Advancing Tools and Processes for Next Generation Science Model B: Planning for Instruction

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1 HO 1 Advancing Tls and Prcesses fr Next Generatin Science Mdel B: Planning fr Instructin Cpyright BSCS Five Tls and Prcesses fr NGSS Mdel B: Tl 1: Using the NGSS t Plan a Unit f Instructin

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3 HO 2 NGSS Reading Guide MS- LS2 Ecsystems: Interactins, Energy, and Reading Surces A Framewrk fr K- 12 Science Educatin: Practices, Crsscutting Cncepts, and Cre Ideas (2012) by NRC Next Generatin Science Standards Fr States, By States Vlume 1: The Standards (2013) by NGSS Lead States Next Generatin Science Standards Fr States, By States Vlume 2: The Appendices (2013) by NGSS Lead States Purpse Number Reading Increasing understanding f the discipline Increasing understanding f the cre and cmpnent ideas 1 Framewrk 2 Framewrk Part 1 Narrative n each cre idea in Life Science p. 140 Bx 6-1, p. 142 (Cre and Cmpnent Ideas in the Life Sciences) LS2 Ecsystems: Ecsystems: Interactins, Energy, and p. 150 Part 2 (stp at Grade Band Endpints, then read the Grade 8 Endpint) LS2A. Interdependent Relatinship and Ecsystems pp ; 152 LS2B. Cycles f Matter and Energy Transfer in Ecsystems pp ; LS2C. Ecsystems,, and Resilience pp ; 155 Becming familiar with a standards page frm the NGSS Studying cnnectins t ther disciplinary cre ideas (DCIs) in this grade band Cnsidering the prgressin f disciplinary cre ideas (DCIs) acrss grade bands 3 NGSS Vl. 1: The Standards MS- LS2 Ecsystems: Interactins, Energy, and pp NGSS Vl. 1: The Standards MS- LS2 cnnectins t ther DCIs in this grade band p NGSS Vl. 2: The Appendices Appendix E: Disciplinary Cre Idea Prgressins in the NGSS pp Cpyright BSCS Five Tls and Prcesses fr NGSS Mdel B: Tl 1: Using the NGSS t Plan a Unit f Instructin

4 HO 2 Purpse Number Reading Studying the science and engineering practices (SEPs) assciated with this tpic and grade band Studying the crsscutting cncepts (CCCs) assciated with this tpic and grade band Studying the cnnectins t the nature f science and engineering, technlgy, and applicatins f science assciated with this tpic and grade band 6 NGSS Vl. 2: The Appendices Appendix F in the NGSS Intrductin pp Appendix F in the NGSS (Nte: These are the SEPs included in the standards page fr MS- LS2) 7 NGSS Vl. 2: The Appendices SEP #2 Develping and Using Mdels pp SEP #4 Analyzing and Interpreting Data pp SEP # 6 Cnstructing Explanatins and Designing Slutins pp SEP #7 Engaging in Argument frm Evidence pp Appendix G: Crsscutting Cncepts in the NGSS Intrductin p. 79 Guiding Principles pp Appendix G: Crsscutting Cncepts in the NGSS (Nte: These are the CCCs included in the standards page fr MS- LS2) 8 NGSS Vl. 2: The Appendices CCC #1 Patterns pp CCC #2 Cause and Effect pp CCC #5 Energy and Matter p. 86 CCC #7 Stability and Change pp Appendix H: Understanding the Scientific Enterprise: The Nature f Science in the NGSS Intrductin p. 96 The Nature f Science: A Perspective fr the NGSS pp A Ratinale and Research p. 97 The Nature f Science and the NGSS p. 97 Appendix H: Understanding the Scientific Enterprise: The Nature f Science in the NGSS Nature f science understanding mst clsely assciate with practices Cpyright BSCS Five Tls and Prcesses fr NGSS Mdel B: Tl 1: Using the NGSS t Plan a Unit f Instructin

5 HO 2 Purpse Number Reading NGSS Vl. 2: The Appendices Scientific knwledge is based n empirical evidence p. 98 Nature f science understanding mst clsely assciate with crsscutting cncepts Scientific knwledge assumes an rder and cnsistency in natural systems p. 100 Science addresses questins abut the natural and material wrld p. 100 Appendix I: Engineering Design in the NGSS Intrductin p. 103 Key Definitins p. 103 NGSS Vl. 2: The Appendices Appendix J: Science, Technlgy, Sciety, and the Envirnment Intrductin p. 108 In the Framewrk p. 108 Appendix J: Science, Technlgy, Sciety, and the Envirnment The Influence f Engineering, Technlgy, and Science n Sciety and the Natural Wrld pp Appendix J: Science, Technlgy, Sciety, and the Envirnment In the Next Generatin Science Standards p. 110 Cpyright BSCS Five Tls and Prcesses fr NGSS Mdel B: Tl 1: Using the NGSS t Plan a Unit f Instructin

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7 HO 3 Five Tls and Prcesses fr NGSS Mdel B: Tl 1: Using the NGSS t Plan a Unit f Instructin

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9 HO4 Tl 1 Template Example Unit Blueprint fr MS- LS2 (Ecsystems: Interactins, Energy, and ) Instructinal Sequence 1 Instructinal Sequence 2 Instructinal Sequence 3 Instructinal Sequence 4 Instructinal Sequence 5 Perfrmance Expectatin MS- LS2-2 Perfrmance Expectatin MS- LS2-3 Perfrmance Expectatin MS- LS2-1 Perfrmance Expectatin MS- LS2-4 Perfrmance Expectatin MS- LS2-5 Cnstruct an explanatin that predicts patterns f interactins amng rganisms acrss multiple ecsystems Clarificatin Statement: Emphasis is n predicting cnsistent patterns f interactins in different ecsystems in terms f the relatinships amng and between rganisms and abitic cmpnents f ecsystems. Examples f types f interactins culd include cmpetitive, predatry, and mutually beneficial. Develp a mdel t describe the cycling f matter and flw f energy amng living and nn- living parts f an ecsystem. Clarificatin Statement: Emphasis is n describing the cnservatin f matter and flw f energy int and ut f varius ecsystems and n defining the bundaries f the system. Assessment Bundary: Assessment des nt include the use f chemical reactins t describe the prcesses. Analyze and interpret data t prvide evidence fr the effects f resurces availability n rganisms and ppulatins f rganisms in an ecsystem. Clarificatin Statement: Emphasis is n cause and effect relatinships between resurces and the grwth f individual rganisms and the numbers f rganisms in ecsystems during perids f abundant and scarce resurces. Cnstruct an argument supprted by empirical evidence that changes t physical r bilgical cmpnents f an ecsystem affect ppulatins. Clarificatin Statement: Emphasis is n recgnizing patterns in data and making warranted inferences abut changes in ppulatins and n evaluating empirical evidence supprting arguments abut changes t ecsystems. Evaluate cmpeting design slutins fr maintaining bidiversity and ecsystems services.* Clarificatin Statement: Examples f ecsystem services culd include water purificatin, nutrient recycling, and preventin f sil ersin. Examples f design slutin cnstraints culd include scientific, ecnmic, and scial cnsideratins. *This perfrmance expectatin integrates traditinal science cntent with engineering thrugh a practice r disciplinary cre idea. Perfrmance Expectatin MS- ESS3-4 Perfrmance Expectatin MS- PS1-5 Perfrmance Expectatin MS- ESS3-4 Perfrmance Expectatin MS- LS2-1 Perfrmance Expectatin MS- ESS3-3 Cnstruct an argument supprted by evidence fr hw increases in human ppulatin and per- capita cnsumptin f natural resurces impact Earth s systems. Clarificatin Statement: Examples f evidence include grade- apprpriate databases n human ppulatins and the rates f cnsumptin f fd and natural resurces (such as freshwater, mineral, and energy). Examples f impacts can include changes t the appearance, cmpsitin, and structure f Earth s systems as well as the rates at which they change. The cnsequences f increases in human ppulatins and cnsumptin f natural resurces are described by science, but science des nt make the decisins fr the actins sciety takes. Develp and use a mdel t describe hw the ttal number f atms des nt change in a chemical reactin and thus mass is cnserved. Clarificatin Statement: Emphasis is n law f cnservatin f matter and n physical mdels r drawings, including digital frms that represent atms. Assessment Bundary: Assessment des nt include the use f atmic masses, balancing symblic equatins, r intermlecular frces. Cnstruct an argument supprted by evidence fr hw increases in human ppulatin and per- capita cnsumptin f natural resurces impact Earth s systems. Clarificatin Statement: Examples f evidence include grade- apprpriate databases n human ppulatins and the rates f cnsumptin f fd and natural resurces (such as freshwater, mineral, and energy). Examples f impacts can include changes t the appearance, cmpsitin, and structure f Earth s systems as well as the rates at which they change. The cnsequences f increases in human ppulatins and cnsumptin f natural resurces are described by science, but science des nt make the decisins fr the actins sciety takes. Analyze and interpret data t prvide evidence fr the effects f resurces availability n rganisms and ppulatins f rganisms in an ecsystem. Clarificatin Statement: Emphasis is n cause and effect relatinships between resurces and the grwth f individual rganisms and the numbers f rganisms in ecsystems during perids f abundant and scarce resurces. Apply scientific principles t design a methd fr mnitring and minimizing a human impact n the envirnment.* Clarificatin Statement: Examples f the design prcess include examining human envirnmental impacts, assessing the kinds f slutins that are feasible, and designing and evaluating slutins that culd reduce that impact. Examples f human impacts can include water usage (such as the withdrawal f water frm streams and aquifers r the cnstructin f dams and levees), land usage (such as urban develpment, agriculture, r the remval f wetlands), and pllutin (such as f the air, water, r land). *This perfrmance expectatin integrates traditinal science cntent with engineering thrugh a practice r disciplinary cre idea. Perfrmance Expectatin MS- ESS2-1 Perfrmance Expectatin MS- ESS3-4 Develp a mdel t describe the cycling f Earth s materials and the flw f energy that drives this prcess. Clarificatin Statement: Emphasis is n the prcesses f melting, crystallizatin, weathering, defrmatin, and sedimentatin, which act tgether t frm minerals and rcks thrugh the cycling f Earth s materials. Assessment Bundary: Assessment des nt include the identificatin and naming f minerals. Cnstruct an argument supprted by evidence fr hw increases in human ppulatin and per- capita cnsumptin f natural resurces impact Earth s systems. Clarificatin Statement: Examples f evidence include grade- apprpriate databases n human ppulatins and the rates f cnsumptin f fd and natural resurces (such as freshwater, mineral, and energy). Examples f impacts can include changes t the appearance, cmpsitin, and structure f Earth s systems as well as the rates at which they change. The cnsequences f increases in human ppulatins and cnsumptin f natural resurces are described by science, but science des nt make the decisins fr the actins sciety takes. 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10 HO4 Instructinal Sequence 1 Instructinal Sequence 2 Instructinal Sequence 3 Instructinal Sequence 4 Instructinal Sequence 5 MS LS2: Ecsystems: Interactins, Energy, and LS2.A: Interdependent Relatinships in Ecsystems Predatry interactins may reduce the number f rganisms r eliminate whle ppulatins f rganisms. Mutually beneficial interactins, in cntrast, may becme s interdependent that each rganism requires the ther fr survival. Althugh the species invlved in these cmpetitive, predatry, and mutually beneficial interactins vary acrss ecsystems, the patterns f interactins f rganisms with their envirnments, bth living and nnliving, are shared. (MS- LS2-2) MS LS2: Ecsystems: Interactins, Energy, and LS2.B: Cycle f Matter and Energy Transfer in Ecsystems Fd webs are mdels that demnstrate hw matter and energy are transferred between prducers, cnsumers, and decmpsers as the three grups interact within an ecsystem. Transfers f matter int and ut f the physical envirnment ccur at every level. Decmpsers recycle nutrients frm dead plant r animal matter back t the sil in terrestrial envirnments r t the water in aquatic envirnments. The atms that make up the rganisms in an ecsystem are cycled repeatedly between the living and nn- living parts f the ecsystem. (MS- LS2-3) MS LS2: Ecsystems: Interactins, Energy, and LS2.A: Interdependent Relatinships in Ecsystems Organisms, and ppulatins f rganisms, are dependent n their envirnmental interactins bth with ther living things and with nn- living factrs. (MS- LS2-1) MS LS2: Ecsystems: Interactins, Energy, and LS2.C: Ecsystem, Functining, and Resilience Ecsystems are dynamic in nature; their characteristics can vary ver time. Disruptins t any physical r bilgical cmpnent f an ecsystem can lead t shifts in all its ppulatins. (MS- LS2-4) MS LS2: Ecsystems: Interactins, Energy, and LS2.C: Ecsystem, Functining, and Resilience Bidiversity describes the variety f species fund in Earth s terrestrial and ceanic ecsystems. The cmpleteness r integrity f an ecsystem s bidiversity is ften used as a measure f its health. (MS- LS2-5) MS ESS3: Earth and Human Activity ESS3.C: Human Impacts n Earth Systems Typically as human ppulatins and per- capita cnsumptin f natural resurces increase, s d the negative impacts n Earth, unless the activities and technlgies invlved are engineered therwise. (cnnectin DCI t MS- LS2-1, MS- LS2-4 and MS- LS2-5) MS ESS2: Earth s Systems ESS2.A: Earth s Materials and Systems All Earth prcesses are the result f energy flwing and matter recycling within and amng the planet s systems. This energy is derived frm the sun and Earth s ht interir. The energy that flws and matter that cycles prduce chemical and physical changes in Earth s materials and living rganisms. (cnnectin DCI t MS- LS2-3 and MS- LS2-4) MS LS2: Ecsystems: Interactins, Energy, and LS2.A: Interdependent Relatinships in Ecsystems In any ecsystem, rganisms and ppulatins with similar requirements fr fd, water, xygen, r ther resurces may cmpete with each ther fr limited resurces, access t which cnsequently cnstraints their grwth and reprductin. (MS- LS2-1) MS LS2: Ecsystems: Interactins, Energy, and LS2.A: Interdependent Relatinships in Ecsystems Organisms, and ppulatins f rganisms, are dependent n their envirnmental interactins bth with ther living things and with nn- living factrs. (MS- LS2-1) MS LS2: Ecsystems: Interactins, Energy, and LS4.D: Bidiversity and Humans Changes in bidiversity can influence humans resurces, such as fd, energy, and medicines, as well as ecsystem services that humans rely n fr example, water purificatin and recycling. (MS- LS2-5) MS PS1: Matter and Its Interactins PS1.B: Chemical Reactins Substances react chemically in characteristic ways. In a chemical prcess, the atms that make up the riginal substances are regruped int different mlecules, and these new substances have different prperties frm thse f the reactants. The ttal number f each type f atm is cnserved, and thus the mass des nt change. (cnnectin DCI t MS- PS1-5) MS LS2: Ecsystems: Interactins, Energy, and LS2.A: Interdependent Relatinships in Ecsystems Grwth f rganisms and ppulatin increases are limited by access t resurces. (MS- LS2-1) MS LS2: Ecsystems: Interactins, Energy, and LS2.A: Interdependent Relatinships in Ecsystems In any ecsystem, rganisms and ppulatins with similar requirements fr fd, water, xygen, r ther resurces may cmpete with each ther fr limited resurces, access t which cnsequently cnstraints their grwth and reprductin. (MS- LS2-1) MS ESS3: Earth and Human Activity ESS3.C: Human Impacts n Earth Systems Typically as human ppulatins and per- capita cnsumptin f natural resurces increase, s d the negative impacts n Earth unless the activities and technlgies invlved are engineered therwise. (cnnectin DCI t MS- LS2-1, MS- LS2-4 and MS- LS2-5) MS ESS3: Earth and Human Activity ESS3.C: Human Impacts n Earth Systems Typically as human ppulatins and per- capita cnsumptin f natural resurces increase, s d the negative impacts n Earth, unless the activities and technlgies invlved are engineered therwise. (cnnectin DCI t MS- LS2-1) MS LS2: Ecsystems: Interactins, Energy, and LS4.D: Ecsystem, Functining, and Resilience Changes in bidiversity can influence humans resurces, such as fd, energy, and medicines, as well as ecsystem services that humans rely n fr example, water purificatin and recycling. (MS- LS2-5) MS ESS3: Earth and Human Activity ESS3.C: Human Impacts n Earth Systems Human activities have significantly altered the bisphere, smetimes damaging r destrying natural habitats and causing the extinctin f ther species. But changes t Earth s envirnments can have different impacts (negative and psitive) fr different living things. (cnnectin DCI t MS- LS2-1 and MS- LS2-4) Cpyright AMNH 2016 Page 2 f 4 Five Tls and Prcesses fr NGSS Mdel B: Tl 1: Using the NGSS t Plan a Unit f Instructin

11 HO4 Instructinal Sequence 1 Instructinal Sequence 2 Instructinal Sequence 3 Instructinal Sequence 4 Instructinal Sequence 5 MS LS2: Ecsystems: Interactins, Energy, and ETS1.B: Develping Pssible Slutins There are systematic prcesses fr evaluating slutins with respect t hw well they meet the criteria and cnstraints f a prblem. (secndary t MS- LS2-5) Cnstructing Explanatins and Designing Slutins Develping and Using Mdels Analyzing and Interpreting Data Engaging in Argument frm Evidence Engaging in Argument frm Evidence Cnstructing explanatins and designing slutins in 6-8 builds n K- 5 experiences and prgresses t include cnstructing explanatins and designing slutins supprted by multiple surces f evidence cnsistent with scientific ideas, principles, and theries. Cnstruct an explanatin that includes qualitative r quantitative relatinships between variables that predict phenmena. (MS- LS2-2) Mdeling in 6-8 builds n K- 5 experiences and prgresses t develping, using, and revising mdels t describe, test, and predict mre abstract phenmena and design systems. Develp a mdel t describe phenmena. (MS- LS2-3) Analyzing data in 6-8 builds n K- 5 experiences and prgresses t extending quantitative analysis t investigatins, distinguishing between crrelatin and causatin, and basic statistical techniques f data and errr analysis. Analyze and interpret data t prvide evidence fr phenmena. (MS- LS2-1) Engaging in argument frm evidence in 6-8 builds n K- 5 experiences and prgresses t cnstructing a cnvincing argument that supprts r refutes claims fr either explanatins r slutins abut the natural and designed wrlds. Cnstruct an ral r written argument supprted by empirical evidence and scientific reasning t supprt r refute an explanatin r a mdel fr a phenmenn r a slutin t a prblem. (MS- LS2-4) Engaging in argument frm evidence in 6-8 builds n K- 5 experiences and prgresses t cnstructing a cnvincing argument that supprts r refutes claims fr either explanatins r slutins abut the natural and designed wrlds. Evaluate cmpeting design slutins based n jintly develped and agreed- upn design criteria. (MS- LS2-5) Engaging in Argument frm Evidence Develping and Using Mdels Engaging in Argument frm Evidence Analyzing and Interpreting Data Engaging in Argument frm Evidence Engaging in argument frm evidence in 6-8 builds n K- 5 experiences and prgresses t cnstructing a cnvincing argument that supprts r refutes claims fr either explanatins r slutins abut the natural and designed wrlds. Cnstruct an ral r written argument supprted by empirical evidence and scientific reasning t supprt r refute an explanatin r a mdel fr a phenmenn r a slutin t a prblem. (MS- ESS3-4) Mdeling in 6-8 builds n K- 5 experiences and prgresses t develping, using, and revising mdels t describe, test, and predict mre abstract phenmena and design systems. Develp a mdel t a mdel t describe unbservable mechanisms. (MS- PS1-5) Engaging in argument frm evidence in 6 8 builds n K 5 experiences and prgresses t cnstructing a cnvincing argument that supprts r refutes claims fr either explanatins r slutins abut the natural and designed wrld(s). Cnstruct an ral and written argument supprted by empirical evidence and scientific reasning t supprt r refute an explanatin r a mdel fr a phenmenn r a slutin t a prblem. (MS- ESS3-4) Analyzing data in 6-8 builds n K- 5 experiences and prgresses t extending quantitative analysis t investigatins, distinguishing between crrelatin and causatin, and basic statistical techniques f data and errr analysis. Analyze and interpret data t prvide evidence fr phenmena. (MS- LS2-1) Engaging in argument frm evidence in 6 8 builds n K 5 experiences and prgresses t cnstructing a cnvincing argument that supprts r refutes claims fr either explanatins r slutins abut the natural and designed wrld(s). Cnstruct an ral and written argument supprted by empirical evidence and scientific reasning t supprt r refute an explanatin r a mdel fr a phenmenn r a slutin t a prblem. (MS- ESS3-4) Cnstructing Explanatins and Designing Slutins Cnstructing explanatins and designing slutins in 6-8 builds n K- 5 experiences and prgresses t include cnstructing explanatins and designing slutins supprted by multiple surces f evidence cnsistent with scientific ideas, principles, and theries. Apply scientific principles t design an bject, tl, prcess r system. (MS- ESS3-3) Cpyright AMNH 2016 Page 3 f 4 Five Tls and Prcesses fr NGSS Mdel B: Tl 1: Using the NGSS t Plan a Unit f Instructin

12 HO4 Instructinal Sequence 1 Instructinal Sequence 2 Instructinal Sequence 3 Instructinal Sequence 4 Instructinal Sequence 5 Crsscutting Cncepts Patterns Crsscutting Cncepts Energy and Matter Crsscutting Cncepts Cause and Effect Crsscutting Cncepts Stability and Change Crsscutting Cncepts Stability and Change Patterns can be used t identify cause and effect relatinships. (MS- LS2-2) The transfer f energy can be tracked as energy flws thrugh a natural system. (MS- LS2-3) Cause and effect relatinships may be used t predict phenmena in natural r designed systems. (MS- LS2-1) Small changes in ne part f a system might cause large changes in anther part. (MS- LS2-4) Small changes in ne part f a system might cause large changes in anther part. (MS- LS2-5) Crsscutting Cncepts Cause and Effect Crsscutting Cncepts Energy and Matter Crsscutting Cncepts Cause and Effect Crsscutting Cncepts Cause and Effect Cause and effect relatinships may be used t predict phenmena in natural r designed systems. (MS- ESS3-4) Matter is cnserved because atms are cnserved in physical and chemical prcesses. (MS- PS1-5) Cause and effect relatinships may be used t predict phenmena in natural r designed systems. (MS- LS2-1) Cause and effect relatinships may be used t predict phenmena in natural r designed systems. (MS- ESS3-4) Cnnectins f Nature f Science Science Addresses Questins Abut the Natural and Material Wrld Scientific knwledge can describe the cnsequences f actins but des nt necessarily prescribe the decisins that sciety takes. (MS- ESS3-4) Crsscutting Cncepts Stability and Change Explanatins f stability and change in natural r designed systems can be cnstructed by examining the changes ver time and prcesses at different scales, including the atmic scale. (MS- ESS2-1) Cnnectins f Nature f Science Science Addresses Questins Abut the Natural and Material Wrld Scientific knwledge can describe the cnsequences f actins but des nt necessarily prescribe the decisins that sciety takes. (MS- ESS3-4) Cnnectins t Nature f Science Scientific Knwledge Is Based n Empirical Evidence Science disciplines share cmmn rules f btaining and evaluating empirical evidence. (MS- LS2-4) Cnnectins f Nature f Science Science Addresses Questins Abut the Natural and Material Wrld Scientific knwledge can describe the cnsequences f actins but des nt necessarily prescribe the decisins that sciety takes. (MS- LS2-5) (MS- ESS3-4) Cnnectins t Engineering, Technlgy and Applicatins f Science Influence f Science, Engineering, and Technlgy n Sciety and the Natural Wrld All human activity draws n natural resurces and has bth shrt- and lng- term cnsequences, psitive as well as negative, fr the health f peple and the natural envirnment. (MS- ESS3-4) Cnnectins t Nature f Science Scientific Knwledge Assumes an Order and Cnsistency in Natural Systems Science assumes that bjects and events in natural systems ccur in cnsistent patterns that are understandable thrugh measurement and bservatin. (MS- LS2-3) Cnnectins t Engineering, Technlgy and Applicatins f Science Influence f Science, Engineering, and Technlgy n Sciety and the Natural Wrld All human activity draws n natural resurces and has bth shrt- and lng- term cnsequences, psitive as well as negative, fr the health f peple and the natural envirnment. (MS- ESS3-4) Cnnectins t Engineering, Technlgy and Applicatins f Science Influence f Science, Engineering, and Technlgy n Sciety and the Natural Wrld The use f technlgies and any limitatins n their use are driven by individual r scietal needs, desires, and values; and by differences in such factrs as climate, natural resurces, and ecnmic cnditins. Thus, technlgy use varies frm regin t regin and ver time. (MS- LS2-5) (MS- ESS3-3) Big Ideas Sequence 1 Big Ideas Sequence 2 Big Ideas Sequence 3 Big Ideas Sequence 4 Big Ideas Sequence 5 Fd webs shw the patterns f interactins in ecsystems. Organisms in an ecsystem interact with each ther in different ways, including predatin, cmpetitin, and symbisis. Humans impact ecsystems in bth direct and indirect ways. Ecsystem mdels can be used t describe the transfer f energy and cycling f matter. Limited resurces impact bth rganisms and ppulatins. Humans impact ecsystems in bth direct and indirect ways. The intrductin f a new species can affect many aspects f an ecsystem. Invasive species can have bth psitive and negative impacts n the stability f an ecsystem. Human impact n ecsystems can be reduced, and slutins t envirnmental prblems can be evaluated using criteria fr sustainability. Cpyright AMNH 2016 Page 4 f 4 Five Tls and Prcesses fr NGSS Mdel B: Tl 1: Using the NGSS t Plan a Unit f Instructin