Mechanical properties

Transcription

1 Mechanical properties waammat.com Updated 15 th November WAAM is a registered trademark of Cranfield University

2 The deposition strategies Single pass Oscillation Parallel passes 2

3 Ti64 // Cutting plan for static properties a) Z b) Z Y X X Y 500 locations of coupons deposit substrate

4 Ti64 // Static properties Directionality Ultimate tensile strength (MPa) Single Vert. Single Horiz. Par. Vert. Par. Horiz. Oscill. Vert. Oscill. Horiz. Plate Wrought AMS 4928 Horizontal Additive AMS 4999 Vertical Additive AMS Elongation (%) Wrought AMS 4928 Vertical Horizontal Additive AMS 4999 Single Vert. Single Horiz. Par. Vert. Par. Horiz. Oscill. Vert. Oscill. Horiz. Plate

5 Ti64 // Static properties Average values Ultimate tensile strength (MPa) Single Par. Oscill. Plate Wrought AMS 4928 Additive AMS Cast ASTM F Elongation (%) Cast ASTM F18 Additive AMS 4999 Wrought AMS 4928 Single Par. Oscill. Plate

6 Ti64 // Static properties with in-process cold work Directionality Ultimate tensile strength (MPa) Unrolled Vert. Unrolled Horiz. 50 kn Vert. 50 kn Horiz. 75 kn Vert. 75 kn Horiz. 75 kn plasma Vert. 75 kn plasma Horiz. Plate Additive AMS 4999 Cast ASTM F18 Wrought AMS Elongation (%) Cast ASTM F18 Additive AMS 4999 Unrolled Vert. Unrolled Horiz. 50 kn Vert. 50 kn Horiz. 75 kn Vert. 75 kn Horiz. 75 kn plasma Vert. 75 kn plasma Horiz. Plate Wrought AMS

7 Ti64 // Static properties with in-process cold work Average values Ultimate tensile strength (MPa) Cast ASTM F18 Wrought AMS 4928 Additive AMS Unrolled 50 kn 75 kn 75 kn plasma Plate Elongation (%) Cast ASTM F18 Additive AMS 4999 Wrought AMS 4928 Unrolled 50 kn 75 kn 75 kn plasma Plate

8 Ultimate tensile strength (MPa) Directionality Ti64 // Comparison against other processes Wrought AMS 4928 Horizontal Additive AMS 4999 Norsk Ti from norsktitanium.com; Sciaky from Structure-property correlations for additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V components produced using directed energy deposition processes, 2016 Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on Titanium Blown-powder from IREPA lasers Laser + Wire from Additive Manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V: Relationship between Microstructure, Defects and Mechanical Properties, Pia Akerfeldt, PhD Thesis, Lulea Elongation (%) Wrought AMS 4928 WAAM Single V. WAAM Single H. WAAM Par. V. WAAM Par. H. WAAM Oscill. V. WAAM Oscill. H. Norsk Ti V. Norsk Ti H. Sciaky V. Sciaky H. Blown powder V. Blown powder H. Laser + wire V. Laser + wire H. Plate Vertical Additive AMS Vertical Horizontal Additive AMS

9 Ti64 // Comparison against other processes Average values 60 Norsk Ti from norsktitanium.com; Sciaky from Structure-property correlations for additively manufactured Ti-6Al-4V components produced using directed energy deposition processes, 2016 Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on Titanium Blown-powder from IREPA lasers Laser + Wire from Additive Manufacturing of Ti-6Al-4V: Relationship between Microstructure, Defects and Mechanical Properties, Pia Akerfeldt, PhD Thesis, Lulea 28 Ultimate tensile strength (MPa) Cast ASTM F18 Wrought AMS 4928 Additive AMS WAAM Single WAAM Par. WAAM Oscill. Norsk Ti Sciaky Blown powder Laser + wire Plate Elongation (%) Cast ASTM F18 Additive AMS 4999 Wrought AMS 4928 WAAM Single WAAM Par. WAAM Oscill. Norsk Ti Sciaky Blown powder Laser + wire Plate

10 Ti64 // Fatigue durability High cycle fatigue, Kt = 1 and Kt = R = 0.1, Kt = Max stress (MPa) As-dep Vert. As-dep Vert. (run-off) As-dep Horiz. As-dep Horiz. (run-off) Wrought measured by Peters Wrought measured by Peters (trendline) Lamellar by Peters Cycles to failure Property of Airbus

11 Ti64 // Damage tolerance Fatigue crack growth rate (single bead, without and with cold-work) -5-4 R = No in-process cold-work da/dn (m/cycle) -7 da/dn (m/cycle) -6-7 In-process cold-worked at 75 kn WAAM: crack across layers WAAM: crack along layers Wrought Ti-6Al-4V (L-T measured) Wrought Ti-6Al-4V (T-L measured) Wrought Ti-6Al-4V (L-T MMPDS) Cast Ti-6Al-4V (MMPDS) -8 0 "K (MPa m 1=2 ) -8-9 WAAM: crack across layers 1 (R = 0.5) WAAM: crack across layers 2 (R = 0.5) WAAM: crack along layers 1 (R = 0.5) WAAM: crack along layers 2 (R = 0.5) Wrought NASA CR2319 (R = 0.5) 0 "K (MPa m 1=2 ) 11

12 Ti64 // Damage tolerance Fatigue crack growth rate (parallel and oscillated) Parallel dep. strategy R = Oscillation dep. strategy R = 0.1 da/dn (m/cycle) -6-7 No in-process cold-work da/dn (m/cycle) -6-7 No in-process cold-work -8 WAAM: crack across layers Test 1 WAAM: crack across layers Test 2 WAAM: crack along layers Test 1 WAAM: crack along layers Test 2 Wrought Ti-6Al-4V (L-T MMPDS) Cast Ti-6Al-4V (MMPDS) -8 WAAM: crack across layers Test 1 WAAM: crack across layers Test 2 WAAM: crack along layers Test 1 WAAM: crack along layers Test 2 Wrought Ti-6Al-4V (L-T MMPDS) Cast Ti-6Al-4V (MMPDS) -9 0 "K (MPa m 1=2 ) -9 0 "K (MPa m 1=2 ) 12

13 Ti64 // Damage tolerance Recap FCGR -4-5 All dep. strategies R = 0.1 da/dn (m/cycle) -6-7 No in-process cold-work "K (MPa m 1=2 ) 13 Single, crack across layers Test 1 Single, crack along layers Test 1 Parallel, crack across layers Test 1 Parallel, crack along layers Test 1 Oscill., crack across layers Test 1 Oscill., crack along layers Test 1 Wrought Ti-6Al-4V (L-T MMPDS) Cast Ti-6Al-4V (MMPDS)

14 Ti64 // Damage tolerance Fracture toughness 0 90 Across the layers Along the layers 80 K Q or K IC (MPa m 1/2 ) Grade 5 parallel Grade 5 oscillated Grade 23 parallel 14 Wrought Ref: MMPDS thickness > 25 mm plane strain cond. Wrought this research

15 Ti64 // Properties at the interface Case 1: fully sacrificial Case 2: plate at the bottom Case 3: symmetric structure 15

16 Ti64 // Crack growth trajectory at the interface WAAM material interface 40 building direction substrate A B C 40 D E AM AM Substrate Crack trajectory maintains almost a straight line Substrate Crack trajectory maintains almost a straight line 16

17 Ti64 // Crack growth trajectory at the interface WAAM material interface 40 building direction 120 substrate A B C D E da/dn (m/cycle) "K (MPa m 1=2 ) Type A Type B Type C Type D Type E Wrought Ti-6Al-4V (L-T) Cast Ti-6Al-4V 17 da/dn (m/cycle) -7 Type A Type B Type C Type D Type E WAAM: crack across layers WAAM: crack along layers -8 0 "K (MPa m 1=2 )

18 Other titanium alloys (tensile test in progress) Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr (5553) à UTS up to 1300 MPa Vickers Hardness Ti 64 Ti 64 high O2 TiB2 coated Ti 5553 Ti 407 Ti64 with 2000ppm O 2 à + 500ppm O 2 = + 70 Mpa Ti64 coated with TiB 2 à grain refinement Timetal 407 à medium strength, high ductility à energy absorption = 1.6 x Ti64 à machinability = 2 x Ti

19 Aluminium 19

20 Aluminium 2024 All values measured in the horizontal direction Ultimate tensile strength (MPa) Unroll. Unroll. T6 15 kn 30 kn 45 kn 45 kn T6 Wrought T6 Elongation (%) Unroll. Unroll. T6 15 kn 30 kn 45 kn 45 kn T6 Wrought T

21 Aluminium 2319 Average values Ultimate tensile strength (MPa) Unroll. Unroll. T6 15 kn 30 kn 45 kn 45 kn T6 Wrought T6 Elongation (%) Unroll. Unroll. T6 15 kn 30 kn 45 kn 45 kn T6 Wrought T

22 Aluminium Safra 66 / ZL205A Thin walls (single beads) Ultimate tensile strength (MPa) Safra 66 Vert. Safra 66 Horiz. Safra 66 Rolled Vert. Safra 66 Rolled Horiz. ZL205A Vert. ZL205A Horiz. ZL205A Rolled Vert. ZL205A Rolled Horiz. ZL205A + T6 Vert. ZL205A + T6 Horiz. ZL205A Rolled + T6 Vert. ZL205A Rolled + T6 Horiz. Desirable Elongation (%) Safra 66 Vert. Safra 66 Horiz. Safra 66 Rolled Vert. Safra 66 Rolled Horiz. ZL205A Vert. ZL205A Horiz. ZL205A Rolled Vert. ZL205A Rolled Horiz. ZL205A + T6 Vert. ZL205A + T6 Horiz. ZL205A Rolled + T6 Vert. ZL205A Rolled + T6 Horiz. Desirable

23 Aluminium Safra 66 / ZL205A Thick walls Ultimate tensile strength (MPa) Desirable Safra 66 Oscill. Vert. Safra 66 Oscill. Horiz. Safra 66 Parallel Vert. Safra 66 Parallel Horiz. ZL205A Oscill. Vert. ZL205A Oscill. Horiz. ZL205A Oscill. + T4 Vert. ZL205A Oscill. + T4 Horiz. ZL205A Oscill. + T6 Vert. ZL205A Oscill. + T6 Horiz. ZL205A Parallel Vert. ZL205A Parallel Horiz. ZL205A Parallel + T4 Vert. ZL205A Parallel + T4 Horiz. ZL205A Parallel + T6 Vert. ZL205A Parallel + T6 Horiz Elongation (%) Desirable Safra 66 Oscill. Vert. Safra 66 Oscill. Horiz. Safra 66 Parallel Vert. Safra 66 Parallel Horiz. ZL205A Oscill. Vert. ZL205A Oscill. Horiz. ZL205A Oscill. + T4 Vert. ZL205A Oscill. + T4 Horiz. ZL205A Oscill. + T6 Vert. ZL205A Oscill. + T6 Horiz. ZL205A Parallel Vert. ZL205A Parallel Horiz. ZL205A Parallel + T4 Vert. ZL205A Parallel + T4 Horiz. ZL205A Parallel + T6 Vert. ZL205A Parallel + T6 Horiz

24 Aluminium 4043 and 5087 Ultimate tensile strength (MPa) Average values rolling Elongation (%) rolling

25 Picking the right alloy Ultimate tensile strength (MPa) Average values Single 2024 Single T kn kn kn kn T Wrought T Single 2319 Single T kn kn kn kn T Wrought T Single 5087 Rolled Elongation (%)

26 Steels 26

27 Steels (work in progress) Average values Ultimate tensile strength (MPa) ER70S-6 ER80S-Ni1 ER90S-B3 ER120 Mar. steel 250 Mar. steel 250 HT Mar. steel 350 Mar. steel 350 HT Elongation (%) ER70S-6 ER80S-Ni1 ER90S-B3 ER120 Mar. steel 250 Mar. steel 250 HT Mar. steel 350 Mar. steel 350 HT

28 Stainless steels Directionality PH Vert PH Horiz. 316L Vert. 316L Horiz PH Vert PH Horiz. 316L Vert. 316L Horiz. Ultimate tensile strength (MPa) Elongation (%)

29 Inconel 29

30 Inconel 718 CMT (brushed = mechanical cleaning of surface prior to successive layer) Ultimate tensile strength (MPa) As-Dep Vert. As-Dep Horiz. As-Dep Vert. (diff. wire) As-Dep Horiz. (diff. wire) As-Dep (brushed) Vert. (diff. wire) As-Dep (brushed) Horiz. (diff. wire) Solutionised Vert. Solutionised Horiz. HT Vert. HT Horiz. CMT AMS 5662 and 5663 Bars, Forgings, & Rings Elongation (%) CMT As-Dep Vert. As-Dep Horiz. As-Dep Vert. (diff. wire) As-Dep Horiz. (diff. wire) As-Dep (brushed) Vert. (diff. wire) As-Dep (brushed) Horiz. (diff. wire) Solutionised Vert. Solutionised Horiz. HT Vert. HT Horiz AMS 5662 and 5663 Bars, Forgings, & Rings

31 Inconel 718 Plasma (including cold-work) Ultimate tensile strength (MPa) Plasma AMS 5662 and 5663 Bars, Forgings, & Rings As-Dep Vert. As-Dep Horiz. Solutionised Vert. Solutionised Horiz. HT Vert. HT Horiz. 75 kn Vert. 75 kn Horiz. 75 kn + solut. Vert. 75 kn + solut. Horiz. 75 kn + HT Vert. 75 kn + HT Horiz Elongation (%) Plasma As-Dep Vert. As-Dep Horiz. Solutionised Vert. Solutionised Horiz. HT Vert. HT Horiz. 75 kn Vert. 75 kn Horiz. 75 kn + solut. Vert. 75 kn + solut. Horiz. 75 kn + HT Vert. 75 kn + HT Horiz. AMS 5662 and 5663 Bars, Forgings, & Rings

32 waammat.com