ANALYSIS OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC THERMAL SYSTEM USING NANOFLUID SIO 2 /H 2 O

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1 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET) Volume 9, Issue 9, September 2018, pp , Article ID: IJMET_09_09_112 Available online at ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed ANALYSIS OF SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC THERMAL SYSTEM USING NANOFLUID SIO 2 /H 2 O Arvind Kumar Singh and Arun Kumar Tiwari Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Lucknow (UP) India ABSTRACT The photovoltaic thermal system improving electrical and thermal efficiencies depend on the composite material of photovoltaic panel and operating temperature. In photovoltaic cell, the Electricity generation is drop due to the temperature of photovoltaic components is increase that s why cooling is required to improve its performance. Photovoltaic thermal system is a technology in which solar thermal system fixed back side of the PV panel, which is remove of wastage heat from photovoltaic panel and keeps PV panel cool and improved efficiency. This thesis keeps attention to use of SiO 2 /water nanofluid in PV/T system to enhance the both thermal and electrical efficiency as compare to water. The present work deals with varieties volume concentration of Silica/water (0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.25%, 1.5%, 2.0 vol. %) compared to the base fluid (water) at different luminous intensity (400,500,700,800,900,1000)W/m 2 and also different temperature (25, 30, 35, 40, 45 & 50 C).With use of silica/water (SiO 2 /water) nanofluid the heat absorbing capacity enhance as compare to water. The base fluid water takes heat from hot nanofluid inside the heat exchanger after that, this hot water utilization for domestic applications. By using (SiO 2 /water) nanofluid in the place of water with volume concentration at 1.25%, the collector efficiency enhanced up to 12.8% and PV system efficiency increased up to 24.31% which is 9% more than base fluid.the size of nanofluid particles is uses 30nm. Keywords: photovoltaic thermal system, electrical efficiency, thermal efficiency, thermal collectors, nanofluids. Cite this Article: Arvind Kumar Singh and Arun Kumar Tiwari, Analysis of Solar Photovoltaic Thermal System Using Nanofluid SIO 2 /H 2 O, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 9(9), 2018, pp editor@iaeme.com

2 Analysis of Solar Photovoltaic Thermal System Using Nanofluid SIO 2 /H 2 O 1. INTRODUCTION Global warming and weather exchange due to human pastime is commonly familiar as being as a result of greenhouse gasoline emissions. The bulk of greenhouse gas releases is because of fire fossil fuels. Solar electricity centers reduce the ecological effects, the burning fuel utilized for gasoline electricity production, consisting affects from hot house gases and different atmosphere pollution emissions [1]. The modern advancement in the area of solar energy educates us to utilize the solar energy of the PV (photovoltaic panels). The new technique to enhancement the performance and efficiency of the system is developed by the Researchers. Photovoltaic cells are manufactured from semiconductor substances that without any delay to change solar radiation into power. Given that all the absorbed waves not able to produce electricity, warmth is generated in the cells. On the basis of general diode equation to demonstrate the conduct of a basic photovoltaic machine, rising the mobile temperature drop the open circuit voltage and, consequently, decreases the electrical productivity of the photovoltaic gadget. With addition of a heat recuperation device to a photovoltaic component, similarly towards the boom of the electrical performance, the machine on the whole performance to consist of equally electric and thermal efficiencies is likewise improved. Generally this type of interconnecting apparatus is called photovoltaic thermal units (PV/T). PV/T was deliberated notably within the literature through all method of logical solutions, experimental measurements, and numerical simulations. First of all, Masuda et al [2] implement the idea of suspending nanoparticles for heat transfer with regular base fluids in 1993, as well as Choi et al [3] The word nanofluid introduce for various types of colloidal suspension in 1995.After that various types of investigational and analytical performance has been analyzed, that was concluded normally the heat transfer rate of nanofluid is superior than the base fluid. Rousan et al. [4] the solar photovoltaic era is one of the most crucial belongings of renewable strength. However, the modern-day sun photovoltaic structures have substantial drawbacks, which encompass excessive fees compared to fossil gas power sources, low performance, and intermittency. Capturing maximum strength from the solar with the resource of using photovoltaic systems is tough. Several elements which have an effect on the strength output of such systems consist of the photovoltaic cloth, geographical area of solar irradiances, ambient temperature and weather, perspective of solar incidence, and orientation of the panel. This have a look at reviews the ideas and mechanisms of photovoltaic tracking structures to determine the first-rate panel orientation. Gang et al. [5] represented a mathematical and innovative take a look at warmness pipe Photovoltaic thermal device. The analytical effects of the warmth in comparison fit with that of the experiments by means of much less than five percent inconsistency. Either electrical or thermal efficiency are 9.4% and 41.9% measured. Preet et al.[6] the Photovoltaìc thermal system is also known as hybrid ƤV/T system. The working of PV/T system is converts solar radiation into electrical and thermal energy. The PV/T system merger with solar cell that s transform sun light into electricity through the solar thermal collector that receive the residual energy along with eliminate excess heat form PV panel. That s why is greater efficiency is more than the alone photovoltaic solar system. The photovoltaic panel, electrical and thermal outcome, fill factor as well as conversion efficiency reduce due to enhance inside the temperature of photovoltaic system, thermal lattice vibration enhance because of this reason is decline within charge carrier mobility that is effects the efficiency of photovoltaic thermal system. Tripanagnostopoulos et al. [7] The Air PV/T system is a part of hybrid photovoltaic thermal system. This system is generally merger with PV module along with air channel on the back surface. Normally in this system for improvement of both PV coiling and thermal output energy is obtain by circulating ambient air through the mode of either natural or forced convection. The benefits of air PV/T system is low cost method and easily operated. Its editor@iaeme.com

3 Arvind Kumar Singh and Arun Kumar Tiwari efficiency is slightly low comparison to water PV/T system. Niccole et al. [8] the water PV/T system is important type of PVT system. Generally PV/T system hold PV panel of silicon cell and heat removal component is a metallic sheet along with pipe for the water circulation. The water PV/T systems the water is come from source and enter inside PV panel. Water is circulating within thermal collector which is pasted back side of the PV module. The circulating water capture heat from the PV panel structure and maintained the ƤV/T system temperature. The water ƤV/T system is greater effective and also higher overall efficiency than air type PV/T system 2. EXPERIMENTAL SET UP AND PROCEDURE 2.1. The indoor PV/T system The experimental PV/T setup is solar thermal training system of ecosense Insight Solar, made in India. It is a compact model for both working and laboratory purpose designed by guidelines of researchers and industry experts. It is a water heater system with collector and thank that contains hot water. The hating can be provided by two mediums i.e. by natural sunlight and artificial radiation system. Within the water heating system the collector s area is m 2 and the tank capacity is 50 L. The Flat plate collector is used to collect and transfer heat to the non-pressurized aluminium tank to store the heat treated water. The experimental set-up consist of two fluid loop first one is the hot fluid consisting of mixture of silica nanofluid with the water and cold fluid is the pure water normal/cold. The nanofluid mixture at different concentration is inserted for analysis at different luminous intensity. This nanofluid is consisted by the tank of 50 litre capacity accompanied with gate valve, pump and flow meter. Similarly the cold water is in two tanks, tank 1 is at the bottom with gate valve, and pump and tank 2 is mounted at the top. The performance of the solar thermal water heating system is given for different concentration of nanofluid in water. In this experiment the concentration is nanofluid is varied from 0.25%to 2.00% by volume at a gap of 0.25% interval. In this process the luminous intensity is also noted down at intensity of 400W/m 2 to 1000 W/m 2.Respective to different values of luminous intensity and concentration by volume the performance of heating system is observed for many physical parameters like thermal power, electric power, current and nanofluid mixtures temperature. The radiation is measured at 400,500,600, ,900 and finally at 1000 luminous intensity on the collector glazing by the radiation meter. To get the desired radiation levels at a specific value the regulator is used.[13] Figure 1 Experimental Setup of Indoor PV/T systems editor@iaeme.com

4 Analysis of Solar Photovoltaic Thermal System Using Nanofluid SIO 2 /H 2 O At first stage silica nanofluid solution of required concentration is filled in the hot water tank. Then cold water is filled in the tank 1. The inlet temperature of silica nanofluid is measured prior to starting the heating process. All the valves are kept closed. Cold water tank 1 is as filled the valves 1 and 2 are opened and by using the pump cold water tank 2 is filled. As the cold water tank 2 is filled completely, valve 3 and 4 are opened and it helps to allow the water to flow through the hot water tank and the collector by force due to gravity. If hot water tank get over flow and water come back into the tank 1 and the valves 1, 2 and 3 are closed. The setup design supports experiments in Thermo symphonic and forced modes of flow. 3. EXPERIMENTALLY ANALYSIS OF THERMO-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF NANOFLUID In this section the behavior of different Thermo-physical properties of nano-fluids are analyzed Preparation of nanofluid The two step method initially dry powder of nanoparticles is manufactured through physical and chemical method basically known as mechanical alloying and chemical vapor deposition. Subsequently the preparation of nanofluid is combine with Base fluid such as water, ethylene alcohol etc. Because of regularly step by step approach the probability of the nanoparticle agglomeration occur particularly throughout drying [11] Viscosity Measurement The measurement of viscosity of nanofluids along with various shear rate as well as different temperature. Figure 2 Viscosity effect with volume concentration at different temperature. (LVDV-II Pro Brookfield digital-viscometer) is used to calculate the dynamic viscosity along with density on the six exceptional temperatures among 25 C to 50 C.The important characteristic of nanofluids is a viscosity regarding the efficiency of fluid. Viscosity of SiO 2 /H 2 O nanofluid is increased along with the volume concentration (%) is also increased, but it s decrease when temperature is increases. The maximum viscosity is occurring on 25 C at 1.25% volume concentration. It is clear show that in figure no.2 [10] Density Measurement The density of nanofluid contributes to the convective heat transfer. The density was computed by measuring a known volume of the nanofluid. The density decrease with increase the temperature, but if concentration is increases the density is also increases editor@iaeme.com

5 Arvind Kumar Singh and Arun Kumar Tiwari Thermal Conductivity Measurement The thermal conductivity is measured the use of the KD2-PRO, it is a thermal properties analyzer and based on the transient heat wire method. The thermal conductivity of SiO 2 /H 2 O is increasing with increases the volume concentration (%) as well as temperature. The highest thermal conductivity is occurred on 45 C at 1.25% of volume concentration [9]. Figure 3 Thermal conductivity with volume concentration at different temperature Specific Heat Measurent The specific heat is measured by differential scanning calorimetery (C80). The specific heat depends on the function of temperature and concentration. It has been observed from graph. The specific heat is declining with increases the volume concentration. The specific heat has highest value at 0.25% on the temperature is 45 C. 4. EFFECT OF NANOFLUID ON THE PV/T SYSTEM The aim of using nanofluid in the PV/T system is to decline the PV module temperature. Thermal power generated by these photovoltaic/thermal systems (PV/T) varies with the variation in temperature, fluid concentration and luminosity so proper conditioning is required to maximize the performance of these systems Effect of luminous intensity at different concentration with variable current and voltage The solar thermal system current at different voltage are measured at different nanofluid concentration. It can be observed from the graph when only water is taken as working fluid the current is decreasing on increase of voltage. The variation of current is in the range of 14 to 2 A. After this as the silica nanofluid is added in the working fluid by 0.25% of water volume the fall in current is observed in the range of 16 to 4 A. Hence it shows that as the nanofluid is added current is increased as compared to water is taken only [12]. Figure 4 Current and voltage with volume concentration at different luminous intensity editor@iaeme.com

6 Analysis of Solar Photovoltaic Thermal System Using Nanofluid SIO 2 /H 2 O 4.2. Effect of luminous intensity at different concentration on electric power of thermal system It can be observed that when only water is taken as working fluid the electric power is increasing on increase of luminous intensity. Figure 5 Electrical power with volume concentration at different luminous intensity The variation of electric power is in the range of 80 to 240 W. After this as the silica nanofluid is added in the working fluid by 0.25% of water volume the rise in electric power is observed again in the range of 99 to 261 W Effect of luminous intensity at different concentration of nano fluid on thermal power The thermal power of the silica nanofluid at different concentration is measured at different luminous intensity. It can be observed that when only water is taken as working fluid the thermal power is increasing on increase of luminous intensity. After this as the silica nanofluid is added in the working fluid by 0.25% of water volume the rise in thermal power is observed again in the range of 183 to 401 W. Hence it shows that as the nanofluid is added thermal power is increased as compared to water is taken only. At 1.0% concentration the variation range is from 258 to 472 W. At 1.25% concentration the variation range is from 281 to 499 W. Figure 6 Thermal power with volume concentration at different luminous intensity 4.4. Effect of luminous intensity at different concentration on thermal efficiency of nanofluid It can be observed that when only water is taken as working fluid the thermal efficiency is increasing on increase of luminous intensity editor@iaeme.com

7 Arvind Kumar Singh and Arun Kumar Tiwari Figure7 Thermal efficiency with volume concentration at different temperature The variation of thermal efficiency is in the range of 18.2 to 33.7%. After this as the silica nanofluid is added in the working fluid by 0.25% of water volume the rise in thermal efficiency is observed again in the range of 19.5 to 35.7%. Hence it shows that as the nanofluid is added thermal efficiency is increased as compared to water is taken only. The above diagram show that clearly the thermal efficiency is increase with increases luminous intensity at different volume concentration.the highest value of thermal efficiency is 45 at 1000 w/m 2 luminous intensity on 1.25% concentration Effect of luminous intensity at different concentration on electrical efficiency of nanofluid Figure 8 Electrical efficiency with volume concentration at different temperature It observed clearly that when only water is taken as working fluid the electrical efficiency is decreasing on increase of luminous intensity. The variation of electrical efficiency is in the range of 18 to 21% at luminous intensity is 400W/m 2. After this as the silica nanofluid is added in the working fluid by 0.25% of water volume the drop in electrical efficiency is observed again in the range of 18.5 to Hence it shows that as the nanofluid is added electrical efficiency is decreased as compared to water is taken only. That the highest electrical efficiency obtained out of all luminous intensity is at 1.25% at value within range of 13.5 to 25.6 at range of (1000 to 400) W/m 2 intensity. 5. CONCLUSION 1. This work investigates the thermo physical properties of SiO2/H2O nanofluid and focused mainly on Thermal Conductivity,Viscosity,Specific Heat and Density on different volume conentartion. 2. This paper has interploated the volatge and current factor of PV/T system and also presented an analysis on the thermal power as well as electrical power of the PV/T system editor@iaeme.com

8 Analysis of Solar Photovoltaic Thermal System Using Nanofluid SIO 2 /H 2 O 3. By using the SiO 2 /H 2 O nanofluid as a working medium at 1.25 volume concentration enhanced the PV/T efficiency with average size of nanoparticle is 30 nm. 4. By using (Sio2/water) nanofluid in the place of water with volume concentration at 1.25%, the collector efficiency enhanced up to 12.8% and PV/T system efficiency increased up to 24.31% which is 9% more than base fluid. REFERNCES [1] Li DHW, Yang L, Lam JC. Zero energy buildings and sustainable development Implications. Energy 2013; 54:1e10 [2] Masuda H, Ebata A, Teramae K, Hishinuma N. Alteration of Thermal Conductivity and Viscosity of Liquid by Dispersing Ultra-Fine Particles (dispersion of γ-al2o3, SiO2 and TiO2 ultra-fine particles), 7. Netsu Bussei; p [3] Choi SUS. Enhancing thermal conductivity of fluids with nanoparticles, 231. SanFrancisco, California, USA: ASME-Publications-Fed; p [4] AlRousan, N, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (2017), [5] Gang P, Hide F, Tao Z, Jie J. A numerical and experimental study on a heat pipe PV/T system. Sol Energy 2011;85:911e21 [6] SajanPreet, BrijBhushan, TarunMahajan, Experimental investigation of water based photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) system with and without phase change material (PCM), 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. [7] Y. Tripanagnostopoulos, M. Souliotis1, R. Battisti and A. Corrado, Application aspects of hybrid PVT/AIR solar systems, 19th European Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition 7-11 June 2004, Paris, France. [8] NiccolòAste ClaudioDelPero FabrizioLeonforte and Massimiliano Manfren Performance monitoring and modeling of an uncovered photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) water collector, [9] Al-Waeli AHA, Sopian K, Chaichan MT, Kazem HA. An experimentalinvestigation on using of nano-sic-water as base-fluid for photovoltaic thermal system. Energy Convers Manage 2017;142: [10] Rejeb O, Dhaou H, Jemni A. A numerical investigation of a photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) collector. Renew Energy 2015;77: [11] WisutChamsa-ard 1, SrideviBrundavanam 1, Chun Che Fung 2, Derek Fawcett 1 and Gerrard Poinern Nanofluid Types, Their Synthesis, Properties and Incorporation in Direct Solar Thermal Collectors.A Review School of Engineering and Information Technology, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia; May [12] Kazem HA, Chaichan MT. Effect of environmental variables on photovoltaic performance-based on experimental studies. Int J Civ, Mech Energy Sci 2016;2 (4):1 8. [13] T. Balamurugan, Dr. S. Manoharan, P. Sheeba and M. Savithri, Design a Photovolatic Array with Boost Converter Using Fuzzy Logic Controller, International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), Volume 3, Issue 2, July September (2012), pp editor@iaeme.com