Solar power in Germany Challenges in the integration of renewable energy sources. Darian Andreas Schaab, M.Sc Bangkok

Transcription

1 Solar power in Germany Challenges in the integration of renewable energy sources Darian Andreas Schaab, M.Sc Bangkok

2 Fraunhofer IPA Technology consultant and innovation driver since 1959 Operational budget of 70.8 million euros 25.8 million euros in industrial revenues More than 1,000 employees New technical center Gebäude D in Stuttgart Fraunhofer Institute Center in Stuttgart Note: key figures for 2016; IPA Stuttgart including locations in Rostock, Mannheim, Bayreuth and Vienna 2

3 Cooperating at the highest level What we do Product development and optimization Process development and optimization Technology development and optimization Assessments, tests and certifications Organization and procedure optimization Market analyses and innovation consulting 3

4 Energy transition What are the challenges of the changing power system? 4

5 Germany World Climate protection goals Where do we stand today? CO 2-Emissions Time CO 2 Emissions Primary Energy Consumption *19 % deviation - 80 % by 2050 *17 % deviation - 50 % by % by 2050 CO 2 -Emissions Primary Energy Consumption Share of Renewables** *forecast assuming continuation of current trend **on gross electricity consumption Source: based on Gesamtausgabe der Energiedaten Datensammlung des BMWi (2017) 5

6 The Triple Bottom Line of Sustainable Energy Systems Electricity Sectors & Markets Heat Transportation Energy Efficiency Efficiency First Digitization Renewables Energies Demand Side Management High End Need Based Technologies Smart Energy Services Awareness, Research, Politics, Funding, Laws and Regulations Source: Fraunhofer IPA, Max Weeber 6

7 The factory in the context of a changing energy system Shading Photovoltaic System HVAC Electricity Fossil Fuel (Oil, Gas etc.) Heating Cooling Compressed Air Machine Tool Compressed Air System Machine Tool Hot Water Storage CHP Heat Pump Ground Probes 7

8 AGENDA Renewables How does the electric energy system work? 8

9 energy information demand energy information generation Exploitation of solar power in Germany Todays stability of power systems relies on controllable generation. generation volatile controllable fossil fuels distribution nuclear energy consumption present energy demand 9

10 demand generation Exploitation of solar power in Germany Renewable energies produce volatile and decentral energy. 23. August volatile controllable 03. November demand conventional wind renewable energies fossil fuels nuclear energy photovoltaics water biomass present energy demand 10

11 Exploitation of solar power in Germany Renewable generation needs to be balanced in the overall power system. balancing Stopping renewable infeed to the grid storage systems adaptable energy demand renewable energies Decoupling demand and generation by storages Demand side management for control power 11

12 Challenges of a changing power system A growing share of renewable power in Germany raises the need for a controllable energy demand. Energy production of renewable power plants is volatile For stable and secure energy supply energy production and consumption needs to be balanced The future energy market needs more active role of consuming stakeholders within the supply grid There is a need for controllable energy consumption and storage capacities 12

13 Smart-Grid A digital solution for future energy distribution? 13

14 Requirements for a Smart Grid Smart Grid allows embedding devices in the energy control system by making information available. A smart grid is an electricity network that uses digital and other advanced technologies to monitor and manage the transport of electricity from all generation sources to meet the varying electricity demands of end-users. Smart grids coordinate the needs and capabilities of all generators, grid operators, end-users and electricity market stakeholders to operate all parts of the system as efficiently as possible, minimizing costs and environmental impacts while maximizing system reliability, resilience and stability. IEA (2011) Linking information and energy distribution 14

15 System requirements of a Smart Grid Smart Grid allows embedding devices in the energy control system by making information available. Future requirements Basic requirements Reliability Resilience Stability Low infrastructure costs Todays requirements Increasing efficiency Enabling energy flexibility Adapting to external effects Open interfaces/ clear rules Information availability Versatile infrastructure 15

16 Fraunhofer IPA approach to industrial Smart Grids Decentral control system for stable energy distribution. power droop value Operation Principle Modulation of energy availability as information on droop value Information exchange Energy transmission Droop controlled Power control distributed in single power plants Optional integration of any grid devices 16

17 regeneration energy import Fraunhofer IPA approach to industrial Smart Grids A decentral control system allows for simple prioritization of photovoltaic generation. Power PV system mean AC-grid power regenerative current U Nom Voltage 17

18 18 Application What are the challenges for grid stability?

19 Passive storage Inertia of rotating generators Primary control: Frequency depended power control Secondary control: Frequency restoration Tertiary control: economic supply, optimum power flow Ensuring power grid stability German power grid stability is based on three control levels. nanoseconds microseconds milliseconds seconds minutes hours dynamics Challenges Decreasing passive storage in power grid Volatile power generation by renewable sources Compensation of reactive power 19

20 Ensuring power grid stability Transient stability by substitution inertia of rotating generators. Synthetic inertia from wind power plants S ~ ~ ΔP P 0 = T Δf f 0 E kin ΔP 2 f f 0 Inertia of rotating masses determines frequency gradient in case of an disturbance Power electronics with high dynamics emulate inertia behavior for relevant frequencies 20

21 Battery storage power plant Storages allow to increase energy utilization while maintaining grid stability. Applications primary control energy dynamic load compensation Secondary control energy compensation of renewable infeed M5Bat Specifications* Technology: Li-Ion Voltage level: 10 kv Energy capacity: 4 MWh Power to the grid: 5 MW Lifetime: 20 years Efficiency (AC to AC): 80 % Response time: approx. 100 ms 21 *Source:

22 Ensuring power grid stability Reactive power control is distributed renewable generators and phase shifters. cos φ Phase shifting is required for grid connected renewable generation in Germany Power factor between 0.95 and 1 P/P Max = ~ Control of reactive power 1. Fixed demand of reactive power 2. Changing phase shifting by schedule or remote signal 3. Droop control with characteristic as function of grid parameters 22

23 Darian Andreas Schaab, M. Sc. Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation IPA Institute for Energy Efficiency in Production EEP University of Stuttgart Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dipl.-Kfm. Alexander Sauer Nobelstraße Stuttgart Phone Smart - Grid 24