Lucerne in vineyards? Central Otago

Transcription

1 Unless otherwise noted this work by Derrick Moot and the Lincoln University Dryland Pastures Research Team is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. Lucerne in vineyards? Central Otago Professor Derrick Moot

2 Phacelia (Purple tansy) between vines in NZ Photo supplied by: Prof Steve Wratten Lincoln University

3 Buckwheat between vines in NZ Photo supplied by: Prof Steve Wratten Lincoln University

4 Lucerne between Shiraz vines in Australia Photo: Richard Barnes

5 What a root nodule looks like Engine room for N-fixation

6 Establishment Soils - deepest free draining soils - ph RG/Wc fertility Sowing kg/ha mm - peat inoculated 8-10 kg/ha - spring or autumn - cultivated/direct drilled (DAP)

7 Lucerne root ~8 months after sowing > 1.5 m length Photo: David Hollander Lincoln University

8 Sim 2014

9 Volumetric water content (mm 3 /mm 3 ) ~115 mm 0.5 Depth (m) Drained upper limit Lower limit; lucerne 2.0 1) Lismore stony silt loam Sim 2014

10 Volumetric water content (mm 3 /mm 3 ) ~325 mm 0.5 Depth (m) DUL LL; lucerne 2.0 2) Wakanui silt loam Sim 2014

11 Iversen 12, January 2012 Seedling Regrowth (Year 2) Sim 2014

12 10 Establishment Year Two 8 Ashley Dene Total annual yield (t DM/ha) kg DM/day R 2 = 0.88 Iversen Field 80 kg DM/day R 2 = kg DM/day R 2 = kg DM/day R 2 = 0.95 Delayed sowing cost yield 5 0 Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Sowing date Sim 2014

13 Sown: February - October Taproot mass Sampled: June Sim 2014

14 Neutron probe (2.3 m) Seedling vs. regrowth lucerne The influence of soil type Water extraction understanding yield

15 Seasonal soil water deficit 0 Establishment Year two Soil water deficit (mm) Ashley Dene Iversen Oct-10 Jan-11 Apr-11 Jul-11 Oct-11 Jan-12 Apr-12 Jul-12 Sim 2014

16 Water extraction Year 1: Establishment Year mm 128 mm Depth (m) Depth (m) Ashley Dene AD1-DUL vs Depth Seedling vs Depth LL_1 vs Depth mm mm Volumetric water content (mm 3 /mm 3 ) Iversen Volumetric water content (mm 3 /mm 3 ) Sim 2014

17 Water extraction m m 0.2 Field capacity Start of extraction Rate of extraction Lower limit Volumetric water content (mm 3 /mm 3 ) m 1.75 m Extraction front velocity m Sim 2014 Jul-11 Oct-11 Jan-12 Apr-12 Jul-12

18 Extraction front velocity - establishment 0.0 Ashley Dene 0.0 Iversen 12 Depth (m) mm/d R 2 = mm/d R 2 = Oct-11 Jan-12 Apr-12 Oct-11 Jan-12 Apr-12 Sim 2014

19 Ashley Dene Iversen 12 Sim 2014 Sown 10 October Emerged 18 October 200 plants/m 2

20 Extraction front velocity Yr Ashley Dene 0.0 Iversen 12 Depth (m) mm/d R 2 = mm/d R 2 = Oct-11 Jan-12 Apr-12 Oct-11 Jan-12 Apr-12 Sim 2014

21 Growth: is dry matter accumulation as a result of light interception and photosynthesis Development: is the age or maturity of the regrowth crop e.g. leaf appearance, flowering Growth and development are both influenced by environmental signals

22 The canopy: the energy capture device

23 Moot et al Vegetative growth 120 Jan Growth rate (kg DM/ha/d) July Spring Autumn Mean temperature ( o C) Feb

24 Moot et al Partitioning to roots Tap root dry weight (t/ha) day 28-day A S O N D J F M A Month

25 Lucerne management Spring is rapid canopy expansion and remobilisation Summer water extraction rate depends on soil type and canopy cover Autumn requires recovery for underground reserves Winter- no growth

26 Balansa clover Photo: DP Monks Lincoln University

27 Gland clover

28 Biological N fixation 60 y = 28.0±0.66x (R 2 =0.96) 50 Fixed N (kg N/ha) Clover yield (kg DM/ha) White clover Sub clover Lucas et al. 2010

29 Conclusions Fixes N from that atmosphere Deep tap root that competes for water Remobilizes reserves in spring Stores CHO and N below ground in autumn Establish in spring Ecosystem services include beneficial insects Cut and carry and grazing options

30 References Lucas, R. J., Smith, M. C., Jarvis, P., Mills, A. and Moot, D. J Nitrogen fixation by subterranean and white clovers in dryland cocksfoot pastures. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association, 72, Moot, D. J., Brown, H. E., Teixeira, E. I. and Pollock, K. M Crop growth and development affect seasonal priorities for lucerne management. In: D. J. Moot (ed). Legumes for Dryland Pastures Proceedings of a New Zealand Grassland Association Inc Symposium held at Lincoln University, November, Christchurch: New Zealand Grassland Association, Sim, R. E Water extraction and use of seedling and established dryland lucerne crops. PhD thesis, Lincoln University, Lincoln, Canterbury. 264 pp.