Introduction. MICROLOGUE Item Method No. Material. Kemet International Limited Parkwood Trading Estate Maidstone Kent ME15 9NJ UK

Transcription

1 Introduction Kemet MICROLOGUE contains a number of case histories describing various sample preparation methods and the resutls obtained by applying these methods. It contains the conclusions of an extensive and intense work that has been conducted at the Application Lab. MICROLOGUE Item Method No. Material A0 AISI 00 Carbon Steel A0 AISI 00 Carbon Steel 3 A03 Steel, Pearlitic A0 Steel, Case Hardenable 5 A05 50 CrV Low Alloy Steel 6 A06 AISI 0 Low Alloy Steel 7 A07 AISI 30 Low Alloy Steel 8 A08 AISI D Cold Work Tool Steel 9 A09 AISI H3 Hot Work Tool Steel 0 A0 DIN.3 Hot Work Tool Steel A AISI M High Speed Tool Steel A AISI 36L Austenitic Stainless Steel 3 BO Gray Cast Iron BO White Cast Iron 5 B03 White Casr Iron, alloyed 6 B0 Nodular Cast Iron, Pearlitic 7 B05 Nodular Cast Iron, Ferritic+Pearlitic 8 B06 Chilled Cast Iron 9 C0 A-356 Al-Si Cast Alloy 0 C0 AA 7075 Aluminium, Wrought C03 AA 80 Aluminium Alloy D0 Commercial Pure Copper 3 E0 Zn-5Al-Cu (Zinc Alloy) G0 Mg-9Al (Magnesium Alloy) G0 Commerical Pure Titanium 6 H0 TiC Coating 7 H0 Cu-Au Coating 8 I0 WC-Co Powder Metal 9 I0 Alumina K0 Robber Joint 3 L0 Glass 3 L0 Glass 33 M0 Historical China (Ceramic) Kemet International Limited Parkwood Trading Estate Maidstone Kent ME5 9NJ UK Tel: Fax: sales@kemet.co.uk Web:

2 Material : AISI 00 Carbon Steel Maidstone. Kent. ME5 9NJ. Micrologue Tel;: Method No. : A0 Web: The microstructure of AISI 00 Steel (commonly used in metal constructions) consists of pearlite areas distributed in large ferrite areas. Grain boundries can be seen. For such soft materials, it is recommended to apply low force on the samples to prevent ferrite deformation. Magnification: 80X AISI 00 % Nital General Purpose 8A80NBK Aluminium Oxide cut-off wheel Ecopress 00 Mounting Press with Black Phenolic Powder Mechanical Preparation: FORCIPOL V Grinding / Polishing Machine + FORCIMAT Automatic Specimen Mover. 80 Grit min. or until plane NMH 00 Grit 800 Grit 6µ WP µ WP % Nital S/M/LOG-A0E.XLS

3 Material : AISI 00 (Carbon Steel) Maidstone. Kent. ME5 9NJ. Micrologue Tel;: Method No. : A0 Web: The microstructural analysis of AISI 00 which is a widely used steel, is quite straight forward. Microstructure consists of evenly distributed pearlitic and ferritic areas. Grain boundries are visible. In case inclusion rating will be made, it is recommended to use higher force on the sample during mechanical perparation. AISI 00 Ferritic - Pearlitic microstructure, polarized light. Magnification: 00X % Nital General purpose 8A80MBK Aluminium Oxide cut-off wheel Ecopress 00 Mounting Press with Black Phenolic Powder Mechanical Preparation: FORCIPOL V Grinding / Polishing Machine + FORCIMAT Automatic Specimen Mover. 80 Grit min. or until plane NMH 00 Grit 800 Grit 6µ WP µ WP % Nital S/M/LOG-A0E.XLS

4 Material : Steel, Pearlitic Maidstone. Kent. ME5 9NJ. Micrologue Tel;: Method No. : A03 Web: Pearlitic steels are usually quenched and tempered. Microstructure is completely pearlitic. In high magnifications pearlitic constituents are observed. Pearlitic structure Magnification: 600X 3% Nital General Purpose 8A80MBK Aluminium Oxide cut-off wheel Ecopress 00 Automatic Mounting Press with Epoxy, Hard Mechanical Preparation: DIGIPREP Fully automated grinding and polishing system. disc disc Fine grinding disc Green 0 grit 00 grit 3µ WP 5 0 µ WP 5 3% Nital S/M/LOG-A03E.XLS

5 Material : Steel, case hardenable Maidstone. Kent. ME5 9NJ. Micrologue Tel;: Method No. : A0 Web: Equilibrium phases of carburizing region are seen obviously from surface towards inner areas. Carburizing region is thicker than mm. Below given perparation method gives ideal results. Case hardenable Steel, Brightfield Magnification: X % Nital General purpose 8A80KBK Aluminium Oxide cut-off wheel Ecopress 00 Automatic Mounting Press with Epoxy, Hard, or Black Phenolic resin. Mechanical Preparation: FORCIPOL V Grinding / Polishing Machine + FORCIMAT Automatic Specimen Mover. 80 Grit min. or until plane NMH 00 Grit 800 Grit 6µ WP µ WP % Nital S/M/LOG-A0E.XLS

6 Material : 50 CrV Low alloy steel Maidstone. Kent. ME5 9NJ. Micrologue Tel;: Method No. : A05 Web: The existence of alloy carbides is due ro.% chromium. Very thin carbide particles can be seen in the tempered martensitic matrix in the microstructure. Below given preparation method gives very good scratchfree surface. Magnification: X 50CrV 3% Nital General Purpose 8A80MBK Aluminium Oxide cut-off wheel Ecopress 00 Automatic Mounting Press with Hard Epoxy resin Mechanical Preparation: FORCIPOL V Grinding / Polishing Machine + FORCIMAT Automatic Specimen Mover. 80 Grit min. or until plane NMH 00 Grit 800 Grit 6µ WP µ WP % Nital S/M/LOG-A05E.XLS

7 Material : AISI 0 Low alloy steel Maidstone. Kent. ME5 9NJ. Micrologue Tel;: Method No. : A06 Web: Typical tempered martensitic microstructure can be seen in AISI 0 steel which is commonly used in automative parts. If inlcusion rating will be done, higher wheel speeds and lower mechanical preparation times are recommended. AISI 0, Brightfield Magnification: 80X % Nital General purpose 8A80KBK Aluminium Oxide cut-off wheel Ecopress 00 Automatic Mounting Press with Black-Epoxy (6008) Mechanical Preparation: FORCIPOL V + 0mm Platens + FORCIMAT Automatic Specimen Mover. 80 Grit min. or until plane NMH 00 Grit 800 Grit 6µ WP µ WP % Nital S/M/LOG-A06E.XLS

8 Material : AISI 30 Low alloy steel Maidstone. Kent. ME5 9NJ. Micrologue Tel;: Method No. : A07 Web: This widely used low alloy steel is usually quenched and tempered. Microstructure consists of fine carbide particles in tempered martensitic matrix. Below giben preparation method results is scratch free surface. A bit over etching helps the carbides to be seen. AISI 30 Low alloy steel, Brightfield Magnification: 800X % Nital General Purpose 8A80KBK Aluminium Oxide cut-off wheel Ecopress 00 Automatic Mounting Press with Black-Epoxy (6008) Mechanical Preparation: DIGIPREP Fully automated grinding and polishing system.. disc disc Fine grinding disc green 0 grit 00 grit 3µ WP 5 0 µ WP 5 % Nital S/M/LOG-A07E.XLS

9 Material : AISI D Cold Work Tool Steel Maidstone. Kent. ME5 9NJ. Micrologue Tel;: Method No. : A08 Web: AISI D has high hardness value and high wear resistance due to its high content of chromium and carbon. Since there are many primary alloy carbides, a careful sample preparation is required. Long preparation time and overetching should be avoided. Below given procedure prevents edge roundness. D Cold Work Tool Steel Magnification: 80X Picral General purpose 8A80KBK Aluminium Oxide cut-off wheel Ecopress 00 Automatic Mounting Press with Black-Epoxy (6008) Mechanical Preparation: FORCIPOL V Grinding / Polishing Machine + FORCIMAT Automatic Specimen Mover. 80 Grit min. or until plane MST MSF or MSFL 00 Grit 800 Grit 6µ WP µ WP % Picric Acid + 00 ml. Ethanol S/M/LOG-A08E.XLS

10 Material : DIN.3 Hot Work Tool Steel Maidstone. Kent. ME5 9NJ. Micrologue Tel;: Method No. : A0 Web: In nitrited surface, the white layer and the diffusion zone underneath are clearly seen. Case depth is approx. 50 microns and the hardness is 0º kg/mm². Low cutting force with lower feed is recommended. Edge roundness should be avoided. DIN.3 Nitrited Surface, Brightfield Magnification: 80X Picral General purpose 8A80KBK Aluminium Oxide cut-off wheel Ecopress 00 Automatic Mounting Press with Black-Epoxy (6008) Mechanical Preparation: FORCIPOL -V Grinding / Polishing Machine + FORCIMAT Automatic Specimen Mover. 80 Grit min. or until plane MST MSF/MSFL 00 Grit 800 Grit 6µ WP µ WP % Picric Acid + 00 ml. Ethanol S/M/LOG-A0E.XLS

11 Material : AISI M High Speed Tool Steel Maidstone. Kent. ME5 9NJ. Micrologue Tel;: Method No. : A Web: The microstructure of this high alloy steel consists of alloy carbides in martensitic matrix. Differential interference contrast makes the primary carbides visible. AISI M High Speed Tool Steel Magnification: 80X Picral General purpose 8A80KBK Aluminium Oxide cut-off wheel Ecopress 00 Automatic Mounting Press with Black-Epoxy (6008) Mechanical Preparation: DIGIPREP Fully automated grinding and polishing system. disc discs 0 grit 00 grit 0 MSF/MSFL 3µ WP µ WP 5 5 0% Picric Acid + 00ml Ethanol S/M/LOG-AE.XLS

12 Material : AISI 36L Austenitic Stainless Steel Maidstone. Kent. ME5 9NJ. Micrologue Tel;: Method No. : A Web: Since the material is highly sensitive against surface deformations, low sample force during mechanical preparation is recommended. Annealed twins can be seen in the microstructure. AISI 36L Austenitic Stainless Steel Magnification: 00X 0% Oxalic Acid General purpose 8A80NBK Aluminium Oxide cut-off wheel ECOPRESS Mounting Press with Black-Epoxy (6008) Mechanical Preparation: FORCIPOL V Grinding / Polishing Machine + FORCIMAT Automatic Specimen Mover. 80 Grit min. or until plane NMH 00 Grit 800 Grit 6µ WP µ WP Blue Blue % oxalic acid. S/M/LOG-AE.XLS

13 Material : Gray Cast Iron Maidstone. Kent. ME5 9NJ. Micrologue Tel;: Method No. : B0 Web: The graphite flakes are uniformly distributed in the pearlitic matrix (A type graphite). Overetching should be avoided in order to prevent graphite pull outs. The below given preparation method gives perfect results. Gray Cast Iron, Brightfield Magnification: 550X % Nital General Purpose 8A80NBK Aluminium Oxide cut-off wheel Ecopress 00 Mounting Press with Black Phenolic Resin Mechanical Preparation: FORCIPOL V Grinding / Polishing Machine + FORCIMAT Automatic Specimen Mover. 80 Grit min. or until plane MRE 00 Grit 800 Grit 00 Grit Alpha Alumina. µ Powder Comp. % Nital S/M/LOG-B0E.XLS

14 Material : White Cast Iron, alloyed Maidstone. Kent. ME5 9NJ. Micrologue Tel;: Method No. : B03 Web: The microstructure of high chromium white cast iron consists of alloy carbides (dark colour) and ledeburite. Hardness is around 600 kg/mm² and has high wear resistance. To prevent edge effects, epoxy type mounting material is recommended. Chromium Alloyed White Cast Iron Magnification: 00X Vilella General Purpose 8A80NBK Aluminium Oxide cut-off wheel Ecopress 00 Automatic Mounting Press with Black-Epoxy (6008) Mechanical Preparation: DIGIPREP Fully automated grinding and polishing system. disc disc Fine grinding disc Green 0 grit 00 grit 3µ WP 5 0 NFC µ WP 5 Vilella S/M/LOG-B03E.XLS

15 Material : Nodular Cast Iron, Pearlitic Maidstone. Kent. ME5 9NJ. Micrologue Tel;: Method No. : B0 Web: Nodular Cast Iron is a commonly used engineering material. Strength and ductility is very good combined. Matrix is completely pearlitic and ferrite surrounds the graphite nodules. Nodular Cast Iron, Polarized light. Magnification: 00X % Nital General Purpose 8A80NBK Aluminium Oxide cut-off wheel Ecopress 00 Automatic Mounting Press with Black Phenolic Hot mounting resin Mechanical Preparation: DIGIPREP Fully automated grinding and polishing system.. disc disc Fine grinding disc Green 0 grit 00 grit 3µ WM 5 0 µ WM 5 % Nital S/M/LOG-B0E.XLS

16 Material : Nodular Cast Iron, Ferritic + Pearlitic Maidstone. Kent. ME5 9NJ. Micrologue Tel;: Method No. : B05 Web: This type of cast iron has more toughness. Ferrite zones (violet) and perlite surround the nodular graphites. Polarized light illumination is recommended to analyze the graphites. Ferritic-Pearlitic Nodular Cast Iron, Polarized Iight. Magnification: 00X % Nital General Purpose 8A80NBk Aluminium Oxide cut-off wheel Ecopress 00 Mounting Press with Black Phenolic Hot Mounting resin Mechanical Preparation: DIGIPREP Fully automated grinding and polishing system.. disc disc Fine grinding disc Green 0 Grit 00 Grit 3µ WM 5 0 µ WM 5 % Nital S/M/LOG-B05E.XLS

17 Material : Chilled Cast Iron Maidstone. Kent. ME5 9NJ. Micrologue Tel;: Method No. : B06 Web: Chilled zone has a lighter colour and the remaining darker area is gray iron. Chilled Cast Iron, Brightfield Magnification: X 3% Nital General Purpose 8A80MBK Aluminium Oxide cut-off wheel Ecopress 00 Mounting Press with Black Phenolic Hot Mounting Resin Mechanical Preparation: FORCIPOL V Grinding / Polishing Machine + FORCIMAT Automatic Specimen Mover. 80 Grit min. or until plane MRE 00 Grit 800 Grit 00 Grit Alpha Alumina. µ Powder Comp. 3% Nital S/M/LOG-B06E.XLS

18 Material : A-356 Al-Si Cast Alloy Maidstone. Kent. ME5 9NJ. Micrologue Tel;: Method No. : C0 Web: This alloy is a commonly used engineering material. The microstructure consists of aluminium rich primary solid solution region and euectic. Hypoeutectic A356 Alloy, Brightfield Magnification: X 0gr. NaOH+00ml H O General Purpose BC80NBK Aluminium Oxide cut-off wheel ECOPRESS Mounting Press with Black Phenolic Hot Mounting Resin Mechanical Preparation: DIGIPREP Fully automated grinding and polishing system.. Kemflex Max Kemflex Max MED-B grit 00 grit 3µ WP Blue 5 0 CHEM-H COL-K NC Blue 5 0gr. NaOH+00ml H O S/M/LOG-C0E.XLS

19 Material : AA7075 Aluminium, wrought Maidstone. Kent. ME5 9NJ. Micrologue Tel;: Method No. : C0 Web: The microstructure of heat treated AA 7075 alloy has elongated grains in the cold working direction. The difference in the colour is due to the different grain orientations. AA 7075 Aluminium, wrought, Polarized Light. Magnification: 90X 0gr. NaOH+00ml HO General Purpose BC80NBK Aluminium Oxide cut-off wheel Ecopress 00 Mounting Press with Black Phenolic Hot Mounting Resin Mechanical Preparation: DIGIPREP Fully automated grinding and polishing system.. disc disc Fine grinding disc green 0 grit 00 grit 3µ WP 5 0 CHEM-H COL-K NC 5 0gr. NaOH+00ml H O S/M/LOG-C0E.XLS

20 Material : AA80 Aluminium Alloy Maidstone. Kent. ME5 9NJ. Micrologue Tel;: Method No. : C03 Web: The microstructure of wrought aluminium alloy containing low silicon and iron consists of intermetallic phases (dark areas) in aluminium matrix. AA 80 Aluminium Alloy, Brightfield Magnification: 800X 0gr. NaOH+00ml H O General purpose BC80NBK Silicon Carbide cut-off wheel Spectrum Green cut off wheels can also be used. Ecopress 00 Mounting Press with Acrylic Transparent Powder Mechanical Preparation: DIGIPREP Fully automated grinding and polishing system.. disc disc Fine grinding disc green 0 grit 00 grit 3µ WP 5 0 CHEM-H COL-K NC 5 0gr. NaOH+00ml H O S/M/LOG-C03E.XLS

21 Material : Commercial Pure Copper Maidstone. Kent. ME5 9NJ. Micrologue Tel;: Method No. : D0 Web: Since it is a soft material, it is recommended to use short times during mechanical preparation. By using polarized light, the oxide inclusions are easily visible. Twins are typical in annealed microstructure. Commercial Pure Cooper, Brightfield 50ml H O + 50ml ammonia + - drops H O Magnification: 80X General purpose BC80NBK Silicon Carbide cut-off wheel Ecopress 00 Mounting Press with Black Phenolic Hot Mounting Resin Mechanical Preparation: FORCIPOL -V Grinding / Polishing Machine + FORCIMAT Automatic Specimen Mover. 80 Grit min. or until plane. 00 Grit 800 Grit 00 Grit µ WP 5 Comp. CHEM-H COL-K NC 5 Comp. 50ml H O + 50ml ammonia + - drops H O S/M/LOG-D0E.XLS

22 Material : Mg-9Al (Magnesium Alloy) Maidstone. Kent. ME5 9NJ. Micrologue Tel;: Method No. : G0 Web: In this cast structure, the segregation can easily be seen. Eutectic area (dark) are located in grain boundaries. Mg-9Al Magnesium Alloy, Brightfield Magnification: 90X 0ml ethanol + 0ml HNO 3 General purpose BC80NBK Silicon Carbide cut-off wheel Ecopress 00 Mounting Press with Black Phenolic Powder. Mechanical Preparation: DIGIPREP Fully automated grinding and polishing system. disc disc Fine grinding disc green 0 grit 00 grit 3µ WP Blue 5 0 µ WP Blue 5 0ml ethanol + 0ml HNO 3 S/M/LOG-G0E.XLS

23 Material : Commercial Pure Titanium Maidstone. Kent. ME5 9NJ. Micrologue Tel;: Method No. : G0 Web: Microstructure consists of grains having equal axis. Since the material is soft, low sample forces should be applied during mechanical preparations. Commercial Pure Titanium, Brightfield Magnification: 70X Kroll solution General purpose GC80JBK Silicon Carbide cut-off wheel. Ecopress 00 Mounting Press with Black Phenolic Powder. Mechanical Preparation: DIGIPREP Fully automated grinding and polishing system. disc disc Fine grinding disc Green 0 grit 00 grit 6µ WP 5 0 CHEM-H COL-K NC 5 Kroll solution (0 ml HF + ml HNO ml HO) S/M/LOG-G0E.XLS

24 Material : TiC Coating Maidstone. Kent. ME5 9NJ. Micrologue Tel;: Method No. : H0 Web: Single layer titanium carbide coating deposited on pearlitic low alloy steel through a thermochemical process. The thickness is approx. 0 microns and hardness is arround 00 kg/mm². Careful low feed cutting recommended. Edge effects should be avoided. TiC Coating on Pearlitic Steel Magnification: 875X 3% Nital General purpose 8A80KBK Aluminium Oxide cut-off wheel Ecopress 00 Automatic Mounting Press with Black Epoxy resin Mechanical Preparation: DIGIPREP Fully automated grinding and polishing system. disc disc Fine grinding disc Green 0 grit 00 grit 6µ WP 5 0 NMH µ WP 5 3% Nital S/M/LOG-H0E.XLS

25 Material : Cu-Au Coating on watch band Maidstone. Kent. ME5 9NJ. Micrologue Tel;: Method No. : H0 Web: The coating layer is clearly visible and can be measured easily. In order to prevent coating material from breaking, the sample has been cold mounted before cutting. Stainless Steel 36 Magnification: 00X MICRACUT 5 Precision Cut-off machine with ø CBN Cutting wheels Cold Mounting Epoxy KEP Mechanical Preparation: FORCIPOL V Grinding / Polishing Machine + FORCIMAT Automatic Specimen Mover. 80 Grit min. or until plane NMH 00 Grit 800 Grit 6µ WP µ WP None S/M/LOG-H0E.XLS

26 Material : WC-Co Powder Metal Maidstone. Kent. ME5 9NJ. Micrologue Tel;: Method No. : I0 Web: Regularly shaped WC particles can easily be seen in the microstructure of this cermet sample containing %80-97 WC (+TiC) and Co. pads can also be used for grinding process. After etching, potasium permanganate solution helps to obtain attractive images. WC-Co Sinter Metal, DIC Magnification: 800X Murakami SERVOCUT Cut-off machine with ø0 Kemet Diamond cut-off wheels Ecopress 00 Automatic Mounting Press with Black Epoxy Mechanical Preparation: DIGIPREP Fully automated grinding and polishing system. disc disc Fine grinding disc Green 0 grit 00 grit 3µ WP 5 0 µ WP 5 Murakami. S/M/LOG-I0E.XLS

27 Material : Alumina Maidstone. Kent. ME5 9NJ. Micrologue Tel;: Method No. : I0 Web: In this slip-casted and sintered alumina grain structure is easily seen. Due to high hardness level, diamond grinding pads can also be used for grinding operation. Alumina, DIC Magnification: 800X Phospheric Acid (boiling) SERVOCUT A-0 Cut-off machine with ø0 D6B Diamond cut-off wheel Ecopress 00 Automatic Mounting Press with Hard Black Epoxy resin Mechanical Preparation: DIGIPREP Fully automated grinding and polishing system. disc disc Fine grinding disc green 0 grit 00 grit 3µ WP 5 0 µ WP 5 Phospheric Acid (boiling) S/M/LOG-I0E.XLS

28 Material : Rubber Joint Maidstone. Kent. ME5 9NJ. Micrologue Tel;: Method No. : K0 Web: Result : The rubber joint is moulded for precise measuring. The details of the cross-section can be examined in details. Kemet Diamond Cut off wheel can also be used. Cold Mounting and Embedding Form Mechanical Preparation: FORCIPOL V Grinding / Polishing Machine + FORCIMAT Automatic Specimen Mover. 80 Grit min. or until plane ASF/MSF 00 Grit 800 Grit 6µ WM S/M/LOG-K0T.XLS

29 Material: Glass Maidstone. Kent. ME5 9NJ. Micrologue Tel;: Method No. : L0 Web: Results: The calsium carbonate crystal on the corroded surface of a glass. Kemet Diamond cut-off wheels Cold Mounting and Embedding Form Mechanical Preparation: DIGIPREP Fully automated grinding and polishing system. disc disc PSU-M 0 grit 00 grit 3µ WP µ WP 5 S/M/LOG-L0T.XLS

30 Material: Glass Maidstone. Kent. ME5 9NJ. Micrologue Tel;: Method No. : L0 Web: Results: The defect on the surface of a glass. Kemet Diamond cut-off wheels Cold Mounting and Embedding Form Mechanical Preparation: FORCIPOL V Grinding / Polishing Machine +FORCIMAT Automatic Specimen Mover. 80 Grit min. or until plane 00 Grit 600 Grit 800 Grit 00 Grit 0.µ WP S/M/LOG-L0T.XLS

31 Material : Historical China (ceramic) Maidstone. Kent. ME5 9NJ. Micrologue Tel;: Method No. : M0 Web: Results: The microstructure of an Iznik (Nicea) china from 5 th century. In polished surface, the coated and pointed zone are clearly seen. The dispersion of benthonid bonded quarsit grains is homogeneous. Low cutting force with low feed is recommended. MICRACUT 0 Precision Cut-off machine with ø00mm Kemet Diamond cut-off wheels Cold Mounting and Embedding Form Mechanical Preparation: FORCIPOL V Grinding / Polishing Machine +FORCIMAT Automatic Specimen Mover. 80 Grit min. or until plane 00 Grit 600 Grit 800 Grit 00 Grit 0 0 PSU-M 0.µ WP 5 S/M/LOG-M0T.XLS