Modelling and Simulation of Power Generation Plants

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1 A. W. Ordys, A. W. Pike, M. A. Johnson, R. M. Katebi and M. J. Grimble Modelling and Simulation of Power Generation Plants With 98 Figures Springer-Verlag London Berlin Heidelberg New York Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest

CONTENTS 1 CC and CHP Systems: An Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Power Plants with Steam Turbines 4 1.3 Power Plants with Gas Turbines 5 1.4 Combined Heat and Power Configurations 6 1.4.1 CHP Configuration with a Steam Turbine 6 1.

2 CONTENTS 1 CC and CHP Systems: An Introduction Introduction Power Plants with Steam Turbines Power Plants with Gas Turbines Combined Heat and Power Configurations CHP Configuration with a Steam Turbine CHP Configuration with a Gas Turbine Combined Cycle Configurations The Main Components of Power Plant Steam Turbine Boiler Gas Turbine Condenser Feedwater System Miscellaneous Components Operational Procedures Operational Regimes Main Control Loops Safety Conditions Block Diagrams for CC and CHP Schemes CHP installation with Steam Turbine CHP installation with Gas Turbine (or Diesel Engine) CHP installation with CC Process, A Component Based Block Diagram Conclusion Case Study: Skegton Unit Introduction Block Diagrams Conclusions References for the Chapter 45

xiv 2 Power Generation Plant Control 49 2.1 Introduction 49 2.2 Some Technological Background 52 2.2.1 DCS Architectures 52 2.2.2 DCS Technology 56 2.2.3 Technological Implications and Potential 59 2.

3 xiv 2 Power Generation Plant Control Introduction Some Technological Background DCS Architectures DCS Technology Technological Implications and Potential Power Generation Plant Control Task of Low Level Controllers Process Variable Constraints Top Level Control Considerations Control of Skegton Unit The Main Control Problems Local Control Loops Supervisory Control Problems Summarised Load Management Strategies Performance Optimization Dynamic Set-Point Manoeuvres Low Level Control Structures Conclusions Chapter Conclusions References for the Chapter 84 3 Simulation Tools Introduction Engineering System Types Discrete System Simulation Process Control Systems General Dynamical Systems Dynamic System Simulation Tools: A Review Icon Based Simulation Simulation Tools: A Short Survey An Assessment Exercise The Assessment Basis A Simple Boiler Model Test Case The Assessment Results Conclusions References for the Chapter Software Suppliers 115

xv 4 Process Models 117 4.1 Introduction 117 4.2 State Space Modelling 118 4.3 Skegton Unit Component Models 119 4.3.1 Boiler 119 4.3.2 Gas Turbine 144 4.3.3 Steam Turbine 156 4.3.4 Condenser 166 4.3.5 Feedwater System 176 4.

4 xv 4 Process Models Introduction State Space Modelling Skegton Unit Component Models Boiler Gas Turbine Steam Turbine Condenser Feedwater System Electrical Generator Gas Merge and Split Controller Descriptions Introduction Criteria Applied to Eliminate Low Level Control Loops Boiler Control Configuration Gas Turbine Control Configuration Steam Turbine Control Configuration Condenser Control Configuration Feedwater System Control Configuration Conclusions References for the Chapter Simulation Studies Introduction Module Library Description The Boiler The Gas Turbine The Steam Turbine The Condenser The Feedwater System The Electrical Generator Gas Merge and Splitting Process The Valve (Gas) Skegton Unit Simulation Results Introduction Skegton Unit Sizing Data Skegton Unit Simulation Data Skegton Unit Dynamic Response Tests 247

xvi 5.3.5 An Example of Using MATRIXx to Determine a Static Model 249 5.3.6 Selected Frequency Responses for Sketon Unit - Bode Diagrams 250 5.4 Conclusions 251 5.

5 xvi An Example of Using MATRIXx to Determine a Static Model Selected Frequency Responses for Sketon Unit - Bode Diagrams Conclusions References for the Chapter Conclusions Summary Conclusions The Future Research Directions 276 Appendix 1 Skcgton Unit Simulation Data 277 Appendix 2 Polynomial Representation for Saturated Steam and Water Conditions 303 Subject Index 309