RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS WIND ENERGY (1) Prof. Ibrahim El-mohr Prof. Ahmed Anas. Lec. 5

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1 RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS WIND ENERGY (1) Prof. Ibrahim El-mohr Prof. Ahmed Anas Lec. 5

2 Outline 2 Wind Energy Outlook Introduction to Wind Energy Conversion History of Wind Turbines Classifications of Wind Energy Conversion Systems Physical Principles of Wind Energy Conversion

3 Wind Energy Outlook 3 Wind Power Total World Capacity Power Capacity and Additions, Top 10 Countries Wind Facts Market Shares of Top 10 Wind Turbine Manufacturers Wind Energy in Egypt

4 4 Wind Power Total World Capacity

5 5 Power Capacity and Additions, Top 10 Countries

6 6 Wind Facts

7 Market Shares of Top 10 Wind Turbine Manufacturers,

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11 Wind Energy in Egypt 11 EGYPT Wind resources EGYPT R E Annual_Report_2012_2013_NAREA

12 12 Wind resource map of Egypt

13 13 Offshore wind resource map of EGYPT

14 14 Mean wind speeds and power densities in EGYPT

15 Resources Assessment Wind Atlas of Egypt Egypt enjoys an excellent wind regime, particularly in the Suez Gulf where the wind speed exceeds 10 m/sec. In march 2003, a detailed wind atlas for the Suez Gulf Coast was issued in cooperation with Denmark, concluding that the region can host about MW of wind farms. The Atlas was expanded to cover the whole country and the final version was issued in Dec The Atlas indicates that the wind energy resource is available in a large region of the Western Desert and parts of Sinai.

16 Demonstration Projects Several pilot and demonstration projects have been installed to gain and accumulated the necessary experience since The first commercial wind farm (5 MW) was established and interconnected with the local grid of Hurghada in 1993, generating about 9 GWh/year The farm includes 42 WT of different types and sizes. Some components were locally manufactured (towers, blades, other mech. and elect. components). German WT Pitch regulated Tubular tower 100 kw Danish WT Stall regulated Tubular tower 100 kw Danish WT Stall regulated Lattice tower 300 kw

17 Large Scale National Grid Connected Projects at Zafarana on the Red Sea Coast Zafarana site, which has been selected to host the 1st large wind park. The site has been specified as one of the best all over the world, with excellent wind characteristics (stable profile, relatively small variations). An area of 156 km 2 has been allocated in north of zafarana to implement wind farms.

18 Large Scale Grid Connected Commercial Wind Farms at Zafarana on Suez Gulf Currently, 225 MW wind farm has been operated in stages since 2001 in cooperation with Germany, Denmark and Spain. About 30% of it was locally manufactured. The farm consists of 322 WT : 105 wt of 600 kw each. 117 wt of 660 kw each. 100 wt of 850 kw each. The farm producing annually about 850 million kwh, saving about 190,000 T.O.E.

19 On Going Projects A- At Zafarana on Suez Gulf 80 MW in cooperation with German government, in addition to a role for the private sector in the O&M out of contract of 5 years. The contract was signed in July 2006 and it is expected to operate the project by end of MW in cooperation with the Japanese Government. The contract was signed in Feb MW in cooperation with Danish Government. The contract was signed in Feb

20 Future Projects B- At Gabal El-Zait on Suez Gulf Lately, an area of 700 Km 2 has been earmarked to host 3000 MW wind farms, where the site enjoys of an excellent wind regime of about 10.5 m/s. A feasibility study for large wind farms at Gabal El Zeyt, besides a feasibility study for establishing 80 MW wind farm will be conducted by end of MW in cooperation with Japan (feasibility study has been completed in March 2005). Gabal El-Zeit

21 Installed Wind Energy Capacity (MW) in EGYPT 21

22 22 Future of Wind Energy in EGYPT

23 23 History of Wind Turbines

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26 Sizes and Applications 26 Small ( 10 kw) Homes Farms Remote Applications (e.g. water pumping, telecom sites, icemaking) Intermediate ( kw) Village Power Hybrid Systems Distributed Power Large (660 kw - 2+MW) Central Station Wind Farms Distributed Power Community Wind

27 Wind Turbine Growth: Size, Power and Cost 27 CoE From ~60 cents/kwh down to 5-6 cents/kwh for the period Rotor Dia. (m) kw , , ,500+ Increased size, improved performance and technology innovation Wind energy now cost competitive with conventional fuels 27

28 Wind Turbine Principles 28 Kinetic Energy Mechanical Energy Electrical Energy Component Rotor Gearbox Generator Converter Efficiency 45-52% 95-97% 97-98% 96-99% Overall: 42 50% Efficient Today Theoretical Maximum is 59.3% (no losses)

29 Classifications of Wind Energy Conversion Systems 29 Classifications by Size Classification by Wind Turbine Structure

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36 Physical Principles of Wind Energy Conversion 36 How is wind created? Temperatures vary according to the amount of sun it gets Uneven heating of the Earth's atmosphere and surface Balance between warm and cool air is constantly changing, creating wind.

37 Introduction to Wind Energy 37 Wind turbines work by converting the kinetic energy in the wind first into rotational kinetic energy in the turbine and then electrical energy that can be supplied, via the national grid. The energy available for conversion mainly depends on the wind speed and the swept area of the turbine. When planning a wind farm it is important to know the expected power and energy output of each wind turbine to be able to calculate its economic viability.

38 PROBLEM STATEMENT 38 With the knowledge that it is of critical economic importance to know the power and therefore energy produced by different types of wind turbine in different conditions, in this exemplar we will calculate the rotational kinetic power produced in a wind turbine at its rated wind speed. This is the minimum wind speed at which a wind turbine produces its rated power.

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41 41 MATHEMATICAL MODEL

42 42 The fundamental theory of design and operation of wind turbines

43 General Notes 43 The wind rotor is assumed to be an ideal energy converter, meaning that: It consists of an infinite number of rotor blades which do not result in any drag resistance to the wind flowing through them. In addition, uniformity is assumed over the whole area swept by the rotor, and the speed of the air beyond the rotor is considered to be axial. The ideal wind rotor is taken at rest and is placed in a moving fluid atmosphere.

44 The cross sectional area swept by the turbine blade 44 is designated as S, with the air cross-section upwind from the rotor designated as S1, and downwind as S2. The wind speed passing through the turbine rotor is considered uniform as V, with its value as V1 upwind, and as V2 downwind at a distance from the rotor. Extraction of mechanical energy by the rotor occurs by reducing the kinetic energy of the air stream from upwind to downwind, or simply applying a braking action on the wind.

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58 Rotor optimal Tip Speed Ratio, TSR 58 Another important concept relating to the power of wind turbines is the optimal tip speed ratio, which is defined as the ratio of the speed of the rotor tip to the free stream wind speed. If a rotor rotates too slowly, it allows too much wind to pass through undisturbed, and thus does not extract as much as energy as it could, within the limits of the Betz Criterion, of course.

59 Rotor optimal Tip Speed Ratio, TSR 59 On the other hand, if the rotor rotates too quickly, it appears to the wind as a large flat disc, which creates a large amount of drag. The rotor Tip Speed Ratio, TSR depends on the blade airfoil profile used, the number of blades, and the type of wind turbine. In general, three bladed wind turbines operate at a TSR of between 6 and 8, with 7 being the most widely reported value.

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