MITIGATE GRAIN YIELD LOSSES OF WHEAT UNDER TERMINAL DROUGHT STRESS BY DIFFERENT NITROGEN APPLICATIONS

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1 Astrct Scientific Ppers. Series A. Agronomy, Vol. LX, 17 ISSN ; ISSN CD-ROM ; ISSN Online ; ISSN-L MITIGATE GRAIN YIELD LOSSES OF WHEAT UNDER TERMINAL DROUGHT STRESS BY DIFFERENT NITROGEN APPLICATIONS Deniz İŞTİPLİLER, Uğur ÇAKALOĞULLARI, Özgür TATAR Ege University, Fculty of Agriculture, Turkey Corresponding uthor emil: Wter nd nitrogen re oth most limiting fctors for plnt growth nd productivity. Effects of different nitrogen pplictions on grin yield of whet under terminl drought stress were investigted in the present study. A field experiment ws conducted with red whet cultivr Gönen in two experimentl sites chrcterized y lomy-snd (Menemen) nd cly-lom (Bornov) soils. Rinout shelters were used to exclude rin from drought imposed plots during grin filling stge. Grdully decrese in soil moisture content cused significnt decrese in grin yield in oth experimentl sites. However, higher yield were recorded in lomy-snd soils (LSs) thn cly-lom soils (CLs) in ll tretments. Thousnd grin yield nd grin numer per spike were lso decresed due to drought conditions. Similr to grin yield, oth prmeters were lso significntly lower in CLs thn LSs. Split nitrogen tretment included flowering stge cused significnt decrese in grin yield ecuse of lower iomss production during erlier development stges. Our findings suggested tht higher iomss which could e otined y high erlier nitrogen ppliction my provide n dvntge in whet production for lter drought conditions. Key words: drought, grin filling, nitrogen, whet. INTRODUCTION Glol wrming, the most ovious nd hrmful consequence of ll humn ctivities, ffects most seriously the griculturl production. The estimtions demonstrted tht, glolly, climte-induced reduction in griculturl productivity mounts to 16 % y the 8s (Cline, 7). However the United Ntions of Food nd Agriculturl Orgniztion estimtes tht food demnd of world popultion will increse 7 % in next 4 yers nd the increse will e more pronounced in developing countries (FAO, 6). Whet is the most importnt stle food for humns (Curtis et l., 2) nd grown on more lnd re thn ny other commercil crops (FAO, ). Hence, ny reduction in grin yield or qulity in whet production leds to considerle economic losses. Drought s result of progressively increse in glol temperture is regrded s mjor restricting environmentl fctor in whet production (Acevdo et l., 1999). The sustntil reduction in whet production due to drought ffected lnds hs lredy strted to e reported in ll round the world. Portugl lost round 6% of whet production s consequence of drought in 5 while economic impct of the drought in 3 ws out 11 illion in Europe overll (Isendl nd Schmid, 6). Turkey ws lso dversely ffected y low rinfll thus wter scrcity in 8 nd whet production significntly decresed (Ayrnci et l., ). In considertion of incresing effects of glol wrming, whet production is expected to decrese more frequently ecuse of incresing drought-prone res. Whet is more often grown in rid nd semirid regions of Turkey under rin-fed conditions thus drought is min limiting fctor in production (Yildirim et l., 9). Most of the rinfll is received etween Novemer nd April in these regions s Mediterrnen countries. Though wter scrcity might e experienced during ll growth stges of whet due to unfvorle rinfll distriutions, effects of drought mrkedly increse in post-nthesis nd grin filling stges (Ozturk, 1999). These crucil stges of whet growth re considered s most importnt period regrding to yield formtion (Acevedo et l., 1999). Drought-inhiited reduction in post-nthesis photosynthesis nd 275

2 remoiliztion of dry mtters to the grin led to significnt decrese in grin yield (Ptl et l., 1994; Ercoli et l., 8). Nitrogen content of soils in rin-fed production systems is crucil determinnt of grin yield in cerel crops (Aledo et l., 8; Cossni et l., 12). Pssiour nd Angus () suggested tht suitle nitrogen mngements in drought-prone environments could e useful gronomic tool to increse wter use efficiency. For instnce, nitrogen pplictions during erlier development stge of plnts my led to etter root development nd quicker cnopy cover thus igger iomss nd lower re soil evportion (Borghi, 1999). However, on the contrry, Fischer nd Kohn (1966) reported tht quicker plnt growth in erly stges resulted higher trnspirtion nd cused to increse drought risk during lter developmentl stges. The purpose of the present study ws to understnd effects of different nitrogen pplictions on whet plnts grown under terminl drought stress conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS A field experiment ws conducted in two experimentl sites of Izmir-Turkey during 9- growing seson. The experimentl sites, Bornov (CLs) nd Menemen (LSs), were chrcterized with cly-lom (ph 7.8 nd slightly clcreous) nd lomy-snd (ph 7.5) soils respectively. Bred whet cultivr Gönen (Triticum estivum L.) ws used s plnt mteril. Experimentl design ws split-plot rrngement within rndomized complete lock design with three replictions. Plnts were sown Novemer 9 in Bornov nd Menemen respectively. Plot sizes were 1.2 x 3 m nd row distnce were cm for ech tretments. Seeding density ws 5 seed m -2. All plnts were grown under rin-fed conditions until flowering stge. Then, rin-out shelters were constructed to exclude rinflls fter flowering stge in drought stress tretments (DT) while the control plnts (CT) were kept under open field. Totl rin mounts were nd 91. mm fter the tretment in Bornov nd Menemen respectively. Reltive wter content of the soil in oth experimentl site nd ech tretment fter stress ppliction were given in Figure 1. The sme mount (9 kg/h) ut two different nitrogen pplictions were pplied s second fctor of the experiment. Nitrogen ws given in three times: 3 kg h -1 top dressing, 3 kg h -1 t the eginning of stem elongtion stge nd 3 kg h -1 efore flowering stge in N1 tretment. In N 2 tretment, nitrogen ws pplied two times: 6 kg h -1 t top dressing nd 3 kg h -1 t the eginning of stem elongtion stge. The fertilizer contined mmonium sulfte ws used s top dressing nd mmonium nitrte ws used in other pplictions. All tretments received sme mount of P 2 O 5 (5 kg/h). Soil Moisture Content (%) Figure 1. Reltive moisture content of the soil under control nd drought conditions in Menemen (LSs) nd Bornov (CLs), fter drought tretments Plnts were smpled nd hrvested fter physiologicl mturity during second week of June. Yield prmeters were determined ccording to the methods descried y Bell nd Fischer (1994). RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Menemen (Control) Menemen (Drought) Bornov (Control) Bornov (Drought) April My June Decrese in soil moisture content in stress tretment ws more remrkle fter April in oth loctions (Figure 1). Finl moister content of the soil in July ws 18 % in control plots in oth experimentl sites while % nd 7 % in drought exposed plots in Menemen (LSs) nd Bornov (CLs), respectively. Grin yield of cv. Gönen significntly decresed from 3. t h -1 to 2.2 t h -1 s result of drought conditions during grin filling stge (Figure 2). The nitrogen pplictions nd 276

3 environmentl conditions of experimentl sites significntly influenced grin yield of cv. Gönen. Higher grin yield ws recorded in LSs (3.1 t h -1 ) thn CLs (2.1 t h -1 ). N 1 tretment cused significntly higher grin yield (2.8 t h 1 ) thn N 2 tretment (2.3 t h -1 ) (Figure 2). There ws no significnt interction etween the experimentl fctors thus N 2 tretment hd lwys etter performnce in ll conditions. Grin Yield (kg h -1 ) 4, 3,5 3, 2,5 2, 1,5 1,,5, LSD:.49 TGW (g) Grin numer spike LSD: 1.59 LSD: 6.3 Menemen Bornov Control Drought N1 N2 Figure 2. Effects of drought, nitrogen pplictions (N 1 nd N 2 ) nd experimentl sites [Menemen (LSs) nd Bornov (CLs)] on grin yield (kg h -1 ), thousnd grin weight (TGW) nd grin numer per spike of whet cv.gönen (P=.5) Thousnd grin weights (TGW) decresed under drought conditions during grin filling stge (Figure 2). TGW ws 34.8 g under control conditions wheres it ws 2. g lower under drought conditions. On the other hnd, grin numer per spike (GNS) hd sme trend with TGW s response of drought nd experimentl sites (Figure 2). Reltive decrese under drought conditions ws 19.1 % in LSs wheres 4.1 % in CLs. Nitrogen ppliction induced reltion etween iomss production nd grin yield of cv. Gonen is demonstrted in Figure 3 wheres Figure 4 shows drought induced TGW nd iomss production reltion to grin yield. Biomss 15 5 y =,4x + 3,3 R=.84** y =,1x +,1 R= Grin Yield Figure 3. Nitrogen ppliction induced reltion etween iomss production (g) nd grin yield (kg h -1 ) of whet cv.gönen (* P=.5, ** P=.1) N1 N2 277

4 A significnt nd positive correltion (r =.84**) ws found etween iomss nd grin yield in N 1 tretment wheres there ws no correltion in N 2 tretment (Figure 3). Higher grin yield ws ssocited with higher TGW under control conditions (r =.81**) nd more iomss in drought conditions (r =.64*). However, there ws not ny significnt link etween grin yield nd TGW under drought conditions nd iomss under controlled conditions (Figure 4). TGW Biomss y =,2x + 27,18 R=.81** y =,1x + 3,4 R=.32 Control Drought y = -,x + 16,57 R=.5 y =,4x +,616 R=.64* 4 Grin Yield Figure 4. Drought induced thousnd grin weight (TGW) nd iomss production (g) reltion to grin yield (kg h -1 ) of whet cv.gönen (* P=.5, ** P=.1) Negtive effects of drought conditions on grin yield of whet hve een previously reported in severl studies (Dodig et l., 8; Ilker et l., 11; Ttr, 11; Aykut Tonk et l., 11). Acevedo et l. (1999), on the other hnd, reported tht post-nthesis stge is the most criticl stge in terms of drought stress ecuse of dry mtter trnsloction to the grins. A drstic reltive decrese (27.9 %) ws lso recorded in the present study. On the other hnd grin yield significntly vried in different experimentl sites. Hevy textured, higher clcreous nd lower ville potssium content of the soil of Bornov (Ttr, 11) led to lower grin yield production thn Menemen. Similr difference etween these loctions ws reported y Altins et l. (4). N 1 tretment cused significntly higher grin yield thn N 2 tretment in oth experimentl sites. Borghi (1999) demonstrted tht erlier nitrogen pplictions resulted rpid plnt development, soil cover y the cnopy nd etter root development in whet which hd the dvntge for the lter wter limited conditions. On the other hnd, however, Fisher nd Kohn (1966) reported tht fster plnt growth during erlier stges thus igger cnopy cused higher trnspirtion nd quicker loss of limited wter sources. Our dt re in greement with the ide suggested positive impct of erlier ppliction of nitrogen to mitigte higher grin yield losses in whet. A welth of dt pointed out tht drought led to decrese thousnd grin weights (TGW) nd finlly reduction in grin yield (Mollsdeghi et l., 11; Ozturk, 1999). However, decrese in TGW s result of lower dry mtter trnsloction to grins hs een perceived s min reson in grin yield reduction under drought conditions during grin filling stge (Grci del Morl et l., 3; Ttr, 11). Present findings lso suggested tht decrese in grin yield under drought conditions nd different sites could e minly ttriuted to decrese in TGW. Mirlles nd Slfer (1999) stted tht grin numer per spike (GNS) is determined erlier thn flowering stge in whet. Gholmi nd Asdollhi (8), however, reported tht GNS ws lso ffected y drought conditions fter flowering stge. The similr reduction in the present study could e explined y pollen sterility due to drought effects during flowering stge. On the other hnd, effect of experimentl sites on GNS might e perceived s result of etter growth conditions in Menemen in terms of soil properties. 278

5 Despite the nitrogen effects on grin yield ws significnt, oth TGW nd GNS did not significntly differ under two different nitrogen pplictions (Figure 2). Figure 3 indictes nitrogen ppliction induced reltion etween iomss production nd grin yield of cv. Gonen. Since the iomss production ws restricted y the lower nitrogen mount during erlier growth stges in N 1 tretment, grin yield of plnts were determined mostly y iomss production (r =.84**). However, erlier nitrogen pplictions resulted in higher iomss production which hd no correltions with grin yield in N 2 tretment. Mdeni et l. (12) reported tht nitrogen ppliction during flowering stge reduced negtive effects of drought during grin filling stge. In the present study, similr to the results of Gevrek nd Atsoy (12), split ppliction of nitrogen (N 1 ) included flowering stge hd no positive effects on grin yield under drought conditions. Drought induced TGW nd iomss production reltion to grin yield were demonstrted in Figure 4. The results indicted tht grin yield under control conditions mostly correlted with TGW (r =.81**) wheres iomss production (r =.64*) under drought conditions. Therefore, it might e suggested tht whet plnts could etter dpt to drought stress during grin filling stges y higher iomss production s result of higher erlier nitrogen pplictions. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, it could e suggested tht wter limited conditions during grin filling stge led to drstic decrese in grin yield in whet which is minly depends on reduction in TGW nd GNS. Plnts were more productive ecuse of fvorle soil properties of Menemen (LSs) thn Bornov (CLs) Loction. Split nitrogen tretment included flowering stge cused significnt decrese in grin yield ecuse of lower iomss production during erlier development stges. Therefore, we my propose tht higher iomss which could e otined y erlier nitrogen ppliction my provide n dvntge for lter drought conditions. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The dt presented in this pper is the prt of PhD. Thesis of Ozgur Ttr. This study finncilly supported y Ege University (Scientific Reserch Project No: 9ZRF64). REFERENCES Aledo L.G., Svin R. Slfer G.A., 8. Whet Productivity in The Mediterrnen Ero Vlley: Anlyzing the Gp Between Attinle nd Potentil Yield With Simultion Model. Europen Journl of Agronomy, 28: Acevedo E.H., Silv P.C., Silv H.R., Solr B.R., Whet Production in Mediterrnen Environments. In: Storre E.H. nd Slfer G.A. (ed.). Whet: Ecology nd Physiology of Yield Determintion. Binghmton, New York, USA: Food Products Press. p Altins M., Tosun M., Yuce S., Konk C., Kose E., Cn R.A., 4. Effects of Genotype nd Loction on the Grin Yield nd Some Qulity Trits in Bred Whets (T.estivum L.). Journl of Ege University Fculty of Agriculture, 41: Aykut Tonk F., Ilker E., Ttr O., Recer A., Tosun M., 11. Effects of different rin mount nd distriutions on red whet yield. Journl of Ege University Fculty of Agriculture, 48: Ayrnci R., Sde B., Soylu S.,. Drought stress nd some pproches in drought tolernt red whet improvement. In: Symposium on Prevention of Desertifiction. Corum, Turkey. p: Bell M.A., Fischer R.A., Guide to plnt nd crop smpling: mesurements nd oservtions for gronomic nd physiologicl reserch in smll grin cerels, Whet Specil Report CIMMYT, No: 32. Borghi B., Nitrogen s determinnt of whet growth nd yield, Whet Production in Mediterrnen Environments. In: Storre E.H. nd Slfer G.A. (ed.). Whet: Ecology nd Physiology of Yield Determintion. Binghmton, New York, USA: Food Products Press. p Cline W.R., 7. Glol wrming nd griculture: impct estimtes y country, Wshington, D.C., Center for Glol Development, p:. Cossni C.M., Slfer G.A., Svin R., 12. Nitrogen nd Wter Use Efficiency of Whet nd Brley Under Mediterrnen Environment In Ctloni, Field Crops Reserch, 128: Curtis B.C., Rjrm S., Mcpherson H.G., 2. Bred Whet Improvement nd Production, FAO Plnt Production nd Protection Services. Rome, Itly. No:3. Dodig D., Zoric M.D., Knezevic S.R., King G., Surln- Momirovic, 8. Genotype x environment interction for whet yield in different drought stress conditions nd gronomic trits suitle for selection, Austrlin Journl of Agriculturl Reserch, 59:

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