Introduction to a Comprehensive Countywide Approach to Sanitation

Transcription

1 Introduction to a Comprehensive Countywide Approach to Sanitation Martin Gambrill Nairobi, February

2 Moving from the MDGs to the SDGs Goals are technology neutral with ladder concept Sanitation service chain is adopted Aspects of sustainability included Hygiene goal introduced 2.1 billion without safely managed water in billion without safely managed sanitation (JMP, 2017) 1

3 MDGs to SDGs: three shifts for WSS Universal coverage: From halving those without access to universal access Comprehensive coverage: From focusing on WSS to focusing on the water cycle holistically Sustainable coverage: From focusing on basic access to focusing on sustainable services. For sanitation and water supply that means SAFE MANAGEMENT Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

4 This will drastically affect JMP coverage numbers 3

5 SDG MDG Kenya s situation: rural services across water, sanitation and hygiene are lagging behind urban

6 There is a (costly) global sanitation crisis 5 Hutton, G. (2012). Global costs and benefits of drinking-water supply and sanitation interventions to reach the MDG target and universal coverage. (WHO)

7 Estimated annual capital expenditure to meet Safely Managed SDG targets by 2030 Rural drinking water 14.5 bn/yr Urban sanitation and hygiene, 46 bn/yr Urban drinking water 26.6 bn/yr Rural sanitation and hygiene, 25 bn/yr Total annual costs for safely managed urban & rural sanitation US$ 71 billion or over 60% of total projected costs 6 Source: Hutton and Varughese The Costs of Meeting the 2030 Sustainable Development Goal Targets on Drinking Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene. Washington, DC. World Bank.

8 In short: inadequate sanitation has tremendous costs Type of losses Economic impacts at household level Quantifiable? Direct health impacts of poor sanitation (diarrhea, other waterborne diseases) Time spent looking for a safe space to defecate or for queuing at public toilets Impact on productivity due to sickness - Time missed at work (or to school) - Time caring for other members of the family Long-term impact on health, particularly of children, through stunting Impact on water resources Impact on groundwater resources (cost of in-house water treatment) Impact on surface water quality (cost of network water treatment) Impacts on bio-diversity (rivers; coastal environment) Foregone economic revenues Tourism: visual pollution (dirty rivers and beaches), smells 7 Industries dependent on water quality (e.g. fisheries) (Spears, 2013)

9 Persistent sanitation problems in rural areas

10 The global rural sanitation challenge: climbing the ladder to safely managed sanitation Ending open defecation Moving from unimproved to improved/basic service through more durable facilities Global Rural Population Ensure safe in-situ disposal or emptying and off-site treatment 9 JMP, 2017

11 Challenges on rural sanitation are well known but remain difficult to crack Lack of priority and subsequent financing (no budget lines) Characterized by fragmented implementation Limited success in reaching the poorest in rural areas Those unreached increasingly in challenging areas due to remoteness, flooding, high groundwater Social norms hinder sustained usage A decentralized but non-resourced mandate with weak operational capacity for last mile delivery Lack of affordable, aspirational solutions that reach rural markets 10

12 Elements of success for at-scale rural sanitation service delivery... Create political will and set strategic direction and policy Mobilize financing and streamline implementation modalities to address fragmentation National programs with outcome monitoring; integrate to other programs Implementation supported with at-scale capacity building and ongoing learning Changing and sustaining behaviors by empowering communities and engaging multiple stakeholders Low-cost aspirational products and enabling of market-based approaches for BoP 11 Targeted measures to support the poor and vulnerable (financial and non-financial)

13 Growing cities, growing sanitation problems

14 Urbanization trends Global population % urban Half of urban dwellers live in towns with fewer than 500,000 people by % urban (+2.5 billion people!) Africa: 56% urban Asia: 64% urban but urban-biased programs risk leaving rural sanitation further behind still 13

15 The Urban Sanitation SDG: considering the whole sanitation service chain MDGs SDGs Containment Emptying Conveyance Treatment End-use/ Disposal Simplified or Conventional Sewerage WC Sewerage network Pumping stations Sewage treatment works End-use/ Disposal Non-networked Systems Latrine or septic tank Primary emptying Vacuum truck Transfer Safely covered and replaced in new location Treatment plant End-use/ disposal 14 Container- Based Sanitation Collection Transport Treatment End-use/ disposal

16 Physical planning Urban upgrading Land-use planning and control Tenure and land-use control Water Supply => WATER SUPPLY <= The Need for Integrated (Urban) Services Solid Waste Collection Sanitary Landfill Stormwater Drainage Maintenance Appropriate Flooding, Resource downstream Reuse pollution Latrines SepticTanks Pit and Tank Emptying Treatment Works Sewerage Network Pumping Stations Treatment Works

17 Defining Citywide Inclusive Sanitation - Everybody benefits from adequate sanitation service delivery outcomes - Human waste is safely managed along the whole sanitation service chain - Effective resource recovery and re-use is considered - A diversity of technical solutions is embraced, being adaptive, mixed and incremental - Comprehensive approaches to sanitation improvements needed, with long-term planning, technical innovation, institutional reforms and financial mobilization - Cities will need to demonstrate political will and technical and managerial leadership, and to manage new and creative ways of funding sanitation - Combines both onsite sanitation and sewerage solutions, in either centralized or decentralized systems, to better respond to realities faced in cities - Needs to consider complementary services: water supply, drainage, greywater, solid waste 16

18 There is no one size fits all for service delivery MDGs SDGs Containment Emptying Conveyance Treatment End-use/ Disposal Simplified or Conventional Sewerage WC Sewerage network Pumping stations Sewage treatment works End-use/ Disposal Non-networked Systems Latrine or septic tank Primary emptying Vacuum truck Transfer Safely covered and replaced in new location Treatment plant End-use/ disposal 17 Container- Based Sanitation Collection Transport Treatment End-use/ disposal

19 Adapted from IWA A Countywide Approach for Kenya? COUNTYWIDE LEVEL CITYWIDE LEVEL RURAL PERI-URBAN

20 Nakuru County 19

21 A Countywide Approach for Kenya? Multiple institutional players with: Fragmented service delivery responsibilities Unclear/overlapping service provision mandates A Countywide approach to WSS service provision could: Bring economies of scale in service provision/management Ensure all gaps of the different market segments are filled (eg rural water for agglomerated and dispersed rural communities) Allow for integrated planning, design and service provision Provide more robust institutions; build staff capacity more easily Be more effective in mobilizing, prioritizing and investing funds

22 Thank you!

23 Poorest in urban/rural areas bear most impact WQ1 Urban WQ2 Urban Per Capita Losses (excluding mortality impacts) Urban poor suffer highest per capita losses WQ3 Urban 1403 WQ4 Urban 1057 WQ Urban 1037 WQ WQ WQ1 Rural 1001 WQ2 Rural 979 WQ3 Rural 975 INDIA 961 WQ4 933 Rural 930 WQ4 Rural 850 WQ5 Urban 825 WQ5 779 WQ5 Rural

24 And sanitation is a human right! Physical and affordable access to sanitation, in all spheres of life, that is safe, hygienic, secure, socially and culturally acceptable and that provides privacy and ensures dignity. General Assembly resolution 70/169. The human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation, A/RES/70/169 (17 December 2015), Moral responsibility, especially towards the most vulnerable Resolution 64/292: The human right to water and sanitation adopted by the UN General Assembly in

25 The mindset problem Out of sight, out of mind? politicians who only react to a crisis vs. the silent emergency Service providers see only one urban sanitation solution Engineers concerned with sophisticated engineering not service provision Build => don t operate and maintain => rebuild Little consideration of the full sanitation service chain Few robust service providers Tariffs don t even cover O&M costs Weak service provider leadership and managerial structures/processe Poor relationship with politicians Lack of innovation, R&D Lack of customer focus 24

26 To achieve Citywide Inclusive Sanitation, we must Embed sanitation within the framework of urban governance and municipal services provision. Establish clear roles and responsibilities, with accountability and transparency, and robust service delivery management. Deliver safe management through the sanitation chain for both onsite sanitation and sewers to ensure separation of fecal contamination from people across the whole city. Focus on outcomes rather than technologies allowing for diversity of solutions and approaches. 25

27 To achieve Citywide Inclusive Sanitation, we must Base decisions on secure operational budgets being available (always planning for operation and maintenance). Facilitate progressive realization, building on what is already in place. Commit resources to training city leaders and technicians of the future to solve complex problems rather than deliver fixed solutions. 26

28 Preliminary for Internal Discussion The new Sustainable Development Goals: Higher Expectations The SDGs go further than the MDGs. The global SDG proposed for water aims to ensure sustainable water and sanitation management for all by 2030 (Goal 6) and includes: 6.1: universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water; 6.2: access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all, and an end open defecation; 6.3: improve water quality by halving the proportion of untreated wastewater, and increasing recycling and safe reuse; 6.4: substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors; 6.5: implement integrated water resources management at all levels, including through transboundary cooperation; 6.6: protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes.

29 The new SDGs: Higher Expectations The SDGs go further than the MDGs. SDG11: Sustainable Cities and Communities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable cities SDG 3: Good Health and Wellbeing ensure citizens health and wellbeing and other SDGs (reduced inequality, gender equality, education, etc) Can we achieve these without sustainable urban sanitation provision?

30 Stark urban sanitation challenges Rapid urbanisation: the access gap is likely to grow in low income countries with rapid urbanisation Sewerage coverage is very low in many large cities Wastewater treatment is very limited Existing infrastructure is insufficiently operated and maintained and is rapidly deteriorating 29

31 Pathogens don t stop at your neighbor s fence 30

32 Percent to Total An example from the Economics of Sanitation Initiative 80.0% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 768,000 deaths one in every ten deaths in India Health 71.7% Diarrhea in children - 47% of health impacts Estimated annual costs for India US$ 53.8 Billion 6.4% of GDP Per capita US$ 48 (Rs.2180) 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% Water 7.8% Access Time 20% Tourism 0.5% Source: ESI, World Bank Share across impact categories

33 Stunting index (negative z-score) The costs of inadequate sanitation Effect on Child Height of Eliminating Open Defecation : Urban Rural Under 3 years old Under 5 years old Stunting is an easily measureable indicator which correlates with future educational achievement, earning potential, and thus the national economy Source: Spears, D (2013) - DHS data from 130 countries

34 Urban sanitation can be a productive investment Benefit-cost ratios of interventions to attain universal access of improved sanitation vary significantly by region reflecting differences in costs of sanitation facilities Cost benefit example from urban Indonesia

35 Downstream impacts are more difficult to evaluate but it s worth doing Citarum River in West Java provides vital water supplies to: Bandung (10 mn people) Greater Jakarta region (25 mn people) Deteriorated water quality 64% of BOD from domestic pollution mostly from inadequate septic tanks as sewerage only covers 5% population in Upper Citarum river basin 36% industrial/agricultural Benefits from improving water quality Financial benefits (US$ 226 M/yr) Additional resource recovery (US$ 54 M/yr) Benefit Cost Ratio Dam maintenance Reuse Land value Sedimentation Water quality Access time Economic benefit/cost ratio: 2.3 Benefit-Cost Ratio = 2.3

36 And everything is interconnected in a city The results? Environmental degradation Endemic disease leading to mortality and morbidity, especially among children, and stunting Low productivity Poor school attendance & performance Constraints on the delivery of essential urban services such as housing, transport, safe water, drainage And, ultimately, limitations on economic growth, urban development and city competitiveness 35

37 SFDs: where does a city s fecal waste go? Getting priorities straight Containment Emptying Transport Treatment Reuse/ disposal 9% WC to sewer Leakage Conventional focus Not treated Safely emptied Legally discharged Illegally discharged Effectively treated Not treated 3% 90 % On-site facility 87% safe 13% unsafe New focus area Unsafely emptied Safely abandoned and covered when full New focus area 46% 43% 36 Open defecation Data from Maputo 54% 1% 38% Residential environment 5% 7% Drainage system 2% 1% Receiving waters

38 Sewerage systems are part of the solution Appropriate for: Denser residential areas; greater water consumption Where capital costs are affordable and users can pay the tariffs Where technical and management capacity is available or can be built Takes care of greywater and blackwater (Safe) wastewater reuse lower cost simplified sewerage options exist 37 Require: Reliable (larger) quantities of piped water (De)centralized treatment Simpler pond systems require larger land areas Compact systems: more expensive, technically complex Costly excavation, disruption when installing sewer pipes Higher capital & recurrent costs House connections often omitted in sewerage projects Pumping stations

39 onsite sanitation and FSM are the other part 38 Adequate toilet facilities should be: Aspirational vs. better / preferred flush toilets Hygienic and easy to clean Easy to empty Discourage solid waste disposal in latrine/septic tank Effective emptying services: Can be made affordable Can be suitable for harder-to-reach households Must have hygienic sludge handling Must achieve cost-effective haulage (with transfer stations?) Safe treatment and disposal/end-use: Separate fecal sludge treatment or mix with wastewater? Select end products for reuse by systematic market analysis Need to take care of greywater

40 Availability and accessibility of water is an important determinant to achieve the hygiene goal Raising the bar from improved water: Accessibility Availability Free from contamination Limited availability and accessibility of water impacts achievement of hygiene goal Global Rural Population 39