Spain s Empire Philip II - son of V - seized control of - empire of vast Defender of Spanish destroyed by Protestant England

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1 Module 11 Absolute Monarchs in Europe Absolutism A decline in feudalism led to a rise of strong national kingdoms with more authority Absolute rulers wanted to control every of society Believed in Right - monarch answered only to God Spain s Empire Philip II - son of V - seized control of - empire of vast Defender of Spanish destroyed by Protestant England Golden Age of Spanish Art & Literature El painter; deep Catholic faith Diego Velázquez Painter; Spanish Don, Miguel de Cervantes - mocked Spanish Empire Declines Colonial Wealth Severe High No Class Foreign Dutch Protestants 1579 The Netherlands declares

2 The Independent Dutch Prosper United Provinces of the - Republic; Religious van Rijn portraits Dutch Empire - Merchants & - Dutch East Trade Company trade Mania Louis XIV, the King Became King at years old Most monarch of the time Surrounded by - Versailles Fought wars Created staggering - legacy would lead to Ruled for years, 3 months and 18 days Great of the Arts - Liked to perform Had a staff of nearly to wait on him constantly Versailles 12 miles west of Cost = dollars 36,000 acres of gardens and lawns fountains Famous Hall of

3 European Monarchs Clash Union vs. League Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand II ( Family) closed some Protestant churches in Bohemia Sent in an army to crush a Began the War The Thirty Years War ( ) Hapsburg Triumphs - Armies from Austria and crushed Protestant troops for 12 years - 125,000 paid through Hapsburg Defeats - Gustavus of Sweden drove Hapsburg armies out of northern Germany - Cardinal Richelieu and Cardinal Mazarin of France (Catholic) German & Swedish Protestants - Germany s Population dropped % Peace of Westphalia weakened the states of Spain and Austria strengthened by awarding it German territory made German princes of the Holy Roman emperor ended wars in Europe introduced a new method of talks Beginning of states

4 States Form in Central Europe Laws restricted serfs ability to gain Poland: King very limited power Ottoman Empire & Holy Roman Empire Hapsburg Austria grows - Controlled a assortment of people Czechs, Hungarians, Italians, Croatians, and Germans. - inherited the Austrian throne Decreased the power of the The Rise of Prussia Focused on creating a strong nobles/army officers the Great - Religious - First of the State War of the Austrian Succession 1740, Maria Theresa becomes ruler of the Great invaded Silesia, (Austria) Austria, the Netherlands, & England vs. Prussia, France, & Treaty: Maria Theresa as ruler but Prussia acquired Silesia The Seven Years War Austria allied with France, and Russia against Prussia and 1756, Frederick attacked Every great European power got Fought in Europe, India, & No territorial changes in Britain gained French lands in N. America &

5 Russian Czars Ivan the - Came to power at years old - Good Period ruled - Bad Period formed secret enemies murdered his own, left Russia unstable Led to the beginning of the dynasty Peter the Great Mind of a genius, body of a giant, and of a bear Great Russia Built - Russia s to the west Credited with making Russia a power Monarchs in England James Stuart, King of, becomes the King of England Charles I - had problems with - needed to fight extended wars Petition of - The King agreed NOT to - Imprison subjects without due - Levy taxes without consent - House soldiers in homes - Impose law in peacetime

6 English Civil War Charles I wanted both kingdoms to follow one Needed money; opposed by Parliament limits power fled London & raised an army English Civil War ( ) Cavaliers (loyal to king) vs. (Puritans) Oliver Cromwell Puritan General New Model Charles I captured, tried for treason, & the monarchy and set up a commonwealth/republic Crushed an rebellion Drafted a Became the head of state, Lord England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland under a single government Charles II Charles II began the period known as the prisoner right to have charges brought against him before a judge Charles Catholic Brother becomes king Revolution - overthrow of Charles brother, King James II - Led by daughter and husband of Orange (protestants) - Encouraged by

7 Limits on Monarchy William and Mary worked Parliament - created a Monarchy Drafted a Bill of established on royal powers After 1688, no monarch could rule without the of Parliament group of government ministers from the majority party that act in the ruler s name Leader of the majority party became Minister