Thermophysical Properties of Matter 1

Transcription

1 APPENDIXA Thermophysical Properties of Matter 1 Table Page Thermophysical Properties of Selected Metallic Solids 983 Thermophysical Properties of Selected Nonmetallic Solids 987 Thermophysical Properties of Common Materials 989 Structural Building Materials 989 Insulating Materials and Systems 990 Industrial Insulation 991 Other Materials 993 Thermophysical Properties of Gases at Atmospheric Pressure 995 Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Fluids 1000 Saturated Liquids 1000 Saturated Liquid Vapor, 1 atm 1002 Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Water 1003 Thermophysical Properties of Liquid Metals 1005 Binary Diffusion Coefficients at One Atmosphere 1006 Henry s Constant for Selected Gases in Water at Moderate 1007 Pressure The Solubility of Selected Gases and Solids The convention used to present numerical values of the properties is illustrated by this example: (K) (m 2 /s) (W/m K) where = m 2 /s and W/m K at 300 K.

2 982 Appendix A Thermophysical Properties of Matter Total, Normal ( ) or Hemispherical ( ) Emissivity of 1008 Selected Surfaces Metallic Solids and Their Oxides 1008 Nonmetallic Substances 1009 Solar Radiative Properties for Selected Materials 1010 References 1011

3 Appendix A Thermophysical Properties of Matter 983 TABLE A.1 Thermophysical Properties of Selected Metallic Solids a Aluminum Pure Alloy 2024-T (4.5% Cu, 1.5% Mg, % Mn) Alloy 195, Cast (4.5% Cu) Beryllium Bismuth Boron Cadmium Chromium Cobalt Copper Pure Commercial bronze (90% Cu, 10% Al) Phosphor gear bronze (89% Cu, 11% Sn) Cartridge brass (70% Cu, 30% Zn) Constantan (55% Cu, 45% Ni) Germanium

4 984 Appendix A Thermophysical Properties of Matter TABLE A.1 Continued Gold Iridium Iron Pure Armco (99.75% pure) Carbon steels Plain carbon (Mn 1%, Si 0.1%) AISI Carbon silicon (Mn 1%, % Si 0.6%) Carbon manganese silicon (1% Mn 1.65%, 0.1% Si 0.6%) Chromium (low) steels Cr Mo Si (0.18% C, 0.65% Cr, % Mo, 0.6% Si) 1 Cr Mo (0.16% C, 1% Cr, % Mo, 0.39% Si) 1 Cr V (0.2% C, 1.02% Cr, % V)

5 Appendix A Thermophysical Properties of Matter 985 Stainless steels AISI AISI AISI AISI Lead Magnesium Molybdenum Nickel Pure Nichrome (80% Ni, 20% Cr) Inconel X (73% Ni, 15% Cr, % Fe) Niobium Palladium Platinum Pure Alloy 60Pt 40Rh (60% Pt, 40% Rh) Rhenium Rhodium Silicon Silver Tantalum Thorium Tin

6 986 Appendix A Thermophysical Properties of Matter TABLE A.1 Continued Titanium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Zinc Zirconium Adapted from References 1 7.

7 Appendix A Thermophysical Properties of Matter 987 TABLE A.2 Thermophysical Properties of Selected Nonmetallic Solids a Aluminum oxide, sapphire Aluminum oxide, polycrystalline Beryllium oxide Boron Boron fiber epoxy (30% vol) composite, to fibers , to fibers Carbon Amorphous Diamond, type IIa , insulator Graphite, pyrolytic to layers , to layers Graphite fiber epoxy (25% vol) composite, heat flow to fibers , heat flow to fibers Pyroceram, Corning

8 988 Appendix A Thermophysical Properties of Matter TABLE A.2 Continued Silicon carbide Silicon dioxide, crystalline (quartz), to axis , to axis Silicon dioxide, polycrystalline (fused silica) Silicon nitride Sulfur Thorium dioxide Titanium dioxide, polycrystalline Adapted from References 1, 2, 3 and 6.

9 Appendix A Thermophysical Properties of Matter 989 TABLE A.3 Thermophysical Properties of Common Materials a Structural Building Materials Building Boards Asbestos cement board Gypsum or plaster board Plywood Sheathing, regular density Acoustic tile Hardboard, siding Hardboard, high density Particle board, low density Particle board, high density Woods Hardwoods (oak, maple) Softwoods (fir, pine) Masonry Materials Cement mortar Brick, common Brick, face Clay tile, hollow 1 cell deep, 10 cm thick cells deep, 30 cm thick 0.69 Concrete block, 3 oval cores Sand/gravel, 20 cm thick 1.0 Cinder aggregate, 20 cm thick 0.67 Concrete block, rectangular core 2 cores, 20 cm thick, 16 kg 1.1 Same with filled cores 0.60 Plastering Materials Cement plaster, sand aggregate Gypsum plaster, sand aggregate Gypsum plaster, vermiculite aggregate

10 990 Appendix A Thermophysical Properties of Matter TABLE A.3 Continued Insulating Materials and Systems Blanket and Batt Glass fiber, paper faced Glass fiber, coated; duct liner Board and Slab Cellular glass Glass fiber, organic bonded Polystyrene, expanded Extruded (R-12) Molded beads Mineral fiberboard; roofing material Wood, shredded/cemented Cork Loose Fill Cork, granulated Diatomaceous silica, coarse Powder Diatomaceous silica, fine powder Glass fiber, poured or blown Vermiculite, flakes Formed/Foamed-in-Place Mineral wool granules with asbestos/inorganic binders, sprayed Polyvinyl acetate cork mastic; sprayed or troweled Urethane, two-part mixture; rigid foam Reflective Aluminum foil separating fluffy glass mats; layers, evacuated; for cryogenic applications (150 K) Aluminum foil and glass paper laminate; layers; evacuated; for cryogenic application (150 K) Typical silica powder, evacuated

11 Appendix A Thermophysical Properties of Matter 991 TABLE A.3 Continued Industrial Insulation Blankets Blanket, mineral fiber, metal reinforced Blanket, mineral fiber, glass; fine fiber, organic bonded Blanket, alumina silica fiber Felt, semirigid; organic bonded Felt, laminated; no binder Blocks, Boards, and Pipe Insulations Asbestos paper, laminated and corrugated 4-ply ply ply Magnesia, 85% Calcium silicate

12 992 Appendix A Thermophysical Properties of Matter TABLE A.3 Continued Industrial Insulation (Continued) Cellular glass Diatomaceous silica Polystyrene, rigid Extruded (R-12) Extruded (R-12) Molded beads Rubber, rigid foamed Insulating Cement Mineral fiber (rock, slag or glass) With clay binder With hydraulic setting binder Loose Fill Cellulose, wood or paper pulp Perlite, expanded Vermiculite, expanded

13 Appendix A Thermophysical Properties of Matter 993 TABLE A.3 Other Materials Continued Asphalt Bakelite Brick, refractory Carborundum Chrome brick Diatomaceous silica, fired Fireclay, burnt 1600 K Fireclay, burnt 1725 K Fireclay brick Magnesite Clay Coal, anthracite Concrete (stone mix) Cotton Foodstuffs Banana (75.7% water content) Apple, red (75% water content) Cake, batter Cake, fully baked Chicken meat, white (74.4% water content) Glass Plate (soda lime) Pyrex

14 994 Appendix A Thermophysical Properties of Matter TABLE A.3 Continued Other Materials (Continued) Ice Leather (sole) Paper Paraffin Rock Granite, Barre Limestone, Salem Marble, Halston Quartzite, Sioux Sandstone, Berea Rubber, vulcanized Soft Hard Sand Soil Snow Teflon Tissue, human Skin Fat layer (adipose) Muscle Wood, cross grain Balsa Cypress Fir Oak Yellow pine White pine Wood, radial Oak Fir Adapted from References 1 and 8 13.

15 Appendix A Thermophysical Properties of Matter 995 Thermophysical Properties of Gases at Atmospheric Pressure a TABLE A

16 996 Appendix A Thermophysical Properties of Matter TABLE A.4 Continued

17 Appendix A Thermophysical Properties of Matter 997 TABLE A.4 Continued

18 998 Appendix A Thermophysical Properties of Matter TABLE A.4 Continued

19 Appendix A Thermophysical Properties of Matter 999 TABLE A.4 Continued Adapted from References 8, 14, and 15.

20 1000 Appendix A Thermophysical Properties of Matter TABLE A.5 Saturated Liquids Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Fluids a , , , , , ,

21 Appendix A Thermophysical Properties of Matter 1001 TABLE A Continued Saturated Liquids (Continued) , , , , , , , , , , , ,

22 1002 Appendix A Thermophysical Properties of Matter TABLE A.5 Continued Saturated Liquid Vapor, 1 atm b ƒ ƒ Ethanol Ethylene glycol Glycerin Mercury , Refrigerant R-134a Refrigerant R Adapted from References Adapted from References 8, 20, and 21. Property value corresponding to 300 K.

23 Appendix A Thermophysical Properties of Matter 1003 TABLE A.6 Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Water a v ƒ v ƒ,ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ

24 1004 Appendix A Thermophysical Properties of Matter TABLE A.6 Continued ƒ ƒ ƒ v ƒ v,ƒ ƒ ƒ ƒ Adapted from Reference bar 10 5 N/m 2. Critical temperature.

25 Appendix A Thermophysical Properties of Matter 1005 TABLE A.7 Thermophysical Properties of Liquid Metals a Bismuth , Lead , , , Potassium Sodium NaK, (45%/55%) NaK, (22%/78%) PbBi, , (44.5%/55.5%) , Mercury 234 See Table A.5 Adapted from Reference 23.

26 1006 Appendix A Thermophysical Properties of Matter TABLE A.8 Binary Diffusion Coefficients at One Atmosphere a,b NH 3 Air H 2 O Air CO 2 Air H 2 Air O 2 Air Acetone Air Benzene Air Naphthalene Air Ar N H 2 O H 2 N H 2 CO CO 2 N CO 2 O O 2 N Caffeine H 2 O Ethanol H 2 O Glucose H 2 O Glycerol H 2 O Acetone H 2 O CO 2 H 2 O O 2 H 2 O H 2 H 2 O N 2 H 2 O O 2 Rubber N 2 Rubber CO 2 Rubber He SiO H 2 Fe Cd Cu Al Cu Adapted with permission from References 24, 25, and 26. Assuming ideal gas behavior, the pressure and temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficient for a binary mixture of gases may be estimated from the relation AB 1 3/2

27 Appendix A Thermophysical Properties of Matter 1007 TABLE A.9 Henry s Constant for Selected Gases in Water at Moderate Pressure a ,880 25,500 58, ,800 30,500 61, ,200 37,600 66, ,800 45,700 71, ,000 52,500 76, ,300 56,800 78, ,000 58,000 79,000 Adapted with permission from Reference 27. The Solubility of Selected Gases and Solids a TABLE A.10 O 2 Rubber N 2 Rubber CO 2 Rubber He SiO H 2 Ni Adapted with permission from Reference 26.

28 1008 Appendix A Thermophysical Properties of Matter TABLE A.11 Total, Normal (n) or Hemispherical (h) Emissivity of Selected Surfaces Metallic Solids and Their Oxides a Aluminum Highly polished, film ( ) Foil, bright ( ) Anodized ( ) Chromium Polished or plated ( ) Copper Highly polished ( Stably oxidized ( Gold Highly polished or film (.0 Foil, bright (.0 Molybdenum Polished ( Shot-blasted, rough ( ) 0.42 Stably oxidized ( Nickel Polished ( Stably oxidized ( Platinum Polished ( ) Silver Polished ( Stainless steels Typical, polished ( Typical, cleaned ( Typical, lightly oxidized ( Typical, highly oxidized ( AISI 347, stably oxidized ( Tantalum ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Polished ( ) Tungsten Polished ( ) ) )

29 Appendix A Thermophysical Properties of Matter 1009 TABLE A.11 Continued Nonmetallic Substances b Aluminum oxide ( ) Asphalt pavement ( ) Building materials Asbestos sheet ( ) Brick, red ( ) Gypsum or plaster board ( ) Wood ( ) Cloth ( ) Concrete ( ) Glass, window ( ) Ice ( ) Paints Black (Parsons) ( ) White, acrylic ( ) White, zinc oxide ( ) Paper, white ( ) Pyrex ( ) Pyroceram ( ) Refractories (furnace liners) Alumina brick ( ) Magnesia brick ( ) Kaolin insulating brick ( ) Sand ( ) Silicon carbide ( ) Skin ( ) Snow ( )

30 1010 Appendix A Thermophysical Properties of Matter TABLE A.11 Continued Nonmetallic Substances b Soil ( ) Rocks ( ) Teflon ( ) Vegetation ( ) Water ( ) Adapted from Reference 1. Adapted from References 1, 9, 28, and 29. TABLE A.12 Solar Radiative Properties for Selected Materials a Aluminum Polished Anodized Quartz overcoated Foil Brick, red (Purdue) Concrete Galvanized sheet metal Clean, new Oxidized, weathered Glass, 3.2-mm thickness Float or tempered 0.79 Low iron oxide type 0.88 Metal, plated Black sulfide Black cobalt oxide Black nickel oxide Black chrome Mylar, 0.13-mm thickness 0.87 Paints Black (Parsons) White, acrylic White, zinc oxide Plexiglas, 3.2-mm thickness 0.90 Snow Fine particles, fresh Ice granules Tedlar, 0.10-mm thickness 0.92 Teflon, 0.13-mm thickness 0.92 Adapted with permission from Reference 29. The emissivity values in this table correspond to a surface temperature of approximately 300 K.