Cork Oak Landscapes, Their Products and Climate Change Policies Paulo Canaveira, Sara Manso, Tatiana Valada Biennale du liège et de la forêt

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1 Cork Oak Landscapes, Their Products and Climate Change Policies Paulo Canaveira, Sara Manso, Tatiana Valada Biennale du liège et de la forêt méditerranéenne Vivès, France 11 th June 2014

2 Cork Oak Landscapes 2

3 The Climate Policy Landscape

4 The UNFCCC World Map 4

5 Climate Change Policies Mitigation Addressing the Emissions Adaptation Addressing the Consequences Reducing emissions Reducing risk Increasing Sequestration Increasing Resistance Role of Forest Products Improving Resilience 5

6 The Kyoto Protocol The only Protocol established under the UNFCCC 2 Commitment Periods and Reduction Commitments only for Annex 1 countries France Italy Portugal Spain Non-Annex 1 Countries participate via Carbon Markets Algeria Tunisia Morocco 6

7 Forests in the Kyoto Protocol Annex 1 countries (France, Italy, Portugal, Spain) Forests are part of the LULUCF Sector (Land-use, Land-use Change and Forestry) Only some activities can be accounted for Rules for what counts are different for each activity KP LULUCF Activities KP 1 st Commitment Period Status ( ) 2 nd Commitment Period Status ( ) Afforestation Art. 3.3 Reforestation Art. 3.3 Deforestation Art. 3.3 Forest Management Art. 3.4 Cropland Management Art. 3.4 Grazing land Management Art. 3.4 Revegetation Art. 3.4 Mandatory Voluntary Mandatory Voluntary (Mandatory if elected in CP1) Wetland Drainage & Rewetting Art. 3.4 [non-existent] 7

8 Forests in the Kyoto Protocol Non-Annex 1 countries (Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco) Countries (may) participate in the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Forests are part of the LULUCF Sector (Land-use, Land-use Change and Forestry) Only one activity can be accounted for: Afforestation Main Rule for what counts is additionality: Carbon additionality (compare with baseline) Finance additionality (carbon money is needed for project implementation) 8

9 The Cancun Agreements (and the Copenhagen Accord) Legally binding Commitments for Annex 1 Parties that are also Parties to the Kyoto Protocol Excludes e.g. USA, Canada, Russia, New Zealand Establishes a new Commitment Period ( ) Non legally binding Commitments for other countries Economy wide targets for Annex-1 Countries by 2020 Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA) for non- Annex 1 Countries by 2020 Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) for non-annex 1 Countries 9

10 NAMAs in the Cork Oak Area Algeria: No reference to the land or forest sector Morocco: Reforestation of 50,000 ha/year until 2013, and which will reforest 1 million ha by around 2030 Protection of forest from fire by implementing a permanent Fire Prevention and Fire-fighting Plan, adopted in 2003 Tunisia: Energy production from biomass Increasing the forest cover rate from 12.8 per cent in 2009 to 16 per cent in 2020 by ensuring 250,000 ha of forest and pastoral tree planting at a rate of 27,000 ha annually, starting from 2012 Increasing the percentage of natural reserves from the total forest area from 17 per cent in 2009 to 20 per cent in 2014, by creating and rehabilitating 20 new natural reserves in forest areas 10

11 ADAPTATION Climate Change and Cork Oak Forests

12 The climate is already changing temperature increases

13 The climate is already changing precipitation decreases

14 The climate is already changing more warm days; less cold nights

15 The climate will change even more a warmer climate... 15

16 The climate will change even more...with less rain 16

17 What does it mean for cork oak forests? More water stress, longer periods of drought More mortality Higher sensitivity to pests and diseases Slower growth and slower cork growth Lower capacity for natural regeneration (?) Changes in cork quality or quantity (?) Increased fire risk and fire frequency and intensity More mortality Higher sensitivity to pests and diseases Losses in cork production Shift to lower age classes (older trees die and regenerate) More invasive species (e.g. acacia) More intense rainfall More soil erosion and soil degradation Changes in pest & diseases behaviour More sensitive trees (droughts and fires) Changes in life cycles of pests and diseases Life with climate change will be more difficult: More abandonment? 17

18 Adaptation: What can we do? More water stress, longer periods of drought Improve soil protection Promote soil organic matter (e.g. less tillage, cover crops) Identify and promote drought resistant genotypes (genetic improvement?) Irrigate young plantations Allow natural migration (e.g. ecological corridors) to on higher altitudes (active planting?) Increased fire risk and fire frequency and intensity Improve and increase frequency of preventive silviculture measures Improve fire detection and combat capacity Control invasive species (e.g. acacia) More intense rainfall Improve soil protection Changes in pest & diseases behaviour Study pest behaviour Improve capacity to detect and combat pests and diseases Can we do it with more abandonment? 18

19 MITIGATION Emissions and Removals in Cork Oak Forests

20 Emissions and Removals in Forests 20

21 Mitigation: What can we do? Afforestation Promote more cork oak afforestation, in particular in areas with low carbon (grasslands, croplands) Deforestation Combat deforestation and illegal harvesting Identify drivers of deforestation Forest management Where possible, increase stocks and tree density Improve fire management Improve pest and disease management Improve soil protection and increase soil organic matter Combat illegal activities and harvesting Forest products Increase awareness and demand for cork based products Increase production of longer living products Increase cork recycling Improve use of (waste) cork for energy production 21

22 Afforestation and Deforestation 22

23 Land-Use Change Afforestation and Deforestation Algeria France Italy Marocco Portugal Spain Tunisia Total Cork Oak Area

24 Importance of knowing Gross Changes in Area (example from Portugal) Total Area ( ) Net-Deforestation Estimated Annual Emissions(-) or sequestration(+) Gross-Afforestation and Gross-Deforestation Total Area ( ) Estimated Annual Emissions(-) or sequestration(+) Afforestation NA NA 76,168 ha +94,927 tonco 2 Deforestation NA NA -86,379 ha -433,941 tonco 2 Net-change -10,052 ha -50,488 tonco 2-10,052 ha -339,014 tonco 2 24

25 Importance of Knowing the Land-Use (before afforestation; after deforestation) Land Use before afforestation with cork oak Emission associated with afforestation tco2/ha Years before new cork oak forest offsets initial emission Pinus pinaster Eucalyptus spp Quercus rotundifolia Quercus spp Other broadleaves Pinus pinea Other coniferous Non-irrigated annual crops 2 1 Irrigated annual crops 2 1 Rice paddies 2 1 Vineyards Olive groves Other permanent crops Grassland 5 2 Shrubland

26 Forest Management (forest degradation; enhancement of C stocks; forest conservation) Algeria France Italy 50 Morocco Portugal Spain Tunisia unit: m 3 /ha 26

27 Forest Management (enhancement of C stocks; forest conservation; forest degradation) : more crown cover (left); same crown cover (center); less crown cover (right) 27

28 Forest Management - Forest Fires 28

29 Forest Products Carbon in Products Forest Products contain wood and/or cork; wood and cork contain carbon NON-FOSSIL carbon (forest carbon outside forests) Forest Products = Emission But a delayed one Climate mitigation depends on Production (of new products) and decay (of old products) Type of product and product life time 29

30 Cork Production 30

31 Production of Cork Products 31

32 Emissions and Removals in Cork Products 32

33 Cork Products Substitution Effect 33

34 Cork Products Substitution Effect kgco 2eq /kg product gco 2eq /unit Cork vs Alternatives Insulation material EPS floam slab Rock wool Polyurethane rigid foam Cork slab Cellulose r fib e Wood Wool Cork vs Alternatives Flooring Vinyl Cork 34

35 Carbon and Climate Finance

36 Carbon Markets Compliance (official) Markets Global Markets Clean Development Mechanism Afforestation and reforestation Regional and National Markets European Union s Emission Trading Scheme (EU-ETS) No forests allowed New Zealand s Emission Trading Scheme (NZ-ETS) Afforestation and reforestation Australia s Carbon Farming Initiative (CFI) Afforestation and reforestation Regeneration of even aged native forest Native forests from managed regrowth Native forest protection (avoided deforestation) Permanent environmental planting of native species Permanent plantings of native mallee eucalyptus Early season savannah burning 36

37 Carbon Markets Voluntary Markets Verified Carbon Standard (VCS) Afforestation, reforestation and revegetation Agricultural land management Improved forest management Reduced emissions from deforestation and forest degradation Avoided conversion of grasslands and shrublands Wetlands restoration and conservation Gold Standard (GS) Afforestation and reforestation Improved Forest Management Climate smart agriculture Climate,Community and Biodiversity (CCB) Used in combination with other standards 37

38 (non-market) Climate Finance EU s Common Agriculture Policy Article Art. 15 Art. 16 Art. 18 Art. 23 Art. 24 Art. 25 Art. 26 Art. 29 Art. 31 Art. 32 Art. 33 Art. 35 Art. 61 Knowledge transfer and information actions Measure Name Advisory services, farm management and farm relief services Investments in physical assets - Support for investments in tangible and/or intangible investments which can improve the competitiveness of the business or be non-productive in nature, linked to achieving requirements under the agri-environment-climate or forest-environment measures Afforestation and creation of woodland Establishment of agro-forestry systems Prevention and restoration of damage to forests from forest fires and natural disasters and catastrophic events Investments improving the resilience and environmental value of forest ecosystems Agri-environment- climate Natura 2000 and Water framework directive payments - Compensation for beneficiaries for the restrictions placed on them in these areas which are not experienced by those farmers/foresters outside these areas Payments to areas facing natural or other specific constraints Designation of areas facing natural and other specific constraints Forest-environmental and climate services and forest conservation European Innovation Partnership - development of an EIP network and operational groups 38

39 (non-market) Climate Finance Green Climate Fund Will likely fund NAMA and REDD+ 37 M USD already deposited REDD+ UN-REDD Programme Joint programme by FAO, UNDP and UNEP 248 M USD pledged 98 M USD already used Forest Carbon Partnership Facility Managed by the Work Bank 355 M USD pledged 101 M USD already used Global Environment Facility 50 M USD for sustainable management of LULUCF (+100M for SFM) 39

40 (non-market) Climate Finance Adaptation Special Climate Change Fund Managed by the GEF 202 M USD already used Adaptation Fund Managed by a Board under the UNFCCC 340 M USD allocated 198 M USD already used Global Environment Facility Open window for targeting desertification, sustainable land management 40

41 (market and non-market) Climate Finance Bilateral Cooperation Country-to-country Depends on donor country and receiving country priorities Countries active in climate and forest cooperation Norway USA EU Germany France United Kingdom... 41