The egg industry Global overview

Transcription

1 The egg industry Global overview Vincent Guyonnet, DVM, Ph.D, Dipl. ACPV IEC Scientific advisor 2013 年 5 月 9 日吉林大学

2 Source of Information / Data International Egg Commission (IEC); Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO); Chinese Animal Agriculture Association (CAAA); Peer-reviewed scientific papers; Chapters from the following books:

3 Outline of lecture Egg and egg products Global overview on production, trade and consumption; Key egg production data; Key players by segment; Global issues for the Poultry Industry; Questions & Answers at any time

4 Shell eggs data Source: FAO and IEC

5 40% 37.2% 35% The egg A global food % Growth of the Global Animal Production ( ) 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% million metric tonnes 22.2% 20.2% 17.6% 15.2% 10.8% 5% 0% Chicken Meat Eggs Milk Pig Meat Sheep / Goat Meat Source: FAO Yearbook 2010 Production data - Tables B.10, B.11 and B.12 Cattle Meat

6 Top 10 egg producing countries (2011) Rank Country Production Production Flag ( $1000) (Metric tonne) Flag 1 China 中国 20,028,649 * 24,148,680 * 2 United States of America 4,494,832 * 5,419,450 3 India 印度 2,894,567 * 3,490,000 * 4 Japan 日本 2,059,066 * 2,482,630 5 Mexico 墨西哥 2,039,243 * 2,458,730 6 Russian Federation 1,893,992 * 2,283,600 * 7 Brazil 巴西 1,689,075 * 2,036,530 * 8 Indonesia 印度尼西亚 967,399 * 1,166,400 9 Ukraine 868,536 * 1,064, France 法国 696,272 * 839,500 * Worldwide * 70,408,000 ~65% worldwide production Source: FAOSTAT, accessed *: Unofficial figure [ ]: Official data F: FAO estimate

7 Source: FAOSTAT, accessed

8 Other key egg producing countries (2011) Rank Country Production Production Flag ( $1000) (Metric tonne) Flag 11 Spain 688,686 * 830,000 F 12 Turkey 671,805 * 810,000 * 13 Germany 644,518 * 777, Iran (Islamic Republic of) 614,577 * 741,000 F 15 Italy 611,093 * 736,800 F 16 Netherlands 573,937 * 692, United Kingdom 549,055 * 662, Colombia 530,583 * 639, Nigeria 527,491 * 636, Pakistan 501,182 * 604,279 F Top 20 countries ~ 75% worldwide production *: Unofficial figure [ ]: Official data F: FAO estimate Source: FAOSTAT, accessed

9 The egg A global food Top 10 producing countries Growth between 2001 and 2009 Country Increase (tonnes) % Increase China 5,749, % India 1,124, % Mexico 565, % Indonesia 548, % Ukraine 404, % Brazil 377, % USA 339, % Russia Fed. 299, % Colombia 218, % Iran 198, % Source: FAO Yearbook 2010 Production data - Table B.12

10 Number of laying hens in selected countries (2011) 1,600 1,400 1,200 1, ,400 Layers (millions) Source: IEC data

11 Source: IEC, 2013 Global egg production ( )

12 Global egg production ( ) Source: FAO database

13 Source: IEC, 2013 Global egg production ( )

14 Top 10 producing countries in Asia ( ) Source: IEC, 2013

15 Egg production evolution ( ): USA ( 美国 ), China ( 中国 ) and India( 印度 ) s tonnes USA China India Source: FAOSTAT, accessed

16 Top 10 countries in Europe ( ) Source: IEC, 2013

17 Egg production growth in Europe (data in 000s tonnes) Source: IEC, 2010

18 Egg production growth (data in 000s tonnes) Source: IEC, 2010

19 Growth in agricultural production ( ) Source: FAOSTAT, FAO Statistical yearbook - accessed

20 Development of global shell egg export ( ) - (Data in tonnes) Source: FAO data X 2

21 Evolution of global egg exports ( ) Source: FAO database - IEC, 2013

22 Global top 10 exporting countries in 2008 (Data in tonnes) 荷兰中国西班牙波兰吗来西亚 Source: FAO data

23 Top 10 exporting countries in Asia ( ) (Data in 000 s tonnes) Source: FAO database - IEC, 2013

24 Evolution of global egg imports ( ) Source: FAO database - IEC, 2013

25 Source: FAO data Development of global shell egg import ( ) - (Data in tonnes)

26 Global top 10 importing countries in 2008 (Data in tonnes) 德国荷兰法国香港 Source: FAO data

27 Top 10 importing countries in Asia ( ) (Data in 000 s tonnes) Source: FAO database - IEC, 2013

28 2008 Trade balance of shell eggs in Asia ( 亚洲 ) (Data in tonnes) Source: FAO and IEC data

29 Top ten countries with highest surplus and deficit in shell egg trade (2008) (Data in tonnes) + - Source: FAO and IEC data

30 LIQUID EGGS Egg products data EGG POWDERS Source: FAO and IEC

31 Production of Egg products (2011) tonnes 350, , , ,000 USA - Liquid: 1,330,755 tonnes - Powder: 66,374 tonnes 200, , , , , , ,624 90,495 Liquid Powder 50,000 Source: IEC 0 13,729 15,000 30,000 15, ,500 Japan France China UK Canada Iran 日本 法国 中国 英国 加拿大 伊朗

32 Balance of trade for egg products in 2008 (Data in tonnes) Source: FAO data

33 Top ten countries in exports of egg products in 2008 (Data in tonnes) Egg powders 美国印度荷兰法国德国 Liquid products 荷兰法国西班牙美国德国 Source: FAO data

34 荷兰 德国 荷兰, 中国西班牙, 马来西亚 德国, 法国伊拉克, 新加坡

35 Annual egg Consumption China Est. Mexico Japan USA Canada India Source: IEC, 2012 Egg consumption / person / Year

36 The egg A global food Top 5 countries for egg consumption Countries Consumption (g / day/person) Denmark 53 Japan 53 Paraguay 49 Netherlands 49 Mexico 49 Source: FAO data , Food Consumption by food items (posted )

37 The egg A global food Comparison of per capita egg consumption Range of increase or decrease (%) in per capita egg consumption between and Number of countries 100% to 99% to 49% 32 2 to 19% 28 < - 2% to 2% < 6-2% to - 10% 18-11% to 20% 22-21% to 30% 13 > - 30 % 13 Source: FAO data , Food Consumption by food items (posted )

38 The egg A global food Weekly egg consumption in 175 countries Number of countries eggs 2 - <4 eggs 1 to 2 eggs < 1 egg Source: FAO data , Food Consumption by food items (posted )

39 Egg consumption Shell and egg products Eggs / person / year Source: IEC data

40 Egg consumption Shell and egg products Eggs / person / year Source: IEC data

41 Outline of lecture Egg and egg products Global overview on production and trade; Key egg production data; Key players by segment; Global issues for the Poultry Industry; Questions & Answers at any time

42 Housing systems for layers Free range Barn Cage Source: IEC

43 Share of housing systems for layers in Europe (2010) Source: IEC

44 Share of cage systems for layers in Europe (2010) Source: IEC

45 Source: IEC Share of housing systems for layers (2009)

46 Share of cage systems for layers outside Europe (2010) Source: IEC

47 Source: IEC Brown/White layers in Europe (17)

48 Source: IEC Brown/White layers outside Europe

49 Comparison China / USA Key statistics USA China Total production (tonnes) 5,349,100 23,633,659 Number of laying hens million 1,400 million Farms / Producers 200 > 300,000 Farms > 500,000 hens Impact of large farms on production >90% of production ~ 1% of production Table egg / Processed egg ratio 68% / 32% 99% / 1% Source: IEC; Yang, 2011 Chapter 2 - Social aspect of egg production in China In Improving the safety and quality of eggs and egg products

50 Comparison China / USA Production parameters USA China Feed conversion (kg feed/kg egg) Pullet mortality rate < 4% 4% Body weight at beginning of laying 1,250 g 1,450-1,550 g Eggs/ hen / Year Moulting Yes No Body weight at end of production 1,500 g 1,800 2,000 g Mortality laying period < 10% 15% Source: IEC, 2010

51 Comparison China / USA Production system USA China Conventional cages 97% 90% Furnished cages < 1% <1% Aviaries <1% <1% Free Range <1% 9% Organic <1% <1% White / Brown birds ratio 93 / 7 30 / 70 Source: IEC, 2010

52 Top 5 Chinese provinces for shell egg production in 2010 Heilongjiang 4.4% Jilin Beijing&Tianjin Hebei 19.2% Liaoning 11.9% Shanxi Sichuan 6.7% Henan 17.4% Hunan 4.1% Hubei 5.8% Shandong 17.1% Jiangxi Jiangsu 8% Anhui 5.2% Fujian Zhejiang Shanghai Guangxi Guangdong Taiwan Hainan Source: CAAA (China Animal Agriculture Association)

53 Chinese production - Overview Shift of egg production from the North ( Corn belt ) to the Yangtze river basin; Egg production is concentrated in 8 provinces, each producing more than 1 million tonnes/year 黑龙江 吉林 新疆 甘肃 内蒙古 辽宁 青海 宁夏 山西 河北 山东 西藏 云南 陕西 河南 江苏 四川 湖北 安徽 上海 江西 浙江 贵州 湖南 福建 广西 广东 IEC, 2011 海南

54 Chinese production - Overview Only few producers (shell eggs) that are processors (egg breaking) 3 or 4 now; Eggs are mostly bought through distributors; A majority of processors are making egg powder; Some processors near the bigger cities concentrate on fresh liquid; Farming model is starting to change, not only size, but also in location. Most egg producers are located in the egg production areas with a tendency for new farms to move closer to the big cities where the consumption is.

55 Main Chinese Egg processing companies Number of Egg processing plants Year No. plants Source: Ovodan; IEC ??? Heilongjiang Jilin Liaoning Beijing Hebei Shanxi Shandong Henan Jiangsu Anhui Shanghai Hubei Zhejiang Jiangxi Hunan Fujian Guangxi Guangdong Taiwan Hainan Heilongjiang Golden Wing GREENSNOW Chia Tai CP Beijing poultry Michael Food Hanovo DQY Taiyo Hebei Tunhe Jiangsu yanuo Kangde OVODAN Huadan Egg Rongda Shendi 神地 Jiangxi Sentai Hunan

56 Chinese production - Overview The equipment and degree of automation differs hugely from purely manual to full automatic control. there are no singular model of production dominating the industry; Big producers (> half million layers) tend to get involve into egg processing as a safety net; Very few online operations (< 1%) DQY and CP operations near Beijing;

57 Definition of online system

58 Chinese production A changing environment

59 Chinese production A changing environment

60 Chinese production A changing environment

61 Evolution of the Chinese egg production Farm size (number of laying hens) % change < ,911,859 22,412,896-50% 500 1, , ,781-12% , , , % 10,000 49,999 5,413 28, % 50,000 99, , % 100, , % > 500, % Source: IEC / DQY / China Statistical Yearbook ;

62 Source: IEC Farm and retail prices of eggs (US$/dozen)

63 Variation of Egg price in China ( ) Yuan/kg

64 Variation of Egg price in China ( ) Spring festival Dragon boat festival Mid-Autumn festival

65 Chinese market for processed eggs Product mix and market share % 8% WHOLE EGG 50% YOLK 22% WHITE OTHERS Liquid eggs ~ 135,000 tonnes Egg powders ~ 15,000 tonnes 37% 13% 50% WHOLE EGG YOLK WHITE

66 Imports: Chinese Egg Trade Imports of shell eggs and egg products is almost nonexisting; Exports: Shell eggs: 78,400 tonnes, mostly to Hong-Kong and Macao; Egg products: 500 tonnes of egg powder, mostly to countries of Central Asia and Middle-East and a small amount of frozen to HK and Singapore

67 Chinese Egg Trade The term egg products refers not only to chicken egg product but also duck eggs; Traditional duck egg products dominate the egg export business, and all information from official statistical data related to egg product exports will reflect duck egg products; Throughout centuries, preserved eggs and salted eggs have been a very important part of the Chinese diet. They are made from duck eggs every year China produce 3-5 million tons of duck eggs;

68 Type of eggs Species: laying hens, ducks, quails and others; Colour; Regular eggs; Specialty eggs: Production type; Nutrient-enhanced type; Organic eggs; Vegetarian eggs; Pasteurized eggs;

69 QUAIL GOOSE DUCK OSTRICH

70 VARIOUS COLOURS FOR CHICKEN EGGS

71 Regular eggs Defined as eggs produced by laying hens fed a standard diet and housed under standard local conditions (cage system); White or Brown depending on breed used and local preference; Nutritional values standard, often regulated by government agencies: /nuttab2010onlinesearchabledatabase/onlineversion.cfm?&acti on=getfood&foodid=03a10060

72 Speciality eggs Production type Free-run or barn eggs (Canada): Open barn concept without outdoor access:

73 Perches and nest boxes for the birds; Free to move in the building; Wire floor with feces collected on a belt; Controlled environment (temperature, light, ventilation);

74 Speciality eggs Production type Free range: Outdoor access (UK)

75 Speciality eggs Production type Free-range: Outdoor access (China)

76 Nutrient-enhanced type: Speciality eggs Diets fed laying hens are modified to affect the concentration of specific nutrients in the eggs; Housing systems can also vary (cage, free-run and free-range systems)

77 Nutrient-enhanced eggs Studies showed that variations in the diet composition fed laying hens can greatly impact the level of nutrient in eggs: Vitamins A, D3, K, B1, B2 and B6, E; Biotin; Niacin; Choline; Lutein; Iron; Selenium; Total polyunsaturated fatty acids and long-chain polyunsaturated omega-3 (n-3 PUFA) like docosahexanoic acid (DHA);

78 Relative transfer efficiency from the diet fed the hen to the egg Transfer 20%

79 Classification of vitamins by relative transfer efficiency from the diet to the egg Transfer efficiency Low (5-10%) Medium (15-25%) High (40-50%) Very high (60 80%) Vitamin Vitamin K Thiamine (B1) Folic acid (B9) Vitamin D3 Vitamin E Riboflavin (B2) Pantothenic acid (B5) Biotin Vitamin B12 Vitamin A Modifying vitamin composition of eggs: A review Naber (1993). Journal of Applied Poultry Research 2:

80 Organic eggs: Speciality eggs Production of organic eggs extremely well defined in terms of housing requirements, feeds provided to hens (organic), outdoor access; Certification by third-party auditors is often required by Law or by customers and consumers

81 Veggie-fed eggs: Speciality eggs Hens are fed a diet where no ingredient is of animal origin (issue for some vitamins and amino acids);

82 Pasteurized eggs: Speciality eggs Patented process to pasteurize shell eggs without affecting their taste and functionality; Patents by a Korean company and another one in the USA; New segment and extremely low market share;

83 Outline of lecture Egg and egg products Global overview on production and trade; Key egg production data; Key players by segment; Global issues for the Poultry Industry; Questions & Answers at any time

84 Segments of the egg industry Birds; Housing systems; Feed ingredients and feeds; Animal health companies; Equipment for shell egg grading; Equipment for processed eggs; Packaging materials; Chemicals for cleaning & sanitation; National and international organizations;

85 Various players involved with the supply of birds for egg production: Genetic companies (Pure lines, Great-Grand Parents and Grand-Parents); Breeders (GP and Parents); Hatcheries; Pullets growers; Layer farms; Birds Laying hens

86 Laying hens Genetic Pyramid Genetic Companies GGP and GP birds Commercial hatcheries Breeders Parent Flocks Commercial Laying hens Egg production

87 Genetic companies Hendrix Genetics Company: ISA, Bovans, Shaver, Dekalb, Babcock Erich Wesjohann Gruppe (PHW): Lohmann Hy-Line:

88 Housing systems suppliers Housing systems: Conventional cages; Furnished cages; Open barns without outdoor access; Aviaries; Open barn and outdoor access; Numerous local and international companies;

89 Feed ingredients and Feeds Feed ingredient suppliers: Plant ingredients (corn, wheat, soybean, ); Vitamins and minerals premix; Amino acids; Calcium; Enzymes; Xanthophylls and other carotenoids; Feed mills international and local companies

90 Top 10 countries in industrial feed production (2005)

91 Animal Health companies Supply the following products to the egg industry: Vaccines (live, attenuated and killed); Antibiotics (water medication, in-feed medications); Vitamins and minerals water packs; Numerous international and local companies

92 Equipment for egg grading Supply the following products to the egg industry: Egg loader; Egg washer; Egg grading; Refrigeration equipment; Numerous international and local companies

93 Equipment for processed eggs Supply the following products to the egg industry: Egg loader Egg washer; Egg breaker Mixing / Batching equipment Pasteurizer; Homogenizer; Filling / Packing equipment Pumps Supply the following products to the egg industry:

94 Packaging materials Shell eggs: Pulp, plastic, Styrofoam; Packed in 4, 6, 12, 18, 30 eggs Bulk sale by weight; Processed products: From 250 ml to 20,000 kg; Numerous international and local companies

95 Packaging materials

96 Chemicals suppliers Shell eggs: Washing of eggs during grading; Cleaning & Sanitation of equipment; Processed products: Washing of the eggs before breaking; Cleaning & sanitation of equipment: CIP = Cleaning In Place; COP = Cleaning Out of Place; Concentrations validated and monitored;

97 National and International organizations International Egg Commission (IEC): Chinese Animal Agriculture Association (CAAA): American Egg Board (AEB): Egg Farmers of Canada (EFC):

98 The International Egg Commission The IEC, founded in 1964 in Bologna, Italy is based in London, England; The IEC is made of egg farmers, egg processors, egg producer country organizations and allied industries; Members on all continents and in more than 60 countries, including China; Represents the egg industry with international organizations;

99 Outline of lecture Egg and egg products Global overview on production and trade; Key egg production data; Key players by segment; Global issues for the Poultry Industry; Questions & Answers at any time

100 Global issues for the egg industry Animal welfare and housing systems; Rising feed costs; Challenge of feeding a growing population; Environment and sustainability of production; Preparing for a new outbreak of Avian Influenza; Salmonella and Food safety; Global retailers and private labels;

101 G1. Animal Welfare and housing systems 2012 / 二 0 一二 Conventional cage Furnished cage or enriched cage

102 G1. Animal Welfare and housing systems Ban of conventional cages for laying hens in Europe on Jan 1, 2012: Massive investment by the European industry to switch to furnished cages and alternative systems; More alternative systems (Open barns, free range and aviaries) developed; Some countries (Germany, Sweden, Switzerland) already complaint Uncertainty for eggs used for processed products; Push in North America by Animal welfare activists to ban cages altogether; Industry via the IEC is working with the OIE (World Animal Health Organization) on establishing some welfare standards;

103 G2. Rising Feed Costs Source: IEC

104 Source: IEC / DQY G2. Rising Feed Costs Corn price in the last 24 months

105 G2. Rising Feed Costs broiler hog layer Source: IEC / DQY

106 Source: IEC / DQY G2. Rising Feed Costs

107 G3. Challenge of feeding a growing population Growing population with 9 billion expected by 2050; 925 million undernourished in terms of calories and protein intake; Increased demand for animal proteins in many developing countries; Pressure to produce more animal proteins more efficiently;

108 Where do the hungry live? The State of Food Insecurity in the World Economic and Social Development Department Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome, October

109 Region Total protein (g/day) Protein from animal source (g/day) As % of total intake World % Industrialized countries Sub-Saharan countries % % Near East % Developing Asia % Latin America % Steinfeld et al., 2006

110 32 countries consuming less than 56 g proteins daily Africa Asia Caribean Latin America 24 FAO data , Food Consumption by food items (posted )

111 56 countries consuming less than 1 egg per week Africa Asia Caribbean Latin America countries - consumption less than 1 egg per month FAO data 2007, Food Consumption by food items (posted )

112 Million Tonnes Animal products consumption in China Pork Dairy Eggs Beef Poultry

113 Projected additional egg demand in 2025 compared to 2010 Source: FAO database - IEC, 2013

114 G4. Environment and sustainability of production Positive impact of the livestock sector: 12.9% calories and 27.9% of protein consumed; 43% of global agricultural GDP; Negative impact of the livestock sector: 8% of fresh water usage; 18% GHG emissions; Contributes to losses of biodiversity; The IEC, along with other livestock productions, is partnering with the FAO on a global project to monitor the impact of animal production on the environment;

115 Environmental impacts for livestock products Global warming potential (GWP) measured typically in CO 2 equivalent per functional unit; Mono gastric animals N 2 O main gas; Ruminants CH 4 and N 2 O main gases; CO 2 least GWP impact; Milk and eggs have a high water content which can affect comparisons;

116 kg CO2 equivalent / kg product 35 kg CO 2 equivalent / kg of product produced Pork (5) Chicken (2) Beef (3) Milk (9) Eggs (2) De Vries et al., Livestock Science (2010) 128: 1-11

117 kg CO2 equivalent / kg protein kg CO 2 equivalent / kg protein produced Pork (5) Chicken (2) Beef (3) Milk (9) Eggs (2) De Vries et al., Livestock Science (2010) 128: 1-11

118

119 G5. Preparing for a new outbreak of Avian Influenza (AI) Plans in place with the assistance: National egg producers organizations; National veterinary services; World Animal Health Organization (OIE); Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO); World Health Organization (WHO); Importance of surveillance and rapid detection:

120 World Animal Health Information Database (WAHID) Avian influenza 2013 outbreaks

121 G6. Salmonella and Food safety Transmission of Salmonella enteritidis via the eggs; If infected, raw eggs and undercooked eggs may lead to sickness in consumers; Biosecurity and testing programs are doing a good job in preventing more human cases; Some countries do allow for vaccination against Salmonella; Salmonella spp. are destroyed during pasteurization of shell egg and egg products;

122 G7. Global retailers and Private labels Global retailers are addressing egg quality and supply by imposing their own quality standards and requirements; Global Food Safety Initiative (GFSI): Private labels = products from a farm sold under the name of the retailer;

123 Belgium 比利时 Argentina 阿根廷 France 法国

124 Conclusions Rising importance of Asia in egg production and egg processing; Tremendous opportunities in China; The egg industry is serviced by a number of players, each contributing to the overall growth and productivity of the industry; A number of global issues are addressed both at the national and international levels;

125