) 2 SiO 4 SiO 2 Fe 3 Al 2 Si 3 O 12 *Chemical symbols: Al = aluminum Cl = chlorine H = hydrogen Na = sodium S = sulfur C = carbon F = fluorine K = potassium O = oxygen Si = silicon Ca = calcium Fe = iron Mg = magnesium Pb = lead Ti = titanium = dominant form of breakage Properties of Common Minerals Halite Biotite mica Calcite Dolomite Fluorite Pyroxene (commonly augite) Amphibole (commonly hornblende) Potassium feldspar (commonly orthoclase) Plagioclase feldspar Olivine Quartz Garnet 16

16 Hardess: Moh s Hardness Scale Created by Friedrich Mohs in 1812 German Geologist and Minerologist

17 Hardess: Moh s Hardness Scale Created by Fredrick Mohs in 1812 A scale based on scratch resistance. The ability of a harder mineral to scratch a so^er mineral.

18 Mineral Forma,on Minerals form by two process 1. Cooling underneath the surface of the Earth. 2. Through evapora,on or precipita,on.

19 Cooling Under the Earth s Surface Bowen s Reaction Series Minerals that Crystallize from Magma as the Magma Cools High temperature (first to crystallize) Olivine Ultramafic (peridotite) Pyroxene Cooling magma Amphibole Biotite mica (More calcium rich) (More sodium rich) Basaltic (basalt/gabbro) Andesitic (andesite/diorite) Low temperature (last to crystallize) Muscovite mica Quartz Potassium feldspar Granitic (rhyolite/granite)

20 Diamond vs. Graphite

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22 Evapora,on

23 Talc

24 Talcum Powder

25 Other Mineral Characteris,cs Color Density Chemical Magne,c Taste Smell Double Refrac,on Radioac,vity Fluorescence

26 Minerals To Know Graphite Cleavage Streak: black Hardness: 1 2, Cannot scratch glass Luster: Metallic

27 Minerals To Know Galena Cleavage Streak: silver Hardness: 2.5, Cannot scratch glass Luster: Metallic

28 Minerals To Know Magne,te Fracture Streak: black Hardness: , scratch glass Luster: Metallic

29 Minerals To Know Pyrite Fracture Streak: greenblack Hardness: 6.5, Scratches glass Luster: Metallic

30 Minerals To Know Hema,te Fracture Streak: red or silver Hardness: or 1 Luster: Metallic or Non-Metallic

31 Minerals To Know Talc Cleavage Streak: White Hardness: 1, Cannot scratch glass Luster: non-metallic

32 Minerals To Know Sulfur Fracture Streak: White-yellow Hardness: 2, Cannot scratch glass Luster: non-metallic

33 Minerals To Know Halite Cleavage Streak: White Hardness: 2.5, Cannot scratch glass Luster: non-metallic

34 Minerals To Know Bio,te Mica Cleavage Streak: grey Hardness: 2.5 3, Cannot scratch glass Luster: non-metallic Muscovite Mica

35 Minerals To Know Calcite Cleavage Streak: White Hardness: 3, Cannot scratch glass Luster: non-metallic

36 Minerals To Know Fluorite Cleavage Streak: White Hardness: 4, Cannot scratch glass Luster: non-metallic

37 Minerals To Know Feldspar (Orthoclase) Cleavage Streak: White Hardness: 6, Cannot scratch glass Luster: non-metallic

38 Minerals To Know Quartz Fracture Streak: White Hardness: 7, Scratches glass Luster: non-metallic