The Characteristics of Sunlight p. 3 Particle-wave duality p. 3 Blackbody radiation p. 4 The sun and its radiation p. 5 Solar radiation p.

Transcription

1 The Characteristics of Sunlight p. 3 Particle-wave duality p. 3 Blackbody radiation p. 4 The sun and its radiation p. 5 Solar radiation p. 6 Direct and diffuse radiation p. 8 The Greenhouse Effect p. 10 Apparent motion of the sun p. 11 Solar insolation data and estimation p. 12 Extraterrestrial radiation p. 13 Terrestrial global radiation on a horizontal surface p. 13 Global and diffuse components p. 19 Radiation on tilted surfaces p. 22 Solar energy and photovoltaics p. 25 Semiconductors and P-N Junctions p. 31 Semiconductors p. 31 The bond model p. 32 The band model p. 33 Doping p. 33 Semiconductor types p. 34 Crystalline silicon p. 34 Multicrystalline silicon p. 34 Amorphous silicon p. 35 Thin film crystalline silicon p. 36 Absorption of light p. 36 Recombination p. 37 p-n junctions p. 38 The Behaviour of Solar Cells p. 43 Effect of light p. 43 Spectral response p. 47 Effect of temperature p. 49 Effect of parasitic resistances p. 51 Cell Properties and Design p. 57 Efficiencies p. 57 Optical losses p. 58 Recombination losses p. 62 Top contact design p. 63 Bulk and sheet resistivities p. 63 Grid spacings p. 65 Other losses p. 67 Laboratory cells versus industry requirements p. 69

2 The Laser Grooved, Buried Contact Solar Cell p. 70 PV Cell Interconnection and Module Fabrication p. 75 Module and circuit design p. 75 Identical cells p. 75 Non-Identical cells p. 76 Non-identical modules p. 76 Hot-spot heating p. 79 Module structure p. 83 Environmental protection p. 84 Thermal considerations p. 85 Electrical insulation p. 88 Mechanical protection p. 89 Degradation and failure modes p. 89 Embodied energy and life cycle issues p. 92 Stand-Alone Photovoltaic System Components p. 97 Introduction p. 97 Stand-alone PV system design p. 99 Solar modules p. 100 Batteries p. 101 Types p. 101 Applications p. 101 Requirements p. 102 Efficiency p. 102 Power rating and capacity p. 102 Depth-of-discharge p. 103 Lead-acid batteries p. 103 Types p. 103 Plate material p. 103 Charging regimes p. 104 Efficiencies p. 105 Benchmarking and categorisation of similar use p. 105 Other electrical charge storage methods p. 106 Nickel-cadmium batteries p. 106 Nickel-metal-hydride batteries p. 106 Rechargeable alkaline manganese (RAM) batteries p. 107 Lithium-ion and lithium-polymer batteries p. 107 Redox-flow batteries p. 107 Super capacitors p. 107 Power conditioning and regulation p. 108 Diodes p. 108 Regulators p. 108

3 Inverters p. 112 Balance of system components p. 114 Wiring p. 114 Over-current protection p. 114 Switches p. 115 Connectors p. 115 Earthing (grounding) p. 116 Lightning protection p. 116 Metering and alarms p. 116 Battery housing and signage p. 116 Housing of electronics p. 117 Module mounting p. 117 Designing Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Systems p. 125 Introduction p. 125 System availability p. 126 Hybrid systems p. 127 A simplified PV system design approach p. 128 Sandia National Laboratory approach p. 130 Australian Standard AS p. 131 System design software p. 132 Specific Purpose Photovoltaic Applications p. 135 Introduction p. 135 Space p. 135 Marine navigational aids p. 136 Telecommunications p. 136 Transportable PV power supplies p. 137 Radio telephone services p. 138 Mobile phone networks p. 139 Optical fibre networks p. 139 Cathodic protection p. 140 System sizing p. 140 Controllers p. 141 Power sources p. 141 Water pumping p. 144 Consumer products for indoor use p. 147 Battery chargers p. 148 Photovoltaics for developing countries p. 148 Refrigeration p. 149 Photovoltaic powered transport p. 150 Solar cars p. 151 Lighting p. 152

4 Remote monitoring p. 153 Direct-drive applications p. 154 Electric fences p. 155 Remote Area Power Supply Systems p. 161 Household power systems p. 161 The choice between AC and DC p. 163 Appliances p. 163 Consumer education p. 167 Photovoltaic-diesel/petrol generator hybrid systems p. 167 Diesel generators p. 168 Petrol generators p. 170 Hybrid system design p. 170 RAPS system costs p. 173 Portable RAPS systems p. 173 Portable systems for remote aboriginal communities p. 173 Integrated solar home systems p. 174 Stationpower p. 174 Reliability and maintenance p. 175 Government assistance schemes p. 175 Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems p. 181 Introduction p. 181 PV systems in buildings p. 182 Module mounting approaches p. 183 The inverter p. 185 On-site storage p. 186 Size and economics p. 188 Other issues p. 188 Utility applications for photovoltaics p. 189 Design issues for central power stations p. 190 Cell interconnection p. 191 Safety p. 193 Islanding p. 194 The value of PV-generated electricity p. 195 Energy credit p. 195 Capacity credit p. 197 Distributed benefits p. 197 Example 1-Distribution Feeder 1103, Kerman, California p. 199 Example 2-Kalbarri, Western Australia p. 201 International PV programs p. 201 USA p. 201 Japan p. 204

5 Europe p. 204 India p. 206 China p. 206 Australia p. 206 Photovoltaic Water Pumping System Components p. 215 Introduction p. 215 System configurations p. 216 Water pumps p. 218 Centrifugal pumps p. 220 Displacement or volumetric pumps p. 222 Motors p. 226 Introduction p. 226 DC motors p. 228 AC motors p. 231 Motor losses p. 232 Integrated pump/motor machines p. 232 Power conditioning circuitry p. 232 Batteries p. 236 Array wiring and mounting p. 238 Array wiring p. 238 Array mounting p. 238 PV Water Pumping System Design p. 243 Introduction p. 243 Basic steps in system design p. 244 Design of a directly-coupled system p. 245 Standard AM0 and AM1.5 Spectra p. 249 Equations for Calculating Sun Position p. 255 Characteristic Days and Declinations p. 257 Some Insolation Data Sources p. 259 Ground-based measurements p. 259 Satellite-derived data p. 260 Australia and New Zealand p. 260 Europe p. 261 Hong Kong p. 261 USA p. 261 Algeria p. 262 Brazil p. 262 Regression constants p. 262 Theoretical models and calculators p. 263 Global Gazetteer p. 263 Standards p. 265

6 ASTM international p. 265 Australia-Standards Australia p. 267 Canada-Standards Council of Canada p. 268 China-Standardization administration of china (SAC) p. 268 European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC) p. 270 Germany-Deutsches Institut fur Normung (DIN) p. 272 Global Approval Program for Photovoltaics (PVGAP) p. 274 Indonesia-Badan Standardisasi Nasional (BSN) p. 274 Institution of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) p. 275 International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) p. 276 INternational Organization for Standards (ISO) p. 277 Japan-Japanese Standards Association (JSA) p. 278 Korea-Korean Standards Association (KSA) p. 279 Mexico-Direccion General de Normas (DGN) p. 281 Russia-Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology p. 281 Sweden-Standardiseringen i Sverige (SIS) p. 282 Taiwan (ROC)-Bureau of Standards, Metrology and Inspection (BSMI) p. 282 Thailand-thai industrial standards institute (TISI) p. 282 TUV Rheinland p. 282 Underwriters Laboratories (UL) p. 283 Zimbabwe-Standards Association of Zimbabwe (SAZ) p. 283 Universal Technical Standard for Solar Home Systems p. 283 Best Practice Guidelines and Accreditation p. 283 International Solar Energy Society (ISES) and Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Sonnenenergie ev (DGS) p. 284 Alternative Sources of Power for Water Pumping p. 287 Introduction p. 287 Human labour using hand pumps p. 287 Draught animals p. 288 Petrol- or diesel-fuelled small engines p. 288 Centralised rural electrification p. 288 Wind pumps p. 289 Water wheels, turbines, ram pumps and current turbines p. 289 Steam engines p. 289 Biogas-fuelled small engines p. 289 Solar radiation, used via photovoltaics p. 290 Stand-Alone Photovoltaic System Design p. 291 Introduction p. 291 Stand-alone system design procedure p. 291 Sandia National Laboratory approach p. 293 System Design for PV-Powered Water Pumping p. 301 Introduction p. 301

7 Insolation data manipulation p. 301 PV module characteristics p. 304 Example of a directly-coupled system design p. 509 Index p. 317 Table of Contents provided by Blackwell's Book Services and R.R. Bowker. Used with permission.