Indicators and Determinants of the Environmental Characteristics of Manufacturing

Transcription

1 Indicators and Determinants of the Environmental Characteristics of Manufacturing Presentation by Nick Johnstone Empirical Policy Analysis Unit National Policies Division OECD Environment Directorate at OECD Workshop on Sustainable Manufacturing, Production and Competitiveness

2 Overview of Presentation A) Indicators and Determinants Based on Industrial Survey Quality of environmental management Environmental R&D Integrated clean production Reported environmental performance B) Work on Environmental Innovation Patent-based indicators of environmental innovation Environmental policy and patent counts Further work

3 OECD Survey of Manufacturing Facilities ( Empirical assessment of public policy framework and environmental management, innovation and performance Observations from seven OECD countries (US, Canada, France, Norway, Hungary, Germany, Japan) > 4,000 facilities, 50 employees or more, all manufacturing sectors Rich characterisation of facility-level attributes and public environmental policy framework Influence of stakeholders, facility management structure and tools, commercial and economic factors

4 Number of Facilities in Sample Total > Total USA NOR JPN HUN DEU FRA CDN

5 Environmental Management Systems 50 ISO-certified EMS EMS with no certification 40 Percentage Canada France Germany Hungary Japan Norway USA

6 Environmental Management Tools Percentage with Tool External Audit Empl. Eval/Comp. Training Empl's 20 Benchmark Perf. Enviro. Accting 0 Canada Germany France Hungary Japan Norway USA Public Env. Report

7 Responsibility for Environmental Matters Percentage Senior Mngmt Prod & Ops 10 Fin & Acct Special EHS 0 Canada Germany France Hungary Japan Norway USA Other

8 Supply Chain Management

9 Environmental R&D by Country Budget for env R&D (binary) Canada France Germany Hungary Japan Norway USA

10 Environmental R&D by Size Budget for Environment-Related R&D 0.0 < >500

11 Integrated Clean Production % CI - CPP (rather than EOP) N = Canada France Germany Hungary Japan Norw ay USA

12 Environmental Performance (1) Percentage Reporting Decrease Solid Waste Wastewater Air Pollution Global Pollutants 0 Canada Germany France Hungary Japan Norway USA Risk/Accident

13 Environmental Performance (2) Density Environmental Performance Index

14 Estimation Model Environmental Performance Environmental Policy (Stringency and Instrument Choice) Environmental Management Innovation (R&D) Commercial Performance Market Characteristics

15 Implications of Empirical Studies Undertaken for Industrial Competitiveness Use of flexible instruments (including economic instruments and performance standards) encourages environmental innovation (R&D and integrated clean production) Use of EMS to signal to other market participants (buyers, finance, etc..) or regulators is present. Irrespective EMS s (and other EM tools) have a positive effect on environmental performance (i.e. treatment) Environmental performance and commercial performance are correlated more often through supply-side (cost savings) than demand-side (differentiation and branding) Environmental R&D is often the instrument through which the positive relationship between environmental and commercial performance arises But perceived stringency of environmental policy has a negative influence on commercial performance

16 OECD Research on Environmental Patents ( Develop a methodology for the identification of environmentally-preferable technologies and innovation; and, Empirical assessment of the relationship between environmental policy and technological innovation, drawing upon patent data. Close collaboration with Economic Analysis and Statistics Division of STI

17 Patents as a Measure of Innovation Pros output measure quantitative/commensurable widely available Cons variable quality one of many protection strategies dependent upon local conditions

18 Patents as a Measure of Environmental Innovation Possible to identify distinct environmental innovation i.e. under WIPO IPC scheme over 60,000 technology classifications ( ) Application-based - and thus broad population of potentially relevant classes (preferable to commodity or sectoral classifications) Two possible types of error inclusion of irrelevant patents and exclusion of relevant patents from classifications selected Distinction between changes-production-processes and end-of-pipe investments: latter more readily identifiable but perhaps less innovative

19 IPC Hierarchy An Example Subdivision Number of subdivisions Symbol Example of an IPC code Title Section 8 F Mechanical Engineering; Lighting; Heating; Weapons; Blasting Subsection 21 F0 Engines or Pumps Class 120 F03 Machines or Engines for Liquids; Wind, Spring, or Weight Motors; Producing Mechanical Power or a Reactive Propulsive Thrust, Not Otherwise Provided For Subclass 628 F03G Spring, Weight, Inertia, or Like Motors; Mechanical-Power-Producing Devices or Mechanisms, Not Otherwise Provided For; or Using Energy Sources Not Otherwise Provided For Main group ca. 6,900 F03G 6 Devices For Producing Mechanical Power From Solar Energy. Subgroup ca. 62,100 F03G 6/08 With Solar Energy Concentrating Means

20 Environmental Patent Application An Example

21 Patents for Environmental Technologies STI Schmooch Definition (1) Australia Austria Belgium Canada Denmark Finland France Hungary Ireland Italy Korea Netherlands Norway Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom

22 Patents for Environmental Technologies STI Schmooch Definition (2) Germany Japan United States

23 Four Specific Environmental Areas Examined Renewable Energy Technologies wind, biomass, solar, etc (ENV/EPOC/WPNEP(2007)4) Wastewater Effluent from the Pulp and Paper Sector (ENV/EPOC/WPNEP(2007)5) Motor Vehicle Emissions Abatement post-combustion, engine design, etc (ENV/EPOC/WPNEP(2007)6). Solid Waste Management recycling, design-forenvironment, prevention (report in preparation)

24 Average % Annual Growth in Patents ( ) 20 % Solid Waste Renewable Energy Motor Vehicle Abatement Total patents

25 Annual EPO Patent Applications for Renewables (by $ GDP tr) Wind Solar Geothermal Wave-tide Biomass Waste All renewables Total AT AU BE CA CH DE DK ES FI FR GB IE IT JP KR NL NO SE US

26 Renewable energy Main Results National scientific capacity matters (and propensity to patent) Quotas/obligations very effective in general, but price incentives effective for wind and solar and voluntary for waste General market factors (i.e. fossil fuel price) less important Motor vehicle emissions abatement Robust evidence of international technology transfer Tendency toward engine re-design rather than post-combustion Pulp and paper effluent First mover advantage for the Scandinavians Importance of consumer demand/public pressure

27 Further Work (1) Development of a more robust general environmental technology indicator based upon WIPO IPC patent classifications Sub-indicators for different thematic areas (waste management and recycling, renewable energy, wastewater treatment, air pollution abatement, climate change mitigation and sequestration, etc ) Time-series of eco-innovation from (on-going) for all OECD and non-oecd countries

28 Further Work (2) Harmonisation of inventor and applicant data and link with micro-data sources, allowing for empirical work on: Effect of environmental policy on eco-innovation Eco-innovation and industrial competitiveness Examination of role of globalisation in environmental innovation through: diffusion of knowledge (citation data) research collaboration (co-invention data) technology transfer (patent family data)