Superplasticity in Metals, Ceramics, and Intermetallics

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1 Superplasticity in Metals, Ceramics, and Intermetallics in this web service

2 in this web service

3 MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS VOLUME 196 Superplasticity in Metals, Ceramics, and Intermetallics Symposium held April 16-19, 1990, San Francisco, California, U.S.A. EDITORS: Merrilea J. Mayo The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, U.S.A. Masaru Kobayashi Technological University of Nagaoka, Nagaoka, Japan Jeffrey Wadsworth Lockheed Research and Development Division, Palo Alto, California, U.S.A. IMIRIS1 MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in this web service

4 cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Mexico City 32 Avenue of the Americas, New York ny , USA Published in the United States of America by, New York Information on this title: / Materials Research Society 506 Keystone Drive, Warrendale, pa Materials Research Society 1990 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of. This publication has been registered with Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. For further information please contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Salem, Massachusetts. First published 1990 First paperback edition 2012 Single article reprints from this publication are available through University Microfilms Inc., 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, mi CODEN: MRSPDH isbn Paperback has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. in this web service

5 Contents PREFACE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS xi xii PART I: FUNDAMENTALS AND THEORY OBSERVATIONS ON HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY DEVELOPMENTS IN SUPERPLASTICITY 3 Oleg D. Sherby and Jeffrey Wadsworth DIFFUSION-ACCOMMODATED GRAIN BOUNDARY SLIDING IN A POLYCRYSTAL 15 P.M. Hazzledine and J.H. Schneibel THE INFLUENCE OF GRAIN BOUNDARY STRUCTURE ON STRAIN- INDUCED GRAIN GROWTH DURING SUPERPLASTIC DEFORMATION 21 H.J. Frost and R. Raj A MECHANISM OF SUPERPLASTIC DEFORMATION AND DEFORMATION INDUCED GRAIN GROWTH BASED ON GRAIN SWITCHING 27 Eiichi Sato, Kazuhiko Kuribayashi, and Ryo Horiuchi DISSIPATIVE STRUCTURES AND SUPERPLASTICITY 3 3 Hechun Chen, Reginald W. Smith, Jiwei Shi, and Yang Zhengheng A RE-APPRAISAL OF CAVITY GROWTH PROCESSES IN SUPER- PLASTICITY 39 Yan Ma and Terence G. Langdon MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR AND CAVITATION IN COMMERCIAL AND HIGH PURITY Zn-22% Al 45 Kyung-Tae Park, James C. Earthman, and Farghalli A. Mohamed AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF CAVITY NUCLEATION DURING SUPERPLASTIC DEFORMATION 51 Jiang Xinggang, Cui Jianzhong, and Ma Longxiang PART II: SUPERPLASTIC MICROSTRUCTURES: THEIR SYNTHESIS AND ROLE *IS SUPERPLASTICITY IN THE FUTURE OF NANOPHASE MATERIALS? 59 R.W. Siegel LOW TEMPERATURE SINTERING AND DEFORMATION OF NANO- CRYSTALLINE TiO 2 71 H. Hahn, J. Logas, H.J. Hofler, P. Kurath, and R.S. Averback *Invited Paper in this web service

6 PROCESSING OF NANOCRYSTALLINE CERAMICS 77 Muhsin Ciftcioglu and Merrilea J. Mayo GRAIN GROWTH DURING SINTERING OF NANOCRYSTALLINE Y AND/OR Ce-DOPED TETRAGONAL ZIRCONIA 87 Michel M.R. Boutz, G.S.A.M. Theunissen, A.J.A. Winnubst, and A.J. Burggraaf THE ROLE OF DISLOCATIONS IN THE SUPERPLASTIC DEFORMATION OF A DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL 93 T.R. Parayil, G.L. Dunlop, and P.R. Howell APPLICATION OF A CONTINUOUS ANNEALING PROCESS TO THE PRODUCTION OF SUPERPLASTIC HIGH-CARBON STEELS 99 K. Seto, T. Kato, and H. Abe MICROSTRUCTURAL CHANGES AND STRAINING BEHAVIOR IN TRANSFORMATION SUPERPLASTICITY IN IRON AND STEELS 105 Yasunori Saotome and Nobuhiro Iguchi THE MECHANISM OF INTERNAL STRESS SUPERPLASTICITY 115 B. Derby PART III: SUPERPLASTICITY IN USE: SUPERPLASTIC FORMING AND DIFFUSION BONDING SUPERPLASTICITY IN USE: A CRITICAL REVIEW OF ITS STATUS, TRENDS AND LIMITS 123 Peter-J. Winkler KINETICS OF GRAIN GROWTH ACROSS BOND INTERFACE DURING DIFFUSION BONDING 137 Huang Yan, Cui Jiangzhong, and Ma Longxiang THE STRENGTH AND FRACTURE BEHAVIOUR OF DIFFUSION BONDED JOINTS IN Al-Li(8090) ALLOY SHEET 143 P.G. Partridge and D.V. Dunford DIFFUSION BONDING OF SUPERPLASTIC 7075 ALUMINUM ALLOY 149 Huang Yan, Cui Jiangzhong, and Ma Longxiang SUPERPLASTIC FORMING CHARACTERISTICS AND MICROSTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF AN ALUMINUM LITHIUM ALLOY (8090) 155 G.J. Mahon, R. Keyte, N.C. Parson, and R.A. Ricks MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF 5083 SPF AFTER SUPERPLASTIC DEFORMATION 161 Barry J. Dunwoody, R.J. Stracey, and A.J. Barnes COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION, SUPERPLASTIC PERFORMANCE AND PROPERTY DETERMINATION OF 8090 SPF ALLOY 167 Roger Grimes, Barry J. Dunwoody, and John A. Jones DEVELOPMENT OF SPF AND SPF/DB TECHNIQUES FOR Ti AND Al ALLOYS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS 173 Ji Wenhai, Wang Zhenguo, and Song Feiling *Invited Paper in this web service

7 AN INVESTIGATION OF DIFFUSION BONDING FOR Ti-6A1-4V TITANIUM ALLOYS 181 Wei-Dong Huang, Zong-Yuan Zhang, and Zhao-Rong Lin PART IV: PHENOMENA OF INTERMETALLIC SUPERPLASTICITY SUPERPLASTICITY IN Ll 2 INTERMETALLIC ALLOYS 189 T.G. Nieh MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TiAl AND (TiAl+Ti 3 Al) ALLOYS PRODUCED BY MECHANICAL ALLOYING 201 S. Ochiai, M. Kobayashi, and K. Michimura PART V: PHENOMENA OF METALLURGICAL SUPERPLASTICITY I SUPERPLASTICITY OF ULTRA-HIGH CARBON STEELS CONTAINING 3-5% ALUMINUM 209 Dong-Wha Kum, Hyung Kang, and Tong-Hoon Kim A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF CAVITY EVOLUTION IN AN Al-Cu-Zr ALLOY 215 Xiaoyu Zhao and Terence G. Langdon SUPERPLASTIC DEFORMATION OF AN Al-Li-Cu-Zr ALLOY UNDER UNIAXIAL AND BIAXIAL TENSION 221 Ho-Sung Lee and Amiya K. Mukherjee m-s RELATIONSHIP AND STRUCTURAL EVOLUTION DURING A CONSTANT STRAIN-RATE SUPERPLASTIC DEFORMATION OF AN ALUMINUM ALLOY 227 Shanyou Zhou, Dongming Zhang, and Dongliang Lin (T.L. Lin) INSTABILITY OF SUPERPLASTIC ALUMINUM ALLOYS 233 H. Iwasaki, S. Hayami, K. Higashi, and S. Tanimura THE SUPERPLASTIC m-5 RELATIONSHIPS OF THE T10 STEEL 239 Chin Liu, Wong Wei, and Liu Wan Fu PART VI: PHENOMENA OF METALLURGICAL SUPERPLASTICITY II SIGNIFICANCE OF HIGH RATE SUPERPLASTICITY IN METALLIC MATERIALS 249 Norio Furushiro and Shigenori Hori HIGH RATE SUPERPLASTIC DEFORMATION MECHANISMS IN IN90211 MECHANICALLY ALLOYED ALUMINUM 259 Thomas R. Bieler and Amiya K. Mukherjee Invited Paper vii in this web service

8 MICROSTRUCTURE CHANGE DURING HIGH STRAIN RATE SUPER- PLASTIC DEFORMATION IN A PM 7475 Al-0.7Zr ALLOY 265 K. Matsuki, M. Tokizawa, and Y. Murakami INFLUENCE OF SPECIMEN NOTCHES ON THE SUPERPLASTIC m-<s RELATIONSHIP OF Zn-Ni-Mg ALLOY 271 Chin Liu and Tao Jin BEHAVIOR OF SUPERPLASTICALLY EXTRUDED Cu-26wt%Zn- 3.5wt%Al SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY 279 Zheng Zhengyi, Zhong Weijian, Lin Fuzeng, and Chen Yingsheng THE EFFECT OF CERIUM ON SUPERPLASTICITY OF Al-6Cu-0.35Mg.0.2Zr ALLOY 283 Wang Jingtao, Wu Qingling, Cui Jianzhong, and Zhou Haitao EFFECT OF HYDROGEN ON THE SUPERPLASTIC BEHAVIOR OF Ti-6A1-4V ALLOY 289 B. Gong, C.B. Zhang, Z.H. Lai, and Z.S. Xu FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF SPF/DB JOINTS IN 7475 ALUMINUM ALLOY AND Ti-6A1-4V ALLOY 295 Yoshiharu Mutoh, Masaru Kobayashi, Makoto Tatemura, and Hideo Yoshida PART VII: PHENOMENA OF CERAMIC SUPERPLASTICITY *SUPERPLASTICITY IN GEOLOGICAL MATERIALS 303 M.S. Paterson *MICROSTRUCTURES, GRAIN BOUNDARIES AND SUPERPLASTICITY IN FINE GRAINED CERAMICS 313 C. Carry AN INVESTIGATION OF THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF A SUPERPLASTIC YTTRIA-STABILIZED ZIRCONIA 325 Yan Ma and Terence G. Langdon SUPERPLASTIC DEFORMATION MECHANISMS IN A FINE-GRAINED, YTTRIA-STABILIZED TETRAGONAL ZIRCONIA POLYCRYSTAL (Y-TZP) 331 T.G. Nieh and J. Wadsworth SUPERPLASTIC DEFORMATION OF YBa 2 Cu _ x IN A SUPER- PLASTIC METAL MATRIX ~ 3 37 J. Emilio Moreno and G. Torres-Villasenor DYNAMIC GRAIN GROWTH IN SUPERPLASTIC Y-TZP AND A1 2 O 3 /YTZ 343 T.G. Nieh, CM. Tomasello, and J. Wadsworth *Invited Paper viii in this web service

9 *SUPERPLASTICITY OF NON-OXIDE CERAMICS 349 Fumihiro Wakai, Yasuharu Kodama, Shuji Sakaguchi, Norimitu Murayama, Kansei Izaki, and Koichi Niihara SUPERPLASTIC PROPERTIES OF HIPPED AND EXTRUDED IRON CARBIDE 359 W.J. Kim, O.A. Ruano, J. Wolfenstine, G. Fromineyer, and O.D. Sherby PART VIII: POSTER SESSION SUPERPLASTICITY SUPERPLASTIC HOBBING OF DIE CAVITY AND ITS NUMERICAL SIMULATION 367 Zhang Kaifeng, Z.R. Wang, Guo Dianjian, and Xu Yanwu FRACTAL CHARACTERIZATION OF CAVITY SHAPE CHANGES DURING SUPERPLASTIC DEFORMATION OF HIGH STRENGTH ALUMINUM ALLOY Jiang Xinggang, Cui Jianzhong, and Ma Longxiang A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SUPERPLASTIC DEFORMATION AND CAVITATION FAILURE IN A YTTRIA STABILIZED ZIRCONIA AND A ZIRCONIA ALUMINA COMPOSITE 379 A.H. Chokshi, D.J. Schissler, T.-G. Nieh, and J. Wadsworth SUPERPLASTICITY IN P/M ALUMINUM ALLOYS 385 K. Higashi, S. Tanimura, and T. Ito SUPERPLASTIC DEFORMATION AND MECHANISMS OF THE COMMERCIAL ALUMINUM ALLOY Al-4Cu-l.6Mg-0.8Mn 391 Yuwen Liu, Guang Yang, Jianshe Lian, and Xianwen Zeng AUTHOR INDEX 397 SUBJECT INDEX 399 MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS 403 *Invited Paper in this web service

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11 Preface This volume represents the Proceedings of the Symposium on, which was held as a part of the Materials Research Society Spring Meeting in San Francisco, California, April 16-20, The symposium attracted international participation with strong contributions from the USA, China, Japan, and Europe; Australia, Korea and Mexico were also represented. Regrettably, a large contingent from the USSR that planned to attend were unable to do so. The application of superplasticity in metallic alloys continues to be of great interest from both fundamental and technological viewpoints. Papers are included in the proceedings that reflect the range of these interests. In addition, the large interest in the symposium must be attributed in part to the very exciting discoveries that are being made in the development of superplasticity in non-traditional materials such as ceramics and intermetallics, and the application of superplasticity theory to the behavior of geological materials. The editors gratefully acknowledge the many reviewers who participated in the final preparation of the manuscripts, the invited speakers, and the many people at MRS who made this symposium possible. Finally, we very gratefully acknowledge the support of the Army Research Office, the National Science Foundation, and the Office of Naval Research. Merrilea J. Mayo Masaru Kobayashi Jeffrey Wadsworth August 1990 in this web service

12 MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS Recent Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings Volume 157 Beam-Solid Interactions: Physical Phenomena, J.A. Knapp, P. Borgesen, R.A. Zuhr, 1989, ISBN Volume 158 In-Situ Patterning: Selective Area Deposition and Etching, R. Rosenberg, A.F. Bernhardt, J.G. Black, 1989, ISBN Volume 159 Atomic Scale Structure of Interfaces, R.D. Bringans, R.M. Feenstra, J.M. Gibson, 1989, ISBN X Volume 160 Layered Structures: Heteroepitaxy, Superlattices, Strain, and Metastability, B.W. Dodson, L.J. Schowalter, J.E. Cunningham, F.H. Pollak, 1989, ISBN Volume 161 Properties of II-VI Semiconductors: Bulk Crystals, Epitaxial Films, Quantum Well Structures and Dilute Magnetic Systems, J.F. Schetzina, F.J. Bartoli, Jr., H.F. Schaake, 1989, ISBN Volume 162 Diamond, Boron Nitride, Silicon Carbide and Related Wide Bandgap Semiconductors, J.T. Glass, R.F. Messier, N. Fujimori, 1989, ISBN X Volume 163 Impurities, Defects and Diffusion in Semiconductors: Bulk and Layered Structures, J. Bernholc, E.E. Haller, D.J. Wolford, 1989, ISBN Volume 164 Materials Issues in Microcrystalline Semiconductors, P.M. Fauchet, C.C. Tsai, K. Tanaka, 1989, ISBN Volume 165 Characterization of Plasma-Enhanced CVD Processes, G. Lucovsky, D.E. Ibbotson, D.W. Hess, 1989, ISBN Volume 166 Neutron Scattering for Materials Science, S.M. Shapiro, S.C. Moss, J.D. Jorgensen, 1989, ISBN Volume 167 Advanced Electronic Packaging Materials, A. Barfknecht, J. Partridge, C-Y. Li, CJ. Chen, 1989, ISBN Volume 168 Chemical Vapor Deposition of Refractory Metals and Ceramics, T.M. Besmann, B.M. Gallois, 1989, ISBN Volume 169 High Temperature Superconductors: Fundamental Properties and Novel Materials Processing, J. Narayan, C.W. Chu, L.F. Schneemeyer, D.K. Christen, 1989, ISBN Volume 170 Tailored Interfaces in Composite Materials, C.G. Pantano, E.J.H. Chen, 1989, ISBN Volume 171 Polymer Based Molecular Composites, D.W. Schaefer, J.E. Mark, 1989, ISBN Volume 172 Optical Fiber Materials and Processing, J.W. Fleming, G.H. Sigel, S. Takahashi, P.W. France, 1989, ISBN Volume 173 Electrical, Optical and Magnetic Properties of Organic Solid-State Materials, L.Y. Chiang, D.O. Cowan, P. Chaikin, 1989, ISBN Volume 174 Materials Synthesis Utilizing Biological Processes, M. Alper, P.D. Calvert, P.C. Rieke, 1989, ISBN Volume 175 Multi-Functional Materials, D.R. Ulrich, F.E. Karasz, A.J. Buckley, G. Gallagher-Daggitt, 1989, ISBN Volume 176 Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XIII, V.M. Oversby, P.W. Brown, 1989, ISBN X Volume 177 Macromolecular Liquids, C.R. Safinya, S.A. Safran, P.A. Pincus, 1989, ISBN Volume 178 Fly Ash and Coal Conversion By-Products: Characterization, Utilization and Disposal VI, F.P. Glasser, R.L. Day, 1989, ISBN in this web service

13 MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS Volume 179 Specialty Cements with Advanced Properties, H. Jennings, A.G. Landers, B.E. Scheetz, I. Odler, 1989, ISBN Volume 180 Better Ceramics Through Chemistry IV, CJ. Brinker, D.E. Clark, D.R. Ulrich, BJJ. Zelinsky, 1990, ISBN: Volume 181 Advanced Metallizations in Microelectronics, A. Katz, S.P. Murarka, A. Appelbaum, 1990, ISBN: Volume 182 Polysilicon Thin Films and Interfaces, B. Raicu, T.Kamins, C.V. Thompson, 1990, ISBN: Volume 183 High-Resolution Electron Microscopy of Defects in Materials, R. Sinclair, DJ. Smith, U. Dahmen, 1990, ISBN: Volume 184 Degradation Mechanisms in III-V Compound Semiconductor Devices and Structures, V. Swaminathan, S.J. Pearton, O. Manasreh, 1990, ISBN: Volume 185 Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology II, J.R. Druzik, P.B. Vandiver, G. Wheeler, 1990, ISBN: Volume 186 Alloy Phase Stability and Design, G.M. Stocks, D.P. Pope, A.F. Giamei, 1990, ISBN: Volume 187 Thin Film Structures and Phase Stability, B.M. Clemens, W.L. Johnson, 1990, ISBN: Volume 188 Thin Films: Stresses and Mechanical Properties II, W.C. Oliver, M. Doerner, G.M. Pharr, F.R. Brotzen, 1990, ISBN: Volume 189 Microwave Processing of Materials II, W.B. Snyder, W.H. Sutton, D.L. Johnson, M.F. Iskander, 1990, ISBN: X Volume 190 Plasma Processing and Synthesis of Materials III, D. Apelian, J. Szekely, 1990, ISBN: Volume 191 Laser Ablation for Materials Synthesis, D.C. Paine, J.C. Bravman, 1990, ISBN: Volume 192 Amorphous Silicon Technology, P.C. Taylor, M.J. Thompson, P.G. LeComber, Y. Hamakawa, A. Madan, 1990, ISBN: X Volume 193 Atomic Scale Calculations of Structure in Materials, M.A. Schluter, M.S. Daw, 1990, ISBN: Volume 194 Intermetallic Matrix Composites, D.L. Anton, R. McMeeking, D. Miracle, P. Martin, 1990, ISBN: Volume 195 Physical Phenomena in Granular Materials, T.H. Geballe, P. Sheng, G.D. Cody, 1990, ISBN: Volume 196, M.J. Mayo, J. Wadsworth, M. Kobayashi, A.K. Mukherjee, 1990, ISBN: Volume 197 Materials Interactions Relevant to the Pulp, Paper, and Wood Industries, J.D. Passaretti, D. Caulfield, R. Roy, V. Setterholm, 1990, ISBN: Volume 198 Epitaxial Heterostructures, D.W. Shaw, J.C. Bean, V.G. Keramidas, P.S. Peercy, 1990, ISBN: Volume 199 Workshop on Specimen Preparation for Transmission Electron Microscopy of Materials II, R. Anderson, 1990, ISBN: Volume 200 Ferroelectric Thin Films, A.I. Kingon, E.R. Myers, 1990, ISBN: Earlier Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings listed in the back. in this web service