QUALITY ASSESSMENT of WATER and WASTEWATER

Transcription

1 QUALITY ASSESSMENT of WATER and WASTEWATER Mamta Tomar LEWIS PUBLISHERS Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.

2 Contents Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 2 Safety in the Laboratory Basic Rules Chemical Laboratory Microbiological Laboratory Toxic and Hazardous Substances Solids and Liquids Gaseous and Volatile Components Biohazards Storage and Transport of Laboratory Chemicals Fire Rules for Safety in Case of Fire Rules for Fire Fighting First Aid Aid for Burns Aid for Cuts Aid for Poisoning 13 Chapter 3 Quality Control and Quality Assurance Sampling Grab Sample Composite Sample Sample Handling and Preservation Chemical Estimations Microbiological Estimations Laboratory Glassware and Reagents Grade or Quality of Glassware Reagents Water (DDW) Cleaning of Glassware Glassware Used for Chemical Estimations 22

3 3.4.2 Glassware Used for Microbiological Estimation Spectrophotometric Cells Preparation of Standard Solutions Important Terms for Expressing the Concentration of a Solution Preparation of Solutions Stock Standards Solution of Particular Normality or Molarity Preparation of Acids and Alkalis Acid Solutions Alkaline Solutions Preparation of Acids and Alkalis of Particular Normality from Stock Solution Expression of Results Milligrams per liter: mg/l Parts per million: ppm Relation between mg/l and ppm Accuracy and Precision Minimization of Errors Calibration of Apparatus Running a Blank Running a Sample of Known Concentration Running Samples in Replicate Standard Deviation (a) 33 Chapter 4 Types of Water Sources and Quality Assessment Surface Water Definition and Uses Quality Assessment Ground Water ' Definition and Uses Quality Assessment Potable Water Definition and Uses Quality Assessment Wastewater Domestic and Industrial Definition ' Quality Assessment 44 Chapter 5 Water Quality Requirements and Standards Surface Water Stream Water Quality Quality of Bathing Water Guidelines for Swimming Pool Water Water Quality Criteria for Aquatic Organisms 53

4 5.2 Ground Water Quality of Ground Water Potable Water World Health Organization Standards Potable Water Standards Established by EPA, USA Standards for Potable Water Followed in the Middle East Wastewater Domestic Wastewater Disposal of Wastewater into the Sea Reuse of Treated Effluent Industrial Wastewater 63 Chapter 6 Determination of Physical Characteristics Color True and Apparent Temperature Odor Threshold Odor Number (TON) Method Taste Taste Threshold Method Turbidity Formazin Attenuation Method Residue Nonfilterable Residue Suspended and Volatile Filterable Residue Dissolved and Total 82 Chapter 7 Determination of Inorganic and Nonmetallic Constituents ph Electrometric Method ; Alkalinity Titrimetric Method Acidity Titrimetric Method Hardness EDTA Titrimetric Method Nonmetallic Constituents Boron Carmine Colorimetric Method Chloride Mercuric Nitrate Titration Method Residual and Total Chlorine DPD Colorimetric Method Cyanide Titrimetric Method Fluoride SPANDS Method Silicate Silicomolybdate Method Sulfate Turbidimetric Method Sulfide Dissolved and Total Iodometric Method Sulfite Titrimetric Method 137 Chapter 8 Determination of Metallic Constituents Calcium EDTA Method Magnesium Gravimetric Method Iron Phenanthroline Method Metal Detection by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric Method Sample Preparation Sodium Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric Method Potassium Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric Method 155

5 Chapter 9 Determination of Nutrients Nitrogen Ammonia - Titrimetric Method Nitrate - Colorimetric Method Nitrite - Diazotization Method Total Organic Nitrogen - Nesslerization Method...: : Phosphorus - General Discussion Phosphorus - Ortho (Reactive) - Ascorbic Acid Method Phosphorus - Total Recoverable - Digestion Method 180 Chapter 10 Determination of Organic Constituents Biochemical Oxygen Demand - Dissolved Oxygen Dilution Method Chemical Oxygen Demand - Dichromate Reflux Method Grease/Oil - Partition - Gravimetric Method Phenols - Amino-antipyrene and Chloroform Extraction Method Surfactants - Methylene Blue Method 207 Chapter 11 Determination of Microbiological Characteristics Microbiological Equipment Microbiological Techniques Cultivation of Microorganisms Inoculation Technique - Aseptic Method Sample Preparation - Serial Dilution Method Detection Technique - Membrane Filter Method Indicator Microorganisms and their Significance Total Coliform - Membrane-Filter Method Fecal Coliform - Membrane Filter Method Confirmatory Tests for Enteric Bacteria - IMViC Tests Fecal Streptococci - Membrane Filter Method , -Confirmatory Test for Fecal Streptococci - Catalase Test Clostridia Secondary Indicator - Membrane-Filter Method Confirmatory Test for Clostridium Perfringes - Litmus Milk Test Pathogenic Microorganisms - Salmonella - Membrane-Filter Method..246