The Effects of Hog Waste on the Environment

Transcription

1 The Effects of Hog Waste on the Environment Viney P. Aneja and William Battye Air Quality Research Group Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC , U.S.A. NC BREATHE Charlotte, NC April 2016.

2 North Carolina Air Pollution Problem A Perspective

3 Intensification of Agriculture

4 Commercial Hog Farm in North Carolina, US Sampling Sites

5 Major Routes for Emissions from Intensively Managed Animal Operations Forage/Feed Production Houses Urine/feces Volatilization Waste Storage and Treatment Systems Urine/feces Volatilization Land Application (i.e. spraying) Urine/feces Volatilization, Leaching, Runoff Biogenic Emissions From Soil and Crops Urine/feces Volatilization, Leaching

6 On-Site Measurement Locations Wind Speed/ Direction 10 m Ambient Sample Line Lagoon Air Temperature Relative Humidity Solar Radiation Mobile Laboratory Confinement House Ambient Measurements

7 Hog Waste Emissions Ammonia (NH 3 ) Nitrogen oxides (NO X ) Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) Other sulfur compounds Volatile organic compounds (VOC) Hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) Methane Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) Odor Pathogens

8 Agriculture and air quality: emissions and issues Direct: - NH 3 - NO y - N 2 O - PM - CH 4 - VOCs - SO 2, H 2 S - Odour - Pesticides - CO 2 Indirect: - Secondary PM Climate change Acidifying Substances Eutrophying Substances Particulate Matter - CO 2 sequestration and loss (managed soils) - Indirect N 2 O (N deposition) 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

9 U.S. Agricultural Emissions Ammonia ~ 80% Nitrogen Oxides ~ 20% Reduced Sulfur unquantified PM 2.5 ~ 16% PM 10 ~ 18% Methane ~ 29% Nitrous Oxide ~ 72% Odor Pathogens unquantified unquantified Source: Aneja, Schlesinger, and Erisman, ES&T, 2009.

10 Concentration (ppbc) Sample Measurements of a Hazardous Air Pollutant Acetaldehyde Barham 04/02 11/02 Grinnells 04/02 11/02 Howard 06/02 12/02 Ventilation Exhaust Ambient Air Average U.S. Background Concentration Source: Blunden, Aneja, and Lonneman, Atmospheric Environment, Stokes* 09/02 01/03 Moore 10/02 02/03 RECIP* 03/03 * Natural ventilation system Reference Concentration

11 Ammonia is the Largest Volume Pollutant Breakdown of U.S. NH 3 emissions, total ~4 Tg/yr Source: U.S. EPA 2008 National Emissions Inventory

12 Impacts of Ammonia on the Environment Particulate matter (PM) formation Can contribute to exceedances of PM 2.5 NAAQS Visibility degradation Impacts on dynamics of acid precipitation Nitrogen deposition Nitrogen cycle perturbations Climate Impacts on ground water quality Odor

13 NH 3 Impacts PM 2.5 Case Study for Eastern NC < Backward Trajectories > 8/12/98 Case I Case II 9/28/98 8/21/98 8/25/98 8/29/98 8/27/98 Backward trajectories of Case I (8/12/98, 8/28/98, and 9/28/98) and Case II (8/21/98, 8/25/98, and 8/27/98). Case I: Transported from High SO 2 producing area. Case II: Transported from Marine (High HCl) and Rural (High NH 3 ) Area.

14 NH 3 Impacts PM 2.5 Case Study for Eastern NC PM 2.5 Component (ug/m 3 ) Case 1: Continental flow Case 2: Marine and Agricultural Air Mass Ammonium sulfates Ammonium nitrate Ammonium chloride Total NAAQS annual 15 NAAQS daily 35 Source: Aneja and Back, 1998.

15 NH 3 Impacts Nitrogen Deposition Measured wet deposition as NH 4+ (USEPA NADP 2013) Algal blooms (NASA MODIS)

16 NH 3 impacts N cycle perturbations N-enrichment Eutrophication Impacts on species diversity Groundwater quality Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) production N 2 O Denitrification NO - 3 Nitrification N 2 gas NH 3 N-fixation Biomass Decomposition NH 4 +

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18 NH 3 Impacts Climate Enhanced N 2 O formation Agriculture accounts for ~70% of US N 2 O emissions N 2 O warming potential is about 300 times CO 2 N 2 O concentrations are increasing Impacts on organic aerosols NH 3 may cause browning of otherwise reflective particles causing increased light absorption Impacts on cloud formation through particle nucleation

19 Satellite Observations of NH 3 the Big Picture Average summer concentrations of NH 3 in the mixing layer over the measured by the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) on the Aura satellite from 2004 through 2014 Source: Battye and Aneja, 2015.

20 Satellite Observations of NH 3 Focus on NC Source: Aura-TES, figure shows individual satellite measurements

21 Looking forward Trends are ominous but Mitigation measures are available Sources: USDA and Census historical data, USDA projections (1 animal unit = 1000 lb)

22 Europe NH 3 Abatement Measures Manure processing Emission poor housing systems Slurry injection Mineral accounting Coverage of storage facilities Maximum manure application per land use Decrease of N in concentrates: lowering urea concentration in milk Housing cattle at night No slurry application in winter Good agricultural practice

23 Novel Process: Swine Waste Treatment System Solid-liquid Separation Module Nitrification Denitrification Module Phosphorus Removal Module Effluent Separated Solids Calcium Phosphate Reuse Super Soil Systems, North Carolina Potential Environmentally Superior Technology Source: Vanotti et al., 2006.

24 National Research Council Report The Scientific Basis for Estimating Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations The stakes in this issue are large. More and more livestock are raised for at least part of their lives in AFO s in response to economic factors that encourage further concentration. The impacts on the air in surrounding areas have grown to a point where further actions to mitigate them appear likely. 2002

25 Challenges for the Research and Regulatory Communities What are the potential health effects from exposures to ambient levels of NH 3? Is it prudent to regulate NH 3 or to address the total N cycle? How to inventory emissions of other pollutants? How to augment air monitoring networks for NH 3 to better understand ecological and climate impacts? How to make use of satellite measurements or other remote sensing technologies? How to encourage mitigation measures? How to account for impacts on N 2 O

26 NC BREATHE Acknowledgements NCSU Air Quality Research Group NASA Grant No. NNX15AN15H U.S. Department Of Agriculture National Research Initiative, Contract No Phosphate Potash Institute, The Fertilizer Institute The National Science Foundation The Kenan Institute Animal and Poultry Waste Management Center / Smithfield Foods