POLAND - NATIONAL SITUATION

Transcription

1 IEE-Project FABbiogas BIOGAS PRODUCTION AND BIOGAS POTENTIALS FROM RESIDUES OF THE EUROPEAN FOOD AND BEVERAGE INDUSTRY POLAND - NATIONAL SITUATION The sole responsibility for the content of this report lies with the authors. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Union. Neither the EASME nor the European Commission are responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.

2 Table of contents 1 Introduction Methodology Task Map showing national biogas plants using FaB industry waste Basic characteristics of existing biogas installations Task Maps showing national waste streams of different FaB industry branches Basic characteristics of waste streams Managing of organic waste streams Task Description of the barriers For biogas plant operators For food and beverages producers Identification of the most frequent barriers...14

3 NATIONAL REPORT OF POLAND This report was written in the frame of the IEE project FABbiogas, which is supported by the Intelligent Energy Europe. The aim of this report is to give an overview of the biogas market in Poland, to evaluate the potential of renewable energy sources from waste from the food and beverage industry (FAB), including the identification of the production of biogas from organic waste, and the untapped potential of organic waste in various industries of food and beverages and to identify non-technological barriers that hinder development and use of renewable energy potential. 1 Introduction Poland officially the Republic of Poland is a country in Central Europe, bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast (a Russian exclave) and Lithuania to the north. The total area of Poland is km 2 and a population of over 38.5 million people. For administrative purposes Poland is divided into 16 voivodships, 379 counties, and communes. Poland is divided into 6 NUTS 1 units, 16 NUTS 2 units, and 45 NUTS 3 units. The NUTS 2 units correspond to the 16 voivodships. The Council of Ministers continues its objective of the construction of 2500 biogas plants in Poland to 2020 with a total capacity of 980 MW el. But the fact is that currently in Poland there are less than 39 agricultural and industrial biogas plants in operation, and many projects have been abandoned or suspended due to the collapse of the green certificates support. Agricultural biogas plants in Poland are still mired in crisis, record losses, a lot of investment is on hold. Main reasons for this are, among others, collapse in prices of green certificates, a large reduction in wholesale electricity prices, no yellow certificates from the beginning of 2013, and the lack of the RES Act. It came even to the fact that there are some already built, ready to run installations, but the owners have not started operation yet, because they would have a loss. On the other hand, this year 10 new biogas plants has already been opened. This is a good result, considering that at the end of last year we had a total number of biogas plants less 1 /16

4 than thirty, and throughout 2012, twelve were put into operation. This year's rash of new biogas plants based on raw materials and waste from agriculture and agri-food industry, is the effect of earlier quite good conditions for investment. These conditions consisted of high prices of green certificates, the granting the biogas installations yellow certificates (for energy production from gas cogeneration), rising electricity rates and generous donations - mostly from EU funds - for the construction of such facilities. Among the those 39 biogas plants, only 19 utilize waste from the food and beverage industry. 2 Methodology In order to determine the number of existing biogas plants using FAB waste in Poland and indentify waste streams of different FAB industry branches as well as nontechnological barriers for biogas projects in Poland, TUL has targeted two groups: food and beverages producers and current biogas plant operators. Additionally, the data concerning waste streams of different FAB industry branches was collected from Marshal Offices from each voivodship. The results of the interviews were the following: interviews with biogas plant operators TUL has implemented interviews with the biogas plant operators in Poland. All of them were pretty reluctant to communicate by phone and exchange their experience in this field. That is why we used the direct method the personal meeting. survey for food and beverages producers TUL has forwarded the questionnaire by the to food and beverages producers in Poland. However, we did not receive any needed answers from them so we had to use more effective way-telephone poll and the personal meetings. 2 /16

5 3 Task Map showing national biogas plants using FaB industry waste On the bases of the map (Fig.1) it is observed that most industrial biogas plants are found in Greater Poland (PL41) and Pomerania (PL63). In contrast, in Lodzkie (PL11), Masovia (PL12), Lesser Poland (PL21), Subcarpathia (PL32), Podlaskie (PL34) and Lubusz (PL43)there is not a single industrial biogas plant. Figure 1. Biogas plants using FaB industry waste in Poland. ( 3 /16

6 3.2 Basic characteristics of existing biogas installations In Poland there are 19 biogas plants that use waste from the food and beverage industry. When 5 out of 19 biogas plants only uses waste from the food and beverage industry. The largest industrial biogas plants in Poland are biogas plants in Koczała, Strzelin and Zalesie (Table 1). Table 1. Characteristics of existing biogas installations in Poland Installed Name of the biogas NUTS Feedstock type capacity plant code (MW th /MW e ) Biogas plant in Bielany Wroclawskie PL51 corn, fruit pomace 0.45/0.40 Biogas plant in Boleszyn PL62 corn silage, slurry, seasonally distillery stillage and whey 1.00/1.05 Biogas plant in Chodziez PL41 wastewater, waste process water, whey no data corn silage, grass silage, slurry, waste Biogas plant in Grzmiaca PL42 from the food industry and catering, 1.50/1.50 pomace, used cooking oil Biogas plant in Koczala PL63 corn silage, slurry, glycerin 2.05/2.20 manure, residues from the production Biogas plant in PL22 biodiesel-mainly glycerin, rapeseed Kostkowice residues, kitchen and food residues no data Biogas plant in Kujanki PL63 glycerine, slurry 0.35/0.35 residues from crop production, mix Biogas plant in Liszkowo PL61 consisting of waste from the production of processing vegetables, potato flour, 0.95/1.65 distillery stillage and beets Biogas plant in Lany Wielkie PL22 manure, distillery stillage 0.55/0.55 Biogas plant in Melno PL61 fruit and vegetable waste, plant 1.40/1.20 Biogas plant in Naclaw PL42 corn silage, glycerin, slurry 0.65/0.70 Biogas plant in Pawlowko PL63 manure, slaughterhouse waste, corn sillage, glycerin 0.35/0.45 Biogas plant in Piaski PL31 corn silage, whey 0.95/0.90 Biogas plant in PL33 corn silage, pig slurry, soft slaughterhouse 0.75/ /16

7 Piekoszow waste, blood, intestines and stomachs content Biogas plant in Skrzatusz PL41 distillery stillage, potato pulp, carrot pulp, sludge from water treatment plants, maize silage, grass silage, waste plant pulp, 0.50/0.50 apple pomace Biogas plant in Strzelin PL51 beet pulp 1.95/1.90 Biogas plant in Uhnin PL31 corn silage, distillery stillage, grass 1.10/1.15 Biogas plant in Zalesie PL52 manure, waste from potatoes or beets 2.05/2.00 Biogas plant in Zbiersk PL41 distillery stillage 1.50/ /16

8 4 Task Maps showing national waste streams of different FaB industry branches In order to reduce the number of companies from the food and beverage industry, only those that produce more waste than 500 Mg/year were taken for further analysis. Waste from food and beverage industry are divided into four categories: processing of fruits and vegetables, dairy, meat processing and distilleries. In the category of fruit and vegetable processing there are 123 plants, dairies - 97 plants, meat processing plants and distilleries -93 plants (Fig. 2, 3, 4, 5). Figure 2. Locations of fruit and vegetable processing industries in Poland ( 6 /16

9 Figure 3. Locations of dairies in Poland ( 7 /16

10 Figure 4. Locations of meat processing industries in Poland ( 8 /16

11 Figure 5. Locations of breweries in Poland ( 9 /16

12 4.2 Basic characteristics of waste streams Table 2 presents a summary of the potential biogas production for each category of waste. The conducted calculations show that no matter the size of the waste stream is, the greatest potential for methane production has a meat processing sector. Table 2. Summary of the potential biogas production from different stream waste Waste stream [Mg/year] Above Waste category Number of Methane production companies potential [m 3 /year] Fruit and vegetable processing Dairy industry Meat processing industry Brewing industry Total Fruit and vegetable processing Dairy industry Meat processing industry Brewing industry Total Fruit and vegetable processing Dairy industry Meat processing industry Brewing industry Total Fruit and vegetable processing Dairy industry Meat processing industry Brewing industry Total /16

13 4.3 Managing of organic waste streams Surveys were conducted in all sixteen provinces in the group of respondents who were companies generating organic waste. Additionally, in Lodzkie province (PL11) a detailed survey on 50 respondents was carried out. The main objective of the study focused on examining ways of managing organic waste generated by the companies. Respondents were potential suppliers of organic waste for biogas production. These bodies have been retrieved from the online database companies and Figure 6a. Ways of managing organic waste in Lodzkie province (PL11) Figure 6b. Ways of managing organic waste in Poland In the scale of the entire country, a significant amount of as much as 37% of respondents transfer their waste to farmers. The second most dominant group of respondents (28 %) pay external recycling company for organic waste collection. 21% of surveyed admitted that their wastes are incinerated. Only 6% of waste in Poland is used as fertilizers and 4 % of waste is composted. Fortunately, no more than 2 % of waste is disposed on landfills. The least popular ways of waste management (1 % each) are fodder for dogs and biofuel production, figure 6b. In the case of Lodzkie province, most, because more than 50% of the respondents, as a way of recycling organic waste indicated collection of waste by external waste disposal company. The second most popular way, turned out to be the possibility of transferring the waste to 11 /16

14 farmers (16%). This waste is often used by farmers as animal feed. 14% of respondents use the waste as fertilizer, 6% burns waste, another 4% sell waste to individual customers or export waste to the field. 4 surveyed companies indicated that they use two different ways of disposing of waste, figure 6a. 5 Task Description of the barriers For biogas plant operators TUL project team has implemented 3 interviews with biogas plant operators. All of them were reluctant to communicate and it was not easy to get all the necessary data by the telephone poll, so we had to collect the needed information during personal meetings. According to the research made among the biogas plant operators we found out the following barriers for the development of biogas market in Poland: 1. All three biogas plant operators were partially satisfied with the operation of their biogas plants. The main reasons of dissatisfaction were: difficulties in maintaining uniform feed to the reactor, difficulties with the management of liquid digestate and difficulties in operation of the biogas plant installation. 2. As the biggest problems during the realization of biogas plant project, operators indicated obtaining the conditions for connection, social acceptance, complex administrative and legal procedures, as well as financial barriers, large number of formal requirements. 3. All the operators claim they had to wait more than 2 months to obtain connection to the grid and 6-8 months to get all the permits. 4. Two operators think it is very difficult to obtain external financing (loans) for biogas projects in Poland while the one do not know the situation. 5. As the main problems concerning the financing procedures in Poland operators recognized operators recognized too extensive documentation required to prepare a loan application and the lack of trust of banks for biogas projects. 6. None of the operators was satisfied with the current system of green certificates mainly because of the difficulty in prediction of the prices and high legislative uncertainty For food and beverages producers TUL project team has implemented 8 interviews with the food and beverages producers. All of them were pretty eager to communicate and give all the necessary data as far as we used 12 /16

15 the most effective way the telephone poll, so we managed to collect the needed information at first hand. According to the research made among the food and beverages producers we found out the following bottlenecks for the development of biogas market in Poland: 1. Only one company has expressed its desire to build a biogas plant, despite the fact that over 60% of respondents are self-sufficient in terms of waste availability being a substrate for the biogas plant, and which can produce biogas on their own without the need of the substrate delivery from the outside. 2. Half of the respondents believe that their knowledge of the biogas is average. 25% of respondents claim to have good knowledge and the rest admitted their knowledge is insignificant. 3. Only 25% of respondents admitted that they were offered to build a biogas plant. However, none of the group was satisfied with the offer. 4. When asked about the benefits from building the biogas plan, 90% respondents believe in environmental benefits, 50% see a chance in the financial benefits, and only 25% of respondents note the benefits associated with the disposal of waste. 5. The main concern related to the construction of biogas plants is acceptance of local communities and numerous protests. Among other concerns the most frequently cited problems are those associated with the operation of a biogas plant, technical problems, lack of educated technicians, the difficulty of maintaining a uniform feed to the reactor. Only a small number of respondents see a problem in the management of digestate. 6. Nearly all respondents recognized obtaining a building permit as a major obstacle in the realisation of the biogas plant project. The majority find obtaining all permits a big problem, as well as social acceptance and complex administrative and legal procedures. For only one respondent financial barrier would be an obstacle. The rest ones, find their chance for financial of such biogas plant project in bank loans. However, 38% of them think it is very difficult to obtain external financing (loans) for biogas projects in Poland. 7. The majority of respondents do not know how long it takes to obtain permits in Poland. Among those who know, most believe that it takes more than two months. 8. Half of the respondents believe that nor banks or trade organizations or public institutions provide information about funding opportunities for biogas projects. 9. The main problems concerning the financing procedures in Poland according to the respondents were: too extensive documentation required to prepare a loan application, lack of knowledge and required experience in the financing biogas projects among bank employees, too high interest rate of loans and the requirement of a very high own contribution. 10. Respondents seek opportunities of co-financing of the construction of biogas plants in the structural funds of the EU, European projects and much less in subsidies on provincial level. 13 /16

16 5.1.3 Identification of the most frequent barriers With regard to the implemented interviews we found out that the procedures of obtaining the permissions for biogas projects in Poland are usually complicated and prolonged. Almost all the interviewed biogas operators complained about the difficulties in obtaining all necessary permits and too complex administrative and legal procedures. In fact, one of the biggest bottlenecks were the large number of formal requirements and financial barriers. Moreover, the incompetence of the bank employees concerning the possibilities of financing the biogas projects disappointed the biogas investors. Their lack of trust for biogas projects hamper the obtaining loans for biogas projects. Summarizing all the above-mentioned we recommend the following steps that could improve the biogas development in Poland: - preparation of clear guidelines for the future biogas investors/operators with the detailed description of all the procedures, laws and costs needed for a biogas project success; - organization of expert educations (seminars, training courses) for the involved administrative bodies, authorities, bank employees and biogas farmers/investors subjected to renewable energy and especially to biogas; - big information campaign for the whole country, showing the advantages of biogas production and energy production potential from the organic waste from the food and beverage industry. 14 /16