Integrated Pest Management

Transcription

1 Integrated Pest Management

2 Integrated Pest Management Edited by J. Lawrence Apple North Carolina State University at Raleigh and Ray F. Smith University of California at Berkeley PLENUM PRESS. NEW YORK AND LONDON

3 Main entry under title: I ntegrated pest management. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data "Most of the manuscripts in this volume were developed from papers presented in a symposium at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science held in San Francisco in February 1974." Includes bibliographies and index. 1. Pest control-congresses. I. Apple, Jay Lawrence, II. Smith, Ray Fred, III. American Association for the Advancement of Science. S8950. A ' ISBN-13: DOl: / e-isbn-13: Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the 1st edition 1976 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N. Y All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher

4 Contributors J. Lawrence Apple, Departments of Plant Pathology and Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina Dale G. Bottrell, Department of Entomology, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas; Presently: private entomological consultant Santa Rosa, California Philip S. Corbet, Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; Present Address: Department of Zoology, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand Ellis B. Cowling, Departments of Plant Pathology and Forest Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina D. W. DeMichele, Department of Industrial Engineering, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas H. C. EllIs, Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina; Present Address: Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, Georgia William R. Furtick, Plant Protection Service, The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy J. D. Gilpatrick, New York Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York Edward H. Glass, Department of Entomology, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, Geneva, New York S. C. Hoyt, Tree Fruit Research Center, Washington Agricultural Experiment Station, Wenatchee, Washington Richard B. Norgaard, Department of Agricultural Economics, University of California, Berkeley, California R. L. Rabb. Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina Ray F. Smith, Department of Entomological Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California F. A. Todd, Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina v

5 vi Contributors William E. Waters, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, United States Forest Service, Berkeley, California; Present address: College of Natural Resources, University of California, Berkeley, California. Stephen Wilhelm, Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Berkeley, California

6 Preface The past decade is probably unparalleled as a period of dynamic changes in the crop protection sciences-entomology, plant pathology, and weed science. These changes have been stimulated by the broad-based concern for a quality environment, by the hazard of intensified pest damage to our food and fiber production systems, by the inadequacies and spiraling costs of conventional crop protection programs, by the toxicological hazards of unwise pesticide usage, and by the negative interactions of independent and often narrowly based crop protection practices. During this period, the return to ecological approaches in crop protection was widely accepted, first within entomology and ultimately within the other crop protection and related disciplines. Integrated pest management is fast becoming accepted as the rubric describing a crop protection system that integrates methodologies across all crop protection disciplines in a fashion that is compatible with the crop production system. Much has been written and spoken about "integrated control" and "pest management," but to date no treatise has been devoted to the concept of "integrated pest management" in the broadened context as described above. Most of the manuscripts in this volume were developed from papers presented in a symposium at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science held in San Francisco in February, In arranging that symposium, the editors involved plant pathologists, entomologists, and weed scientists. This collection of manuscripts does not represent the "final word" on integrated pest management, but it should contribute to a common understanding of the concept as it applies to all crop protection disciplines. 1.L.A. R.F.S. vii

7 Contents Chapter I The Origins of Integrated Pest Management Concepts for Agricultural Crops... 1 Ray F. Smith, J. Lawrence Apple, and Dale G. Bottrell Evolution of Pest Control Practices... 2 Early Advocates of an Ecological Approach to Pest Control... 5 Early Pest Management for the Cotton Boll Weevil... 6 Shift to Dependence on Chemicals and to a Lesser Extent on Resistant Varieties... 8 Initial Impact of Organic Pesticides... 9 Return to Ecological Approaches in Pest Control The Modern Integrated Pest Management Approach Literature Cited Chapter II Integrating Economics and Pest Management Richard B. Norgaard Farm Strategy Regional Strategies Conclusions Literature Cited Chapter III Implementing Pest Management Programs: An International Perspective William R. Furtick Situation and Outlook Needs for Development of Effective Pest Management ix

8 x Contents The Situation at the National Level The Situation at the International Level Some Future Challenges Chapter IV Pest Management: Principles and Philosophy Edward H. Glass Traditional Crop Protection Procedures Pest Management Tactics in Pest Management Strategies in Pest Management Implementation of Pest Management Limitations of Pest Management Summary and Conclusion Literature Cited Chapter V Pest Management in Ecological Perspective Philip S. Corbet Pest Problems: Their Nature and Causes Pest Problems: Their Possible Solutions Literature Cited Chapter VI The Agroecosystem: A Simplified Plant Community... : Stephen Wilhelm The Quality of Management The Simplified Plant Community The Diversification Principle Inadequate Supply of Biological Nitrogen Root Health: Prerequisite to Plant Productivity Literature Cited... 70

9 Contents xi Chapter VII Tobacco Pest Management R. L. Rabb, F. A. Todd, and H. C. Ellis Introduction Disease and Insect Control Subsystems Some Basic Considerations Action Programs in Tobacco Pest Management Management of Insect Pests Management for Control of Flue-Cured Tobacco Diseases Integration of Insect and Disease Management Seeking a Practical Level of Sophistication Literature Cited Chapter VIII Systems Approach to Cotton Insect Pest Management D. W. DeMichele and Dale G. Bottrell Systems Approach to Increased Cotton Efficiency The Argument for the Systems Approach The Cotton Ecosystem Modeling the Cotton Ecosystem Cotton Plant-Insect Pest Interactions Cotton Crop Growth Models Dispersal and Pheromone Drift Models Uses of Models and Systems Analysis in Decision Making Conclusions Literature Cited Chapter IX Pest Management on Deciduous Fruits: Multidisciplinary Aspects S. C. Hoyt and J. D. Gilpatrick Pest Management in Humid Areas Nonchemical Pest Control Methods

10 xii Contents More Efficient Use of Pesticides New Pesticide Uses Strategies for Pest Management in New York on Apples Pest Management in Semiarid Areas Literature Cited Chapter X Integrated Forest Pest Management: A Silvicultural Necessity William E. Waters and Ellis B. Cowling Introduction The Forest as a Dynamic Ecosystem The Forest as a Renewable Resource for Humans Forest Pest Management Systems Basic Components Steps in the Development of an Adequate Pest Management System Current Practices and Future Needs The Old-Growth Douglas-Fir Forest The Southern Pine Forest The Northeastern Hardwood Forest Summary and Recommendations Literature Cited Chapter XI Progress, Problems, and Prospects for Integrated Pest Management J. Lawrence Apple and Ray F. Smith Implementation Status of Integrated Pest Management in the United States A Multi-Institutional IPM Research Project Entitled "The Principles, Strategies, and Tactics of Pest Population Regulation and Control in Major Crop Ecosystems" Pilot Pest Management Research Program of the Agricultural Research Service (ARS)-USDA

11 Contents xiii Pilot Pest Management Implementation Projects (Extension) IPM Programs Through the State Agricultural Experiment Stations Pest Management Curricula in the Land-Grant Universities Implementation Status of Integrated Pest Management Programs Outside the United States Programs of the International Organization for Biological Control in Western Europe Program of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations The Pest Management and Related Environmental Protection Project-U niversity of California Problems and Prospects for Developing Integrated Pest Management Programs Literature Cited Index