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1 INDEX 279 Subject Index Downloaded via on December 24, 2018 at 05:54:08 (UTC). See for options on how to legitimately share published articles. Acid-base reactions, iron humate, Acidic subsoils, use of byproduct gypsums, ,235/ Agricultural issues cattle manure management, poultry waste management, swine waste management, Agricultural markets byproduct gypsums, regulations, 67 Alkaline treatment, biosolids, 58-59,60i Alkalinity, composts, 154/, Aluminum, content from waste paper, Ammonia emissions, cattle manure, Ammonia scrubber, applications, 14 Ammonium sulfate fertilizer, byproduct in flue gas desulfurization, Ammonium sulfate forced oxidation flue gas desulfurization commercial system, construction, 241 description, development, initial operation, pilot plant, Anaerobic treatment, cattle manure, Anaerobically digested biosolids, nutrient composition, 51 Animal products, organic fertilizers, Animal tissues, use as fertilizer, Animal wastes applications, 3-4 contamination, 10 elemental concentration, 9 environmentally sound management, properties, 26 quantities, 8 storage, 9-10 Basalt rock dusts, use as fertilizers, 132 Biodegradable mulch for vegetable crops, use of organic wastes, 173 Bioenergy, poultry waste, Biological control agents, use of organic wastes, 174 Biosolid(s) alkaline treatment, 58-59,60* applications, 61 bagged products, 69,71 composting, 57 definition, 69,71 dewatering, 54 digestion, drying, 59,61 metals limits, 56 nitrogen-based agronomic application rates, organic matter and inorganic nutrients, 50 organic nitrogen, 51 paper manufacturing, 8 properties for beneficial uses, regulatory requirements, 54,56 treated, 63 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency policies of disposal, wastewater treatment, 6-8 Blended fertilizers, use, 134 Boiler wood ash applications, 13 description, 205 disposal methods, 205,206/ land applications, sources, 205,206/ Bone meal, use as fertilizer, Boron applications, 14 byproduct use, Byproduct(s) inorganic, See Inorganic byproducts management objectives, micronutrients, 14 minimization, 24 policies, recycling on land, 28

2 280 AGRICULTURAL USES OF BY-PRODUCTS AND WASTES Byproduct(s) Continued regulation changes due to intensification, 24 regulatory requirements, 3 rules, strategy for holistic management, subsidization, 24 tailoring, 15 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency regulations, use as feedstock for other processes, 25 value, 22 watershed degradation, zero waste goal, See also Byproduct gypsums Byproduct gypsums agricultural markets, applications, 14 demand, engineering markets, environmental issues, production, sources, Byproduct use in fertilizer micronutrients boron, chlorine, 262 cobalt, 262 copper, iron, 263 manganese, molybdenum, 264 vanadium, 264 zinc, Calcium, role in compost, Carbon, importance in composting, 143 Carbon mineralization, description, Cattle, wastes, 8-10 Cattle manure management advantages and disadvantages, air quality issues ammonia emissions, methane emissions, 98,99/ odor control, emission regulation, 92 environmental issues, nutrient management to ensure water quality, Cattle manure management Continued partitioning and processing alternatives anaerobic treatment, export of nutrients off farm, solids separation, processing of urban wastes, resource value estimation, Chlorinated pesticides, occurrence in composts, Chlorine, byproduct use, 262 Cobalt, byproduct use, 262 Colored surface water, clarification, 268 Combination ash, description, 205 Compost(s) alkalinity, 154/ applications, 11 calcium, demand, 142,143* function, 144 magnesium, 153 micronutrients, 153 nitrogen carbomnitrogen ratios, ,150/ nitrogenous constituents, ,154/ organic compounds, phosphorus, potassium, 152 production, 142 quantities, 10 soluble salts, 156 sulfur, 152 trace elements, 153,155 use as fertilizers, 129 Composting applications, 140,141* biosolids, 57 definition, 140 description, 143 importance of carbon, 143 organic wastes, 164 poultry waste, 87 swine waste, 118 Copper, byproduct use, Desulfurization, ammonium sulfate forced oxidation, Dewatering, biosolids, 54

3 INDEX 281 Digestion, biosolids, Digestive tract, role in waste production, Dioxin 191,192* occurrence in composts, 157 Dried blood, use as fertilizer, 126 Drying, biosolids, 59,61 Electric arc furnace dust, recycling, 260 Fertilizer ammonium sulfate byproduct in flue gas desulfurization, history of use, 257 horticultural, use of processed biosolids, manufacture, micronutrients, organic, See Organic fertilizers specialty, substitute, uniform standards, 68-69,70* Flue gas desulfurization, ammonium sulfate forced oxidation, Food wastes, use as fertilizers, Furan, 191,192* Guano, use as fertilizer, 124 Gypsums applications, 226 byproduct, See Byproduct gypsums production as byproduct, 226 use as fertilizer, Hazardous waste categories, Heat-dried biosolid pellets, source of nutrients for pasture, 52 Horticultural fertilizers, use of processed biosolids, Humification, description, 143 Humus, Hydrogen sulfide, removalfromwaste gas at Great Plains synfuels plant, Inorganic byproducts and wastes ammonia scrubber, 14 boiler wood ash, 13 byproduct gypsums, 14 Iron, byproduct use, 263 Iron humate acid-base reactions phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, production, use as specialty fertilizer, 13 Kelp, use as fertilizer, 130 Glacial dust, use as fertilizer, 132 Granite dust, use as fertilizer, Granular fertilizers, description, 256 Granulated solubilized dolomitic iron humate, composition, Great Plains synfuel plant ammonia scrubbing unit, 240 description, 241 development of alternative sulfur removal system, original sulfur removal system, substitute natural gas production, 240 sulfur removal unit, 240 Green manures and cover crops, use as fertilizers, Greensand, use as fertilizer, 132 Land application boiler wood ash in southeastern United States environmental concerns, 206,212,214 logistics of application, 206 plant nutrients, 208,209*, ,213* regulation, 214, ,222 use as lime, ,209*,210/ variability of ash, 214,215/ description, 50 organic wastes, paper manufacturing residuals, potential environmental problems from organic wastes, swine waste, 118 Langbeinite, use as fertilizer, Limes, use as fertilizers, 133

4 282 AGRICULTURAL USES OF BY-PRODUCTS AND WASTES Limestone, use as fertilizer, 133 Liquid fertilizers, description, 256 Magnesium, role in compost, 153 Magnesium ammonium iron phosphohumate, chemical composition, Manganese, byproduct use, Manganese potassium iron phosphohumate, chemical composition, Manure resources, environmental effects, Metal(s) health effects, 6 land application of boiler wood ash, ,213* Metal limits, biosolids, 56 Metal loading, buildup from land applications of organic wastes, 175 Methane emissions, cattle manure, 98,99/ Microbial population shifts, description, 178 Microbiomass, dynamics, Micronutrients application methods, 255 deficiencies, 257 description, 255 examples, 14,255 fertilizer, byproduct use, land application of boiler wood ash, ,213* role in compost, 153 role of particle size, 256 Mineral sources, use as fertilizers, Mixed ash, description, 205 Molybdenum, byproduct use, 264 Municipal sewage sludge, policy on beneficial use, Municipal solid waste, Nitrate, buildup from land applications of organic wastes, 175 Nitrogen cattle manure, challenge for poultry waste management, 76-77,79-80/ Nitrogen Continued role in compost, ,154 swine waste, Nitrogen mineralization-immobilization, use of organic wastes, Nutrient(s) availability, 122 categories, Organic amendments, definition, 121 Organic compounds application, composts, Organic fertilizers animal products, definition, 121 groups, 122 mineral sources, nutrients, ,127 plant products, Organic wastes advantages, 5-6 composting, 164 environmental issues, land application, metal content, nutrient content, 167 organic components, 166 physical nature and size, role of soil microbial dynamics, Paper manufacturing, biosolid waste, 8 Paper manufacturing residuals amount generated, causticizing residuals, disposal methods, 187 effects of land application on water quality and wildlife, examples, 185 regulation of land application, waste treatment sludges, Pelletized paper, characterization, 165 Phosphate fertilizer industry, source of byproduct gypsum, 227

5 INDEX 283 Phosphoric acid, acid-base reactions with iron humate, 2Ί2-Π4 Phosphorus buildup from land applications of organic wastes, 175,176* cattle manure, challenge for poultry waste management, land application of boiler wood ash, 211 role in compost, swine waste, 115,118 Phosphorus mmeralization-immobilization, use of organic wastes, 172 Plant available nitrogen, calculation, Plant nutrients, boiler wood ash, Plant products, use as fertilizers, Polychlorinated biphenyls manufacturing, processing, distribution in commerce, and use prohibitions, occurrence in composts, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, occurrence in composts, Potable water treatment facilities, sludge disposal, 268 Potash, source, 211 Potassium land application of boiler wood ash, 211 role in compost, 152 swine waste, 115 Potassium-containing ores, use as fertilizers, Poultry use as fertilizer, wastes, 8-10 Poultry waste management animal feeding programs, 87 bioenergy, composting, 87 environmental issues, fertilizer manufacture, land management programs, Processed biosolids, characteristics and standards in manufacture and marketing of horticultural fertilizers and soil blends, Quicklime, use as fertilizer, 133 Recyclable byproducts, types, 28 Regulation agricultural use of byproducts and wastes, biosolid disposal, biosolids, 54,56 boiler wood ash, 214 byproducts and wastes, 3 land application of boiler wood ash, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976,199, Section 405(d) of Clean Water Act, 51 waste-derived soil additives and manufactured soil products, 71 Secondary nutrients, examples, 255 Seed meals, use as fertilizers, 127 Sewage biosolids, use as fertilizers, 125 Sewage sludge, standards for use or disposal, Sludge, from paper manufacturing, 8 Soil additives horticultural markets, 64-65,66* uniform standards, 68-69,70* blends, use of processed biosolids, microbial dynamics, nutrient imbalances, organic matter content, Solid separation, cattle manure, Solid waste disposal facilities and practices, criteria for classification, Solubilized dolomitic iron humate, agronomic effectiveness, 271 Soluble nitrogen iron humate, chemical composition, 271 Soluble salts, composts, 156 Soybean production, enhancement using organic wastes, 173 Specialty fertilizers, Sulfur, compost, 152 Sulfur dioxide removal exhaust gases of coal-fired power plants, source of byproduct gypsum, waste gas at Great Plains synfuels plant,

6 284 AGRICULTURAL USES OF BY-PRODUCTS AND WASTES Sulfuric acid, acid-base reactions with iron humate, Swine waste management challenges, 111 chemical treatment, 118 composting, 118 environmental issues, factors affecting nutrient release, land applications, 118 limitations, manure-derived nutrients, manure production, 111,112* methods, nutrient composition, nutrition, 111 Tailoring, byproducts and wastes, 15 Tobacco stems, use as fertilizers, 128 Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure, description, Trace elements, role in compost, 153,155 Uncomposted waste paper, 12, Urban wastes, cattle manure, Vanadium, byproduct use, 264 Wallboard waste, source of byproduct gypsums, 229 Waste(s) agricultural use, costs of disposal, inorganic, See Inorganic wastes intensification problems, 23 management objectives, minimization, 24 need for management, 2-3 Waste(s) Continued policies, subsidization, 24 tailoring, 15 use as feedstock for other processes, 25 value, 22 watershed degradation, zero waste goal, See also Organic wastes Waste paper benefits from land application, land application, method and time of application, organic components, 165 physical nature and size, uncomposted, 12, Wastewater treatment biosolid waste, 6-8 product, 50 Water quality, role of paper manufacturing residuals, Water runoff, reduction using organic wastes, 170 Water solubility of micronutrient compound, 256 Watershed degradation, wastes, Weed suppression, use of organic wastes, 173 Wind erosion, reduction using organic wastes, Wood ashes, 130,205 Xenobiotic organic substances, use in composts, 156 Yard waste, 165 Zinc, byproduct use,