Development of Agricultural Education In India. R. P. Singh. Executive Secretary

Transcription

1 Development of Agricultural Education In India R. P. Singh Executive Secretary Indian Agricultural Universities Association (IAUA) Indian Agricultural Research Institute New Delhi, India

2 I pay my homage to my beloved Prof. whose un8mely death at the age of 52 Years (1982) was a Great Loss to the World Wheat Research in par8cular and Agril. Scien8fic Community in General. 2

3 Our Glorious Past in Agricultural Educa8on Nalanda University Nalanda, Takshila, Vikramshila, Kashi were centers of Knowledge in Ancient 7me Nalanda and Takshila Universi7es were among The Top Ranking Universi7es In the World like present day Oxford and Harvard. Takshila University Vikramshila University The famous trea7es of Arthashastra by Kau8lya is said to be compiled in Takshila University. In Nalanda and Takshila Universities, Agriculture was included in curricula as one of the 18 arts 3

4 Pre independence on British system of Education. Post independence era on the US Land Grant College pattern. Earliest Agricultural College Saida pet (Chennai) First Veterinary college in Lahore (Now in Pakistan) years veterinary sciences course at Parel Bombay Research Imperial Bacteriological college at Poona Vet colleges at Calcutta (1893) and Madras (1903).

5 Famine, Lord Curzon- viceroy of India To develop agriculture Beginning of 20 th century Agricultural Research Institutes at Pusa Dharbanga. Now in Samastipur then Imperial & now IARI Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu) Agricultural colleges at Kanpur, Lyallpur (Pakistan) & Nagpur in Poona in 1907 and Sabour in 1908.

6 Situa8on Before & with Beginning and onward of 20 th Century Six Agricultural Colleges were established i.e. Kanpur (U.P.), Lyalpur (Now in Pakistan), Coimbatore (in Tamil Nadu) and Nagpur in 1906, Pune (in Maharashtra) in 1907 and Sabour (Bihar) in Before Independence, up to 1947, 16 Agricultural and Veterinary colleges existed and were affiliated to general universi8es. In earlier days before Green Revolution there were following institutions as College of Agriculture serving the cause of Agricultural Education in the country: 1. IVRI, Izatnagar, U.P., WBUAFS, Kolkata, W.B NAV, Navsari, Gujarat UAS, Bangalore, Karnataka TANVASU, Chennai, Tamilnadu IGKV, Raipur, Chhadsgarh IARI*, New Delhi TNAU*, Coimbatore CSAUAST*, Kanpur, U.P AAU, Jorhat, Assam MPKV*, Rahuri, Maharashtra SHIATS*, Allahabad, U.P NDRI, Karnal AAU, Anand, Gujarat UAS, Dharwad, Karnataka BCKV, Mohanpur Only Teaching Programme Research and Extension very less and in Isola8on 6

7 PG by Agricultural Research Institute (1905) started two years postgraduate diploma CCA IARI Associate ship in 1923 from Imperial Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa. On the recommendation of Royal Commission on Agriculture (1928) Imperial (now Indian) Council of Agricultural Research in In early 1930s P.G. leading to M.Sc. & Ph.D. Degree in Agriculture. Madras Veterinary Colleges Affiliation with University of Madras in years B.V.Sc. Between five more veterinary colleges i.e., Mathura (1946), Rajendra Nagar (1946), Jabalpur (1948), Jorhat (1948) and Hissar (1948). Before these veterinary colleges, degree course in Agricultural Engineering began in early 1940s at Allahabad Agricultural Institute (now deemed university).

8 By India s Independence After independence GOI appointed University Education Commission under Dr. S. Radhakrishnan as Chairman in 1948 to review higher Education & suggest measures. The Committee recommended the establishment of rural universities in the Country With Dr. S. Radhakrishnan commission & two joints Indo American study teams headed by Dr. K.R. Damale (1955) and Dr. N.S. Randhawa (1959), recommended the establishment of Agricultural Universities on the Land Gant Pattern of U.S. In 1960, the GOI appointed another Agricultural University committee headed by Dr. Ralf W. Cummings from U.S., prepared the Blue-Print and guidelines for Agricultural Universities in the states. First Agricultural University was setup in Pantnagar in 1960, and paved way for other Agricultural Universi7es in other states. 8

9 Land Marks in Agricultural Educa7on Year Landmarks 1952 Indian Council of Agricultural Education (ICAE) set up (worked up to 1964 under ICAR) First `Deemed University` status bestowed on IARI 1959 Chief of Agricultural Education and ex-officio Secretary to ICAE appointed Emergence of SAUs, starting with Pantnagar, based on the recommendations of Joint Indo-American Teams Standing Committee on Agricultural Education replaced the Education Panel ICAR reorganization with four Divisions including Agricultural Education ICAR developed Model Act for Agricultural Universities in India. To be con8nued.

10 Con8nued Year Landmarks 1973 Second reorganization of ICAR with the establishment of Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE) to provide greater autonomy to ICAR, and Regional Committees to take care of regional needs, and creation of Agricultural Research Services (ARS) and Agricultural Scientists Recruitment Board (ASRB) 1974 Norms and Accreditation Committee (NAC) replaced Standing Committee on Agricultural Education 1988 G.V.K. Rao Committee recommendations to revamp the functioning of ICAR including its role in Agricultural Education 1995 Agricultural Human Resource Development (AHRD) project, with World Bank Support, launched (ended in 2001) 1996 Accreditation Board established replacing NAC 2007 IV Deans Committee revised UG course curricula and syllabi, and norms, standards and academic regulation National Core Group revised PG (Master s and PhD) course curricula and syllabi and the common academic regulations.

11 In India Agriculture Starts from 10+2 (11 th and 12 th Class) Ini8ally, In India, and 8ll date there is no agricultural educa8on in the primary classes and up to school level of 10 th Class. However, agriculture as a separate discipline starts in Indian Colleges only in 10+2 i.e. 11 th and 12 th Class with about 12 subjects in all the agricultural colleges in India supposed to be the base start in Agriculture before to the UG Agricultural Educa8on system: Intermediate Subjects (PART - I) 1. Elementary Hindi or Local Language 2. English 3. Agronomy (General Farm, Crops, Soil and Manures) 4. Botany 5. Physics and Climatology 6. Agricultural Engineering and Land Survey Intermediate Subjects (PART - II) 1. Agronomy Irriga7on, Drainage and Vegetable Culture 2. Economics 3. Zoology 4. Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science 5. Chemistry 6. Mathema7cs and Elementary Sta7s7cs 11

12 Subjects in Graduate UG Classes In Graduate (UG) classes the agricultural educa7on was going on mostly with almost 14 subjects, in most of the erstwhile colleges in India and also persists 7ll date with some improvements and modifica7ons as per the local needs and 7meto-7me na7onal requirements. PART - I 1. Crops & Cropping Scheme 2. Botany Internal Morphology, Crop Systema7c and Physiology 3. Soil, Plant Chemistry, Fer7lizers and Manures 4. Agricultural Entomology 5. Plant Pathology including Bacteriology 6. Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science 7. Agricultural Economics UG Classes: B.Sc. (Agriculture) PART II 1. Farm Management, Soil Management and Field Experimenta7on 2. Farm Machinery 3. Dairying 4. Hor7culture 5. Botany (Gene7cs & Plant Breeding) 6. Dairy Chemistry and Animal Nutri7on 7. Agricultural Extension 12

13 PG Agricultural Educa8on in India The PG educa8on was going on in various universi7es almost on the palern of the subjects at the Indian Agricultural Research Ins8tute, New Delhi with about 14 (base subjects) + new addi7ons. S.No. Subjects Other Subjects from the Original 1. Agricultural Economics - 2. Agricultural Engineering i. Crops-Post-Harvest Technology 3. Agricultural Extension - 4. Agronomy - 5. Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences* - 6. Biochemistry - 7. Botany i. Gene7cs & Plant Breeding ii. Plant Physiology iii. Seed Science & Technology iv. Plant Introduc7on Division/NBPGR/ Plant Gene7c Resources v. Molecular Biology & Biotechnology vi. Bioinfoma7cs 8. Entomology i. Nematology 9. Hor7culture i. Vegetables ii. Floriculture iii. Fruits & Vegetables-Post-Harvest Technology & Value Addi7on 10. Microbiology i. Na7onal facility of Algae 11. Plant Pathology Soils and Agricultural Chemistry i. Agricultural Physics ii. Agricultural Chemicals 13. Agricultural Sta7s7cs i. Computer Applica7ons 14. Water Science & Technology i. Environmental Sciences *Dealt in Na7onal Dairy Research Ins7tute, Indian Veterinary Research Ins7tute and Veterinary Colleges in many of the Agricultural Universi7es 13

14 IAUA and Establishment (1967) The idea to coordinate education, research and extension programmes /activities of all agricultural universities in India came to the mind of some well reputated agricultural Scientists cum Vice Chancellors like Dr. M. S. Swaminathan, Shri P. N. Thapar when India after her independence was in transition period. 14

15 FOUNDER MEMBER UNIVERSITIES The Indian Agricultural universities Association is a Registered Society, established in November 1967 with the registration no dt. 10/11/1967 with nine Indian agricultural universities as its founder member, viz. Shri P.N. Thapar, VC, PAU, Chandigarh (now Ludhiana); Shri V. Pulla Reddi, VC, APAU (now ANGRAU), Hyderabad, Dr J.S.Patel, VC, JNKVV, Jabalpur; Shri D.P.Singh, VC, UPAU (now GBUAT) Pantnagar; Dr K.C.Naik, VC, UAS, Bangalore; Dr S.N. Das Gupta, VC, KU, Kalyani (now BCKV, Mohanpur); Dr K. Ramiah, VC, OUAT Bhubaneswar; Dr G.S. Mahajani, VC, UU (now MPUAT, Udaipur) Dr M.S. Swaminathan, Director, IARI, New Delhi. 15

16 IAUA-EVENTS ORGANIZED TILL DATE! Annual Conven8ons 40 ( Na8onal Symposium 10! Brainstorming Session-6! Regional Mee8ngs 6! Roundtable Conference of VC s -1! Special mee8ng-1 Con7nue... 16

17 Higher Agricultural Education in India Improvements in higher educa8on and research during Green Revolution Extraordinary increase in HRD number/ strength with special recruitment drive. 2. Many scien8st (about 25%) were sent to foreign universities for upgrading of their higher educa8on and another 25% were helped in gedng higher education from the best national universities. 3. Among the working scien8st almost 30% had the opportunity of going for post doc or advance trainings in various foreign universities for most of the advancement needed in related exper8se. 17

18 Earlier Reforms in Curricula The first major exercise, improvement in course curricula and courses of Agricultural Educa7on in late 50s ajer establishment the State Agricultural Universi7es by erstwhile Indian Council of Agricultural Educa8on which formulated modern curricula. ICAR has been appoin7ng Deans Commilees. 1 st Deans Commilee (1965): This commikee submiked report in 1965, gave detailed guidelines for UG educa8on in: Agriculture Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry Agricultural Engineering Home Science The Commikee also gave guidelines on Post-Graduate Educa8on in Agriculture and Allied Sciences; there were 12 Agricultural Universi8es at this 7me. 2 nd Deans Commilee (1977): The Agricultural Universi8es review commilee headed by Dr. M.S. Randhawa suggested the cons7tu7on of 2 nd Deans Commikee headed by Dr. N.K. Anant Rao worked on the following: (27 Agricultural Universi8es at this 7me) Submiked its Report in Course Curricula review of Agriculture, Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Agri. Engg., Home Science, Basic Sciences and Humani8es. 18

19 Reforms in Curricula (Cont. 2) 3 rd Deans Commilee (1995): Headed by Dr. Kir8 Singh with 10 members, Worked in detail on the line of globaliza8on, Na8onal Economic policies, open market and GATT suggested for: Diversifica8on Value Addi8on and Globaliza8on (28 Agricultural Universi8es at this 7me in 17 major states) Largest Educa8on System in 11 Degree courses of Agriculture and Allied Sciences and Post-Graduate programme in more than 60 disciplines. Suggested Improvement in Course Curricula keeping future requirements in: Biotechnology Agri-business Agri-meteorology Environmental Sciences Agro-Ecology Trade & Export Computer Sciences Also recommended more changes in the already existed and new Job Oriented courses: Food Science & Technology Agricultural Engineering Home Science Agri-Business star8ng Under-Graduate degree programme in the universi7es, already opera7ng Agri-business management for PG Classes i.e. GBPUAT, Pantnagar; PAU, Ludhiana; ANGRAU, Hyderabad; CCSHAU, Hisar; UAS, Dharwad; and MANAGE, Hyderabad 19 (ICAR Ins8tute).

20 Reforms in Curricula (Cont. 3) 4 th Deans Commilee (2005): Headed by Dr. S.L. Mehta, Former DDG (Edn.) with 12 members. To deal with 48 Agricultural Universi8es at this 7me. Course curricula revision: Bolom-up approach in respect of curricula improvement undertaken and commikee recommended: 1. Re-orienta7on of Course curricula to develop much needed skills for entrepreneurship mind-set to take up self-employment. 2. Re-structuring of UG programme for increased prac8cal and prac8ce content: i. For Complete understanding of complete field problems ii. Project development and execu7on iii. More emphasis on developing Agri-business and Agri-clinics iv. In Home Science, 2 years professional programme (1 year industrial & 1 year Agri-business) alachment. 3. Courses on entrepreneurship development, communica8on skills, computer knowledge, agri-business, environmental science, biotechnology etc. included in all UG disciplines. 4. Prac8cal content increase substan7ally and is now 50-50% of the total course load. 5. Major strengthening of Food Technology programme was recommended. 6. Ini7a7on of M.Tech in Food Technology is recommended to be in all colleges. 7. Distance Educa8on: to empower youth- school drop-outs and educated farmers to equip them with diploma and cer8ficates do that these can be hired via Para-agriculture, Para-Veterinary services offered by various agencies in rural areas. 20

21 Reforms in Curricula (Cont. 4) 5 th Deans Commilee (2013): Headed by Prof. R.B. Singh with 13 members; working for 64 Agricultural Universi7es. 1 st Mee8ng of selected Core-Conveners and Co-Core-Conveners held on 14 th Aug Mee8ng of all Deans, Commikee members, Conveners and Co- Conveners was held on th Feb Discipline wise mee8ng of Members, Conveners, Co-Conveners and some Special Invitees is being convened under the DDG (Edn.) to prepare Micro-level report. Mee8ng of all disciplines is likely to be completed by 15 th Oct Mee8ng of the Core-Commilee is slated to be first week of Nov to give a final shape of report. 21

22 5 th Deans Commilee Report Submiled in 2016 : 101 ICAR institutes and 73 agricultural universities. Quality assurance in higher agricultural education. Employability of passing out graduates. Employability to enhanced rural livelihood and food security, sustainability of agriculture and agriculture transformation.

23 NEW INITIATIVES: 1. Student READY (Rural and Entrepreneurship Awareness Development Yojana) * One year program in all the UG disciplines: * Experien8al Learning. * Rural Agriculture Work Experience. * In Plant Training / Industrial alachment. * Heads-on training (HOT) / skill development training.

24 2. Common Courses: Environmental Studies and Disaster Management. Communication Skills and Personality Development. Information and Communication Technology. Entrepreneurship Development and Business Management. Agricultural Informatics. Economics and Marketing.

25 3. New Programmes: B.Tech. (Biotechnology) B.Sc. (Hons) Sericulture. B.Sc. (Hons) Home Science rechristened as Community Science. B.Sc. (Hons) Food Nutrition and Dietetics. 4. DPRs for Establishment of new Colleges:

26 5. Holistic distribution of courses : I year - Basic and fundamental courses. II year - Principles. III year - Production system. IV year - Skill and entrepreneurship development.

27 SALIENT OUTCOMES : Defining UG & PG Degrees For General Market Needs. Specialist Jobs. Uniformity In UG and PG Degree Nomenclature. Restructuring of UG Programmes for Increased Practical / Practice Contents. CENTRAL ASSISTANCE FOR STRENGTHENING OF HIGHER AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. * Students Exchange Programme. * Demonstration cum Production Centre. Guidelines for Assessing Training Needs and Performance of Teaching Faculties. Reforms in Governance of SAUs. Preparation of DPR for Establishment of a New College.

28 6. Declaring degrees in Agricultural Sciences as professional : Agricultural Agricultural Engineering Biotechnology Dairy Technology Fisheries Food Technology Forestry Home Science (Community Science) Horticulture Sericulture

29 7. Implementation of recommendations : Recommendation should be mandatory for accreditation of academic programmes and academic institutions. Only the accredited institutions and programmes should be eligible to seek ICAR development grant.

30 Women Participation In the recent times and in future greater role for women in higher agricultural education system is being seriously viewed. It calls for their greater participation at all levels. Presently women constitutes about one third of the total strength of students at UG and PG level in SAUs and DUs which is low. Women s technological empowerment holds the key to successful enterprises, rural prosperity and nutritional security. The capacity of the women through home science education be developed to offer the possibilities of owing small businesses. This needs infusing relevance and utility of course curricula to attract sufficient number of enrolment. 30

31 Agricultural Education Present Setup P.G. school IARI AUs (including 15 Veterinary& Animal Sciences, 2 Fisheries & 6 Horticulture) 2 CAUs, 5 DUs & 4 Uni. with Agricultural faculty (BHU, AMU, V.B. Shantineketan & Nagaland University) With 265 colleges. 35,000 students. 11 major discipline at UG about 95 subjects at P.G. level. 55% students from rural. 36% Girls. 100 private colleges 10,000 students mostly in Maharashtra & Chhattisgarh.

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33 With Improved Agricultural Education, Research and Extension We shall sustain our GOLDEN GREEN REVOLUTION 33

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