ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS. Applying Cognitive Work Analysis to Study Airport-Collaborative Decision Making

Transcription

1 ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Applying Cognitive Work Analysis to Study Airport-Collaborative Decision Making PhD Research Project Matthias Groppe CRANFIELD University Sponsored by ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe EUROCONTROL 5 March 2009 & FRAPORT ENRI Tokyo, JAPAN 5 March 2009

2 Outline Introduction to Airport Collaborative Decision Making (A-CDM) The A-CDM Environment Objectives of the Research Project Method of Applied Cognitive Work Analysis Data Collection & Initial Results Conclusion

3 The Challenge One Process Arrival Turn-round Departure Link airports to the Air Traffic Management Network Requirements Create transparent overview by Sharing Information All Airport partners needed for CDM success Mutual Understanding of operations Culture change and process improvement

4 The Airport CDM Concept Elements Collaborative Management of Flight Updates CDM in Adverse Conditions Collaborative Predeparture Sequence Variable Tai Time Calculation The Milestones Approach Airport CDM Information Sharing

5 Information Sharing & Milestone Approach Principle Foundation for CDM Right info Right Time Right People Requirement One Common Information Platform is required Develop procedures and actions for each milestone Benefits Brings partners together Promotes trust Common situational awareness efficient use of resources Improved predictability maimises operational efficiency

6 Airport CDM Key Milestones TOBT & TSAT Data coherency check INBOUND FIR Entry/ Local Radar Data Tai In (EXIT) ATOT ALDT TURN-ROUND Final Approach 11 Boarding ARDT ASRT Take Off from Outstation -2hrs CFMU Slot allocation -3hrs Flight Plan Submission (FPL) 7/8 AIBT AGHT Final update TOBT 9 10 ATC issues TSAT ASAT OUTBOUND Tai Out (EXOT) AOBT ATOT

7 Airport CDM Key Milestones TOBT & TSAT Data coherency check INBOUND FIR Entry/ Local Radar Data ATOT TURN-ROUND Final Approach 6 Tai In (EXIT) 11 Boarding ARDT ASRT Take Off from Outstation -2hrs CFMU Slot allocation -3hrs Flight Plan Submission (FPL) ALDT 7/8 AIBT AGHT Final update TOBT 9 10 ATC issues TSAT ASAT OUTBOUND Tai Out (EXOT) AOBT ATOT

8 Airport CDM Key Milestones TOBT & TSAT TOBT (Target Of Block Time) The time that an aircraft operator / handling agent estimates that an aircraft will be ready, all doors closed, boarding bridge removed, push back vehicle available, ready to start up / push back immediately upon reception of clearance from the TWR. TSAT (Target Start Approval Time) The time provided by ATC taking into account TOBT, CTOT and / or the traffic situation that an aircraft can epect to receive start-up / pushback approval (when start-up and pushback are issued together)

9 Barcelona Airport CDM Platform Red EOBT/TOBT notifies AOs of late flight Alarms indicate Airport slot and type errors CTOT discrepancies are also highlighted

10 Sequence Display Eamples: Munich

11 Benefits for Airport Partners Improved infrastructure usage Reduced ATCO workload with enhanced planning Reduced Apron and Taiway congestion Improved airport image (passengers perception of smooth operations) Better situational awareness during times of disruption and delay

12 Airport CDM Implementation Over 21 ECAC Airports Implementing

13 The A-CDM Turn-Round: Critical Path Demin. Water Air Starter De-icing Nonroutine Maintenance/ On-demand Check Routine Maintenance/ Flight Check Colling & Heating Wheel and Tire Check Portable Fresh Water Waste Water Handling (Sanitary) Eterior Aircraft Cleaning E I B T Position PAX stairs Open PAX door Unload DAA Disembark PAX Disembark Crew Cabin & Cockpit Catering Duty Free Stocks Fueling Final Cleaning Board CrewCrew CheckBoard PAX Close PAX Door Remove PAX Stairs T O B T In-flight Entertainment Position wheel chocks Position Open Unload Unload Load Load Close Remove Cargo Cargo Bags Cargo Cargo Bags cargo cargo ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe door5 March loader 2009 Remove weel chocks

14 The A-CDM Turn-Round: Critical Path Demin. Water Air Starter De-icing Nonroutine Maintenance/ On-demand Check Routine Maintenance/ Flight Check Colling & Heating Wheel and Tire Check Portable Fresh Water Waste Water Handling (Sanitary) E I B T Position PAX stairs Open PAX door Unload DAA Disembark PAX Eterior Aircraft Cleaning Disembark Crew Cabin & Cockpit Catering Duty Free Stocks Fueling Final Cleaning Board CrewCrew CheckBoard PAX Close PAX Door Remove PAX Stairs Estimated Additional/ Reduced GH Time T O B T In-flight Entertainment Position wheel chocks Position Open Unload Unload Load Load Close Remove Cargo Cargo Bags Cargo Cargo Bags cargo cargo ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe door5 March loader 2009 Remove weel chocks

15 Airport CDM Environment I Operational decision making is based on insufficient quality & flow of information (observation & own eperience) Not all airport partners have required Situational Awareness for operational decision making

16 Airport CDM Environment II Strategic Strategic Planning ATC, Aircraft Operator, Airport, Ground Handler, ATFCM, Supervisor Meta Cooperation Pre-tactical Tactical Ad hoc Distance to Action actors Detail of Information ATC APOCs ATC - Aircraft Operators Ground Handler - Airport AIRSIDE OPERATION LANDSIDE OPERATION Ramp Agent Pilots Dispatch. Interactions across different layers DISTRIBUTED SITUATIONAL AWARENESS COMMON SITUATIONAL AWARENESS? Cooperation in Planning Cooperation in Action Source: Own Model analogous EUROCONTROL (2005) and Hoc (2003)

17 Airport CDM Environment III Cockpit: Action Level APOC: : Planning Level INFORMATION SHARING - Intermediaries - Distributed Location INFORMATION SYNCHRONISATION Distance to Planning/ Action Operational Decision Making Safety related Decision Making with Operational Consequences ATC Tower: Action Level

18 Project Objective: Improve TOBT Predictability Contet I: Constraints through Multi-Party Decision Making Identify individual (single operator) goal setting to increase cooperation towards a common (global) goal Airport Operation Center Pilot/ Crew Understand HHIs and HCIs among operators to increase cooperation building factors ATC

19 Project Objective: Improve TOBT Predictability Contet II: Heterogeneous & Asynchronous Information Sharing Identification of data/information/ knowledge components which should be employed to provide situational awareness Airport Operation Center ATC Pilot/ Crew Synchronization of information sharing for time critical decisions

20 Project Objective: Improve TOBT Predictability Contet III: Irregularities through Unanticipated Events Identify decisions necessary during unanticipated situations Airport Operation Center Pilot/ Crew Understand which information is required for decision making and cooperation among partners during these situations ATC

21 Applying Cognitive Work Analysis I Analysis, design, and evaluation of comple sociotechnical systems Contrast to other task analysis: Formative approach Designed to provide decision support in an environment with different policies, skill sets and capabilities

22 Applying Cognitive Work Analysis II (5) Actor Competencies Analysis SRK Behaviour (1)-(5): Phases of CWA according to Vicente (1999) SBB KBB (4) Organizational & Cooperation Analysis Role definition Cooperation: during critical situations Predefined (3) Strategies Analysis Information Requirements IFM (2) Control Task Analysis Cognition Decision Model (1) Work Domain Analysis Constraints through... WHAT HOW WHO Work Domain Critical Situations for TOBT Adherence Traffic limitations Available information Technology Human

23 Applying Cognitive Work Analysis II Virtual Workspace Physical Workspace ANALYSIS DESIGN CWA Information // Relationship Requirements Representation Design Requirements Storyboard // Prototype Functional Abstraction Network Cognitive Work Requirements Functional Requirements Processing // Transformation Requirements Presentation Design Concepts Knowledge Elicitation Decision Centered Testing

24 Building the Abstraction-Decomposition Space Total System Airport Collaborative Decision Making Subsystem CDM Turn-Round Process Element Components Milestones, ACISP, CDM Partners Functional Purpose Purposes Purposes * Improve work together at an operational level Provide the A-CDM partners with a common situational * Efficient and safe daily flight operation with reliable information awareness provision & Common Situational Awareness Anticipation of disruptions & epeditious recovery through Eternal Constraints information sharing among all partners including passengers * Laws & Regulations by airport, national governement, Eternal constraints Europe, IATA, EUROCONTROL, ICAO Distributed location between CDM partners and actors * Local Standard Operationg Procedures (e.g. due to Laws & Regulations by airport, national governement, environmental, airline, airport..) Europe, IATA, EUROCONTROL, ICAO Purposes Milestones: To provide decision makers with information about flight progress and trigger decision making ACISP: To provide information sharing between the Airport CDM Partners A-CDM Partner Goals Eternal Constraints No & design of Milestones, Alert Messages, participating partners Abstract Function Criteria *ATTT *Turn-round compliance (STTT vs ATTT) *TOBT/TSAT Predictability *EIBT Predictability: EIBT vs time *Ready Reaction Time: AOBT - ARDT Criteria ATTT Turn-round compliance (STTT vs ATTT) TOBT/TSAT Predictability EIBT Predictability: EIBT vs time Ready Reaction Time: AOBT ARDT Milestones CDM Procedure Group Meetings Performance Assessments ACISP & A-CDM Partners User feedback & Performance Assessment Generalised Function Safe & efficient usage of available resources Effective law, regualation, procedure, and policy enforcement Redesign of airport operational procedures Implementation of CDM functions Safe & efficient turn-round & flight Adherence to CDM procedures Efficient implementation of collaborative decisions at action level Enforcement of laws, regulations, procedures, policies Milestones Data/ Information availability & Practicability of Information ACISP & A-CDM Partners Physical dynamics of user behaviour Physical Function Provision of reliable information for all CDM partners Collaborative operational decision making Increasing Situational Awareness A-CDM Information Sharing Platform (ACISP) Efficient information provision & cooperation between operators & actors Distributed Situational Awareness at action level Efficient comand & control structure between pretactical & action level of operation Milestones Functionalability/capability/limitations & status Inform all partners ACISP & A-CDM Partners Functionalability/capability/limitation Establish Situational Awareness Physical Form Electronic Data/ Information Software Applications HMIs, e.g. ACARS, Telefon, Computer Computer Network Operation Room Printed Information/ Data about TOBT/TSAT IT platforms with operational information sources, eg TOBT/TSAT Information Screens for passengers AMAN/DMAN Airport Infrastructure & Airspace Structure Airport Operation Centre (APOC) Alert Messages to all CDM partners via the ACISP Representative Decision Makers of all partners Flight Update Messages (FUMs) Meteorlogical ENRI features, International e.g. adverse weather Workshop condition System Operators on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009 Passengers Actors

25 The A-CDM Abstraction-Decomposition Space Total System Airport Collaborative Decision Making Subsystem CDM Turn-Round Process Element Components Milestones, ACISP, CDM Partners Functional Purpose Safe & efficient Flight Operation WHY Abstract Function Increased Punctuality (Reliability) Shorter Travel Time Increased Passenger Satisfaction WHAT Generalised Function Safe & efficient Usage of available Information Compliant Operator Behavior Effective Turn-Round Procedures HOW Physical Function Operators Capabilites & Limitations Milestones Functionability & Limitations Physical Form ACISP & Airport Infrastructure

26 (1) Work Domain Analysis: Mapping Information Requirements I E ENRI International Workshop on ATM/ CNS Matthias Groppe 5 March 2009

27 Cockpits Survey: Information Requirements I Information Requirement Information Provided to Pilots Ground Handling Start Delay YES NO PARTIALLY Runway in Use Information from ACISP EOBT/TOBT/CTOT Compliance alarms TOBT/ TSAT ETTT Turn-Round Compliance of other actors EXOT Pilots`Goals CTOT Safety Level TTOT Airport Performance Apron Rules & Regulations Aircraft Technical Status Infrastructure related warnings A-CDM Partner Goals Behavioral Recommendations Economic Cost of planned/ alternative Turn-Round Operational Information Performance & Status of all participating actors CDM Operating Procedures Information Sharing among participating actors Passenger Boarding Time Aircraft Requirements & Status Physical turn-round control task support Environmental Condition Information Cognitive turn-round control task support Turn-Round Disruptions Turn-Round Compliance control task support Time related Data Not time related Data Aircraft Operational Status Capability/ Knowledge Level of all participating actors Available Resources Variable Tai Time Calculation Current task status in relation to goals CDM Compliance Alerts Current component performance & status Target In Block Time Current airport & aircraft condition Stand Information Other A-CDM users location & future movements Source: On-line Cockpits Survey (2008)

28 Airport CDM Turn-Round Security Crew Transport Ramp Transport Load Sheet Boarding APOC Catering Parking Position WCH Fuel Flight Documents Ramp Agent CFMU Airline De- Boarding Aircraft ATC Repair Cleaning Transportation Crew De-icing Push- Back Fresh Water Check- In Ground Handler Passenger Transport Loading Airport Infrastructure

29 Airport CDM Turn-Round Security Crew Transport Ramp Transport Load Sheet Boarding APOC Catering Parking Position WCH Fuel Flight Documents Ramp Agent CFMU Airline De- Boarding Aircraft ATC Repair Cleaning Transportation Crew De-icing Push- Back Fresh Water Check- In Ground Handler Passenger Transport Loading Airport Infrastructure

30 Airport CDM Turn-Round Security Crew Transport Ramp Transport Load Sheet Boarding APOC Catering Parking Position WCH Fuel Flight Documents Ramp Agent CFMU Airline De- Boarding Aircraft ATC Repair Cleaning Transportation Crew De-icing Push- Back Fresh Water Check- In Ground Handler Passenger Transport Loading Airport Infrastructure

31 (2) Control Task Analysis The Decision Ladder Goal cannot be reached (Task is temporarily deactivated) Interpretation changed system state New goal identified Task finished Ambiguity Strategy SystemState Goal stack System State: Alert SystemState Evaluation SitEval ❶ Delay/ Cancellation Interpretation Interpretation Consequence for current GoalSelec flight ❷ Meet SCHEDULE MEET Schedule Active TOBT target PG- Model Legend: Analysis Planning Action Condition Not implemented Identification Present State of, System: AOG Conditions for TaskCoord Task definition Task definition TaskTrig Equipment ❸,, TaskCoord Change ❻ Observation SET of ActIn Observations ❺ ObsArea Information & Data of A/C Conditions for for task task finalization Need of visual Need of more information information Re- activation of goal Active task Planning ❹ Formulate ActTrig Procedure Deliver Action clearance Pilots report or request PItoPG Activation Technical Problem with A/C - ALERT Stations Legend: OutAP1 States of Knowledge resulting from data ProcessInfo processing AP- State Data-processing Activities AP- Process AP- Model Procedure ActOut - Eecution InAP1 Coordinate PGtoPI Manipulations ❼

32 (3) Strategy Analysis Goal Compleity I A1 Domain 1 (e.g. Airline Cockpit) B1 A2 Flight Goals Safety Goal Individual C1 Routine C2 Tasks Checks B2 Aircraft Resources A3 Systems A4 A5 B3 Subgoals A6 A7 Ultimate Goal (TOBT) Cooperative Planning Structure/ Process Domain 2 (e.g. Ground Handler) Punctual Dispatch Goals Service Tasks Delivery Resources GHD Group Tasks Roles APOC Decision Making Domain [2] Own Model analogous Nezamirad (2004)

33 (4) Organizational & Cooperation Analysis Classification of Interaction Situations (Ferber,1995) Aims/ Interests Ressources Abilities Type of Situation Category compatible sufficient sufficient Independence Indifference compatible sufficient insufficient Simple working together Indifference compatible insufficient sufficient Blockade Cooperation compatible insufficient insufficient Coordinated collaboration Cooperation incompatible sufficient sufficient Pure individual competition Cooperation incompatible sufficient insufficient Pure individual competition Antagonism incompatible insufficient sufficient Individual resource conflict Antagonism incompatible insufficient insufficient Collective resource conflict Antagonism J. Ferber (1995) Multi-Agent Systems,, Addison-Wesley, Munich

34 Conclusion Using Turn-Round Scenarios allows to demonstrate the Applicability of CWA in the A- CDM System Domain CWA identifies Information Sharing Bottlenecks and reveals areas for possible Improvements CWA allows to draw focus on decision making or conflicting interests Can be used to develop a future A-CDM Decision Support System

35 THANK YOU THANK YOU! Q & A?